Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species
Identifieur interne : 000146 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000145; suivant : 000147Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species
Auteurs : Christophe Lebigre ; Rauno V. Alatalo ; Carl D. Soulsbury ; Jacob Höglund ; Heli SiitariSource :
- Molecular Ecology [ 0962-1083 ] ; 2014-11.
Abstract
In group living species, individuals may gain the indirect fitness benefits characterizing kin selection when groups contain close relatives. However, tests of kin selection have primarily focused on cooperatively breeding and eusocial species, whereas its importance in other forms of group living remains to be fully understood. Lekking is a form of grouping where males display on small aggregated territories, which females then visit to mate. As females prefer larger aggregations, territorial males might gain indirect fitness benefits if their presence increases the fitness of close relatives. Previous studies have tested specific predictions of kin selection models using measures such as group‐level relatedness. However, a full understanding of the contribution of kin selection in the evolution of group living requires estimating individuals' indirect fitness benefits across multiple sites and years. Using behavioural and genetic data from the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix), we show that the indirect fitness benefits of group membership were very small because newcomers joined leks containing few close relatives who had limited mating success. Males' indirect fitness benefits were higher in yearlings during increasing population density but marginally changed the variation in male mating success. Kin selection acting through increasing group size is therefore unlikely to contribute substantially to the evolution and maintenance of lekking in this black grouse population.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/mec.12941
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:27500C5EC6A6D0B4CF977B3A65AEE50D0C5B09AELe document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species</title><author><name sortKey="Lebigre, Christophe" sort="Lebigre, Christophe" uniqKey="Lebigre C" first="Christophe" last="Lebigre">Christophe Lebigre</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Catholic University of Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 4, B‐1348, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence: Christophe Lebigre, Fax: 0032 10 473 490;E‐mail:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: christophe.lebigre@uclouvain.be</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alatalo, Rauno V" sort="Alatalo, Rauno V" uniqKey="Alatalo R" first="Rauno V." last="Alatalo">Rauno V. Alatalo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soulsbury, Carl D" sort="Soulsbury, Carl D" uniqKey="Soulsbury C" first="Carl D." last="Soulsbury">Carl D. Soulsbury</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Hall, Riseholme Park Campus, Lincolnshire, LN2 2LG, Lincoln, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoglund, Jacob" sort="Hoglund, Jacob" uniqKey="Hoglund J" first="Jacob" last="Höglund">Jacob Höglund</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE‐75236, Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siitari, Heli" sort="Siitari, Heli" uniqKey="Siitari H" first="Heli" last="Siitari">Heli Siitari</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:27500C5EC6A6D0B4CF977B3A65AEE50D0C5B09AE</idno><date when="2014" year="2014">2014</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/mec.12941</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9/fulltext.pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000146</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000146</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species</title><author><name sortKey="Lebigre, Christophe" sort="Lebigre, Christophe" uniqKey="Lebigre C" first="Christophe" last="Lebigre">Christophe Lebigre</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Catholic University of Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 4, B‐1348, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence: Christophe Lebigre, Fax: 0032 10 473 490;E‐mail:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: christophe.lebigre@uclouvain.be</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alatalo, Rauno V" sort="Alatalo, Rauno V" uniqKey="Alatalo R" first="Rauno V." last="Alatalo">Rauno V. Alatalo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soulsbury, Carl D" sort="Soulsbury, Carl D" uniqKey="Soulsbury C" first="Carl D." last="Soulsbury">Carl D. Soulsbury</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Hall, Riseholme Park Campus, Lincolnshire, LN2 2LG, Lincoln, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoglund, Jacob" sort="Hoglund, Jacob" uniqKey="Hoglund J" first="Jacob" last="Höglund">Jacob Höglund</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE‐75236, Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siitari, Heli" sort="Siitari, Heli" uniqKey="Siitari H" first="Heli" last="Siitari">Heli Siitari</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Molecular Ecology</title><title level="j" type="alt">MOLECULAR ECOLOGY</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-294X</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">23</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="5356">5356</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="5365">5365</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">10</biblScope><date type="published" when="2014-11">2014-11</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0962-1083</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">In group living species, individuals may gain the indirect fitness benefits characterizing kin selection when groups contain close relatives. However, tests of kin selection have primarily focused on cooperatively breeding and eusocial species, whereas its importance in other forms of group living remains to be fully understood. Lekking is a form of grouping where males display on small aggregated territories, which females then visit to mate. As females prefer larger aggregations, territorial males might gain indirect fitness benefits if their presence increases the fitness of close relatives. Previous studies have tested specific predictions of kin selection models using measures such as group‐level relatedness. However, a full understanding of the contribution of kin selection in the evolution of group living requires estimating individuals' indirect fitness benefits across multiple sites and years. Using behavioural and genetic data from the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix), we show that the indirect fitness benefits of group membership were very small because newcomers joined leks containing few close relatives who had limited mating success. Males' indirect fitness benefits were higher in yearlings during increasing population density but marginally changed the variation in male mating success. Kin selection acting through increasing group size is therefore unlikely to contribute substantially to the evolution and maintenance of lekking in this black grouse population.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>mating success</json:string><json:string>lekking</json:string><json:string>indirect fitness benefit</json:string><json:string>lek</json:string><json:string>alatalo</json:string><json:string>lebigre</json:string><json:string>ecology</json:string><json:string>kokko</json:string><json:string>relatedness</json:string><json:string>copulation</json:string><json:string>yearling</json:string><json:string>oglund</json:string><json:string>male mating success</json:string><json:string>population density</json:string><json:string>hatchwell</json:string><json:string>royal society</json:string><json:string>total number</json:string><json:string>biological science</json:string><json:string>john wiley son</json:string><json:string>tetrix</json:string><json:string>tetrao</json:string><json:string>tetrao tetrix</json:string><json:string>other lekking male</json:string><json:string>variance</json:string><json:string>behavioral ecology</json:string><json:string>sexual selection</json:string><json:string>kervinen</json:string><json:string>molecular ecology</json:string><json:string>queller</json:string><json:string>indirect mating success</json:string><json:string>group membership</json:string><json:string>american naturalist</json:string><json:string>group size</json:string><json:string>lekking male</json:string><json:string>newcomer</json:string><json:string>mating</json:string><json:string>animal behaviour</json:string><json:string>lekking specie</json:string><json:string>oglund alatalo</json:string><json:string>direct mating success</json:string><json:string>kokko lindstr</json:string><json:string>logistic regression</json:string><json:string>fitness</json:string><json:string>datum</json:string><json:string>dispersal</json:string><json:string>older newcomer</json:string><json:string>context dependent</json:string><json:string>generalized linear model</json:string><json:string>median mating success</json:string><json:string>mating system</json:string><json:string>yearling newcomer</json:string><json:string>standardized variance</json:string><json:string>territorial male</json:string><json:string>life history</json:string><json:string>previous study</json:string><json:string>relative contribution</json:string><json:string>gain indirect fitness benefit</json:string><json:string>specie</json:string><json:string>female preference</json:string><json:string>genetic datum</json:string><json:string>krause ruxton</json:string><json:string>linear model</json:string><json:string>male indirect fitness benefit</json:string><json:string>indirect effect</json:string><json:string>fitness cost</json:string><json:string>group member</json:string><json:string>male display</json:string><json:string>predation risk</json:string><json:string>male number</json:string><json:string>inclusive fitness</json:string><json:string>philosophical transaction</json:string><json:string>study site</json:string><json:string>kinship</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Christophe Lebigre</name><affiliations><json:string>Catholic University of Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 4, B‐1348, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium</json:string><json:string>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</json:string><json:string>Correspondence: Christophe Lebigre, Fax: 0032 10 473 490;E‐mail:</json:string><json:string>E-mail: christophe.lebigre@uclouvain.be</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Rauno V. Alatalo</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Carl D. Soulsbury</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Hall, Riseholme Park Campus, Lincolnshire, LN2 2LG, Lincoln, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jacob Höglund</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE‐75236, Uppsala, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Heli Siitari</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>fitness</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>group living</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>kin selection</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>sexual selection</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>sociality</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>MEC12941</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>In group living species, individuals may gain the indirect fitness benefits characterizing kin selection when groups contain close relatives. However, tests of kin selection have primarily focused on cooperatively breeding and eusocial species, whereas its importance in other forms of group living remains to be fully understood. Lekking is a form of grouping where males display on small aggregated territories, which females then visit to mate. As females prefer larger aggregations, territorial males might gain indirect fitness benefits if their presence increases the fitness of close relatives. Previous studies have tested specific predictions of kin selection models using measures such as group‐level relatedness. However, a full understanding of the contribution of kin selection in the evolution of group living requires estimating individuals' indirect fitness benefits across multiple sites and years. Using behavioural and genetic data from the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix), we show that the indirect fitness benefits of group membership were very small because newcomers joined leks containing few close relatives who had limited mating success. Males' indirect fitness benefits were higher in yearlings during increasing population density but marginally changed the variation in male mating success. Kin selection acting through increasing group size is therefore unlikely to contribute substantially to the evolution and maintenance of lekking in this black grouse population.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.556</score><pdfWordCount>6677</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>41116</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>10</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 793.701 pts</pdfPageSize><pdfWordsPerPage>668</pdfWordsPerPage><pdfText>true</pdfText><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>213</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1495</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>5</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Molecular Ecology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0962-1083</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1365-294X</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>MEC</json:string></publisherId><volume>23</volume><issue>21</issue><pages><first>5356</first><last>5365</last><total>10</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Original Article</value></json:item><json:item><value>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</value></json:item><json:item><value>Kinship, Parentage and Behaviour</value></json:item></subject></host><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - science</json:string><json:string>2 - evolutionary biology</json:string><json:string>2 - ecology</json:string><json:string>2 - biochemistry & molecular biology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>1 - natural sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - biology</json:string><json:string>3 - evolutionary biology</json:string></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology</json:string><json:string>3 - Genetics</json:string><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>3 - sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. psychologie</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2014</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2014</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/mec.12941</json:string></doi><id>27500C5EC6A6D0B4CF977B3A65AEE50D0C5B09AE</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9/fulltext.pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9/bundle.zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9/fulltext.tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher ref="https://scientific-publisher.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/H02-QW5Q88H5-V">Wiley Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><licence>© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2014-11"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">Christophe</forename><surname>Lebigre</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Catholic University of Louvain</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">Earth and Life Institute</orgName>
<address><street>Croix du Sud 4</street>
<postCode>B‐1348</postCode>
<settlement>Louvain‐la‐Neuve</settlement>
<country key="BE" xml:lang="en">BELGIUM</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName type="division">Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research</orgName>
<orgName type="division">Department of Biological and Environmental Science</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">University of Jyväskylä</orgName>
<address><street>PO Box 35</street>
<settlement>Jyväskylä</settlement>
<postCode>FI‐40014</postCode>
<country key="FI" xml:lang="en">FINLAND</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Rauno V.</forename><surname>Alatalo</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research</orgName>
<orgName type="division">Department of Biological and Environmental Science</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">University of Jyväskylä</orgName>
<address><street>PO Box 35</street>
<settlement>Jyväskylä</settlement>
<postCode>FI‐40014</postCode>
<country key="FI" xml:lang="en">FINLAND</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Carl D.</forename><surname>Soulsbury</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">School of Life Sciences</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">University of Lincoln</orgName>
<address><street>Riseholme Hall, Riseholme Park Campus</street>
<settlement>Lincoln</settlement>
<region>Lincolnshire</region>
<postCode>LN2 2LG</postCode>
<country key="GB" xml:lang="en">UNITED KINGDOM</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Jacob</forename><surname>Höglund</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Ecology and Genetics</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">Uppsala University</orgName>
<address><street>Norbyvägen 18D</street>
<postCode>SE‐75236</postCode>
<settlement>Uppsala</settlement>
<country key="SE" xml:lang="en">SWEDEN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Heli</forename><surname>Siitari</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research</orgName>
<orgName type="division">Department of Biological and Environmental Science</orgName>
<orgName type="institution">University of Jyväskylä</orgName>
<address><street>PO Box 35</street>
<settlement>Jyväskylä</settlement>
<postCode>FI‐40014</postCode>
<country key="FI" xml:lang="en">FINLAND</country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">27500C5EC6A6D0B4CF977B3A65AEE50D0C5B09AE</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/mec.12941</idno><idno type="unit">MEC12941</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:MEC.MEC12941.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Molecular Ecology</title><title level="j" type="alt">MOLECULAR ECOLOGY</title><idno type="pISSN">0962-1083</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-294X</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1111/mec.2014.23.issue-21</idno><idno type="product">MEC</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">23</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="5356">5356</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="5365">5365</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">10</biblScope><date type="published" when="2014-11"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><schemaRef type="ODD" url="https://xml-schema.delivery.istex.fr/tei-istex.odd"></schemaRef><appInfo><application ident="pub2tei" version="1.0.10" when="2019-12-20"><label>pub2TEI-ISTEX</label><desc>A set of style sheets for converting XML documents encoded in various scientific publisher formats into a common TEI format.
<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main" xml:id="mec12941-abs-0001"><head>Abstract</head><p>In group living species, individuals may gain the indirect fitness benefits characterizing kin selection when groups contain close relatives. However, tests of kin selection have primarily focused on cooperatively breeding and eusocial species, whereas its importance in other forms of group living remains to be fully understood. Lekking is a form of grouping where males display on small aggregated territories, which females then visit to mate. As females prefer larger aggregations, territorial males might gain indirect fitness benefits if their presence increases the fitness of close relatives. Previous studies have tested specific predictions of kin selection models using measures such as group‐level relatedness. However, a full understanding of the contribution of kin selection in the evolution of group living requires estimating individuals' indirect fitness benefits across multiple sites and years. Using behavioural and genetic data from the black grouse (<hi rend="italic">Tetrao tetrix</hi>), we show that the indirect fitness benefits of group membership were very small because newcomers joined leks containing few close relatives who had limited mating success. Males' indirect fitness benefits were higher in yearlings during increasing population density but marginally changed the variation in male mating success. Kin selection acting through increasing group size is therefore unlikely to contribute substantially to the evolution and maintenance of lekking in this black grouse population.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords><term xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0001">fitness</term><term xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0002">group living</term><term xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0003">kin selection</term><term xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0004">sexual selection</term><term xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0005">sociality</term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Original Article</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading2"><term>Kinship, Parentage and Behaviour</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2019-12-20" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:id="mec12941" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</doi><issn type="print">0962-1083</issn><issn type="electronic">1365-294X</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="MEC"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title sort="MOLECULAR ECOLOGY" type="main">Molecular Ecology</title><title type="short">Mol Ecol</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="210"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/mec.2014.23.issue-21</doi><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="23">23</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">21</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2014-11">November 2014</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="170" status="forIssue" type="article"><doi>10.1111/mec.12941</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="MEC12941"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count number="10" type="pageTotal"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Original Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">ORIGINAL ARTICLES</title><title type="tocHeading2">Kinship, Parentage and Behaviour</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</copyright><eventGroup><event date="2014-04-13" type="manuscriptReceived"></event><event date="2014-09-22" type="manuscriptRevised"></event><event date="2014-09-22" type="manuscriptAccepted"></event><event agent="SPS" date="2014-09-27" type="xmlCreated"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAccepted" date="2014-09-27"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2014-10-16"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2014-10-21"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2014-10-16"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.6.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-10-06"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">5356</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">5365</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><lineatedText><line>Correspondence: Christophe Lebigre, Fax: 0032 10 473 490;</line><line>E‐mail: <email>christophe.lebigre@uclouvain.be</email></line></lineatedText></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:MEC.MEC12941.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="main">Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species</title><title type="shortAuthors">C. Lebigre <i>et al</i>.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator affiliationRef="#mec12941-aff-0001 #mec12941-aff-0002" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="mec12941-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>Christophe</givenNames> <familyName>Lebigre</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" noteRef="#mec12941-note-0001" affiliationRef="#mec12941-aff-0002" xml:id="mec12941-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>Rauno V.</givenNames> <familyName>Alatalo</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#mec12941-aff-0003" creatorRole="author" xml:id="mec12941-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>Carl D.</givenNames> <familyName>Soulsbury</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#mec12941-aff-0004" creatorRole="author" xml:id="mec12941-cr-0004"><personName><givenNames>Jacob</givenNames> <familyName>Höglund</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#mec12941-aff-0002" creatorRole="author" xml:id="mec12941-cr-0005"><personName><givenNames>Heli</givenNames> <familyName>Siitari</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="BE" type="organization" xml:id="mec12941-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Catholic University of Louvain</orgDiv> <orgName>Earth and Life Institute</orgName> <address><street>Croix du Sud 4</street> <postCode>B‐1348</postCode> <city>Louvain‐la‐Neuve</city> <country>Belgium</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="FI" type="organization" xml:id="mec12941-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research</orgDiv> <orgDiv>Department of Biological and Environmental Science</orgDiv> <orgName>University of Jyväskylä</orgName> <address><street>PO Box 35</street> <city>Jyväskylä</city> <postCode>FI‐40014</postCode> <country>Finland</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="GB" type="organization" xml:id="mec12941-aff-0003"><orgDiv>School of Life Sciences</orgDiv> <orgName>University of Lincoln</orgName> <address><street>Riseholme Hall, Riseholme Park Campus</street> <city>Lincoln</city> <countryPart>Lincolnshire</countryPart> <postCode>LN2 2LG</postCode> <country>UK</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="SE" type="organization" xml:id="mec12941-aff-0004"><orgDiv>Department of Ecology and Genetics</orgDiv> <orgName>Uppsala University</orgName> <address><street>Norbyvägen 18D</street> <postCode>SE‐75236</postCode> <city>Uppsala</city> <country>Sweden</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0001">fitness</keyword><keyword xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0002">group living</keyword><keyword xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0003">kin selection</keyword><keyword xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0004">sexual selection</keyword><keyword xml:id="mec12941-kwd-0005">sociality</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:09621083:media:mec12941:mec12941-sup-0001-TabS1-S3-FigS1"></mediaResource><caption><p><b>Table S1</b> Studies testing the potential for kin selection in lekking species. Dashes indicate unknown value.</p><p><b>Table S2</b> Spearman rank correlation coefficients between lek size and several measures of variation in male mating success.</p><p><b>Table S3</b> Variation in lek size across during 2001–2007. Values in parentheses are the number of newcomers (yearling and older) identified on each lek in each year.</p><p><b>Figure S1</b> Influence of population density and male age on the newcomers' indirect fitness benefits.</p></caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:id="mec12941-abs-0001"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>In group living species, individuals may gain the indirect fitness benefits characterizing kin selection when groups contain close relatives. However, tests of kin selection have primarily focused on cooperatively breeding and eusocial species, whereas its importance in other forms of group living remains to be fully understood. Lekking is a form of grouping where males display on small aggregated territories, which females then visit to mate. As females prefer larger aggregations, territorial males might gain indirect fitness benefits if their presence increases the fitness of close relatives. Previous studies have tested specific predictions of kin selection models using measures such as group‐level relatedness. However, a full understanding of the contribution of kin selection in the evolution of group living requires estimating individuals' indirect fitness benefits across multiple sites and years. Using behavioural and genetic data from the black grouse (<i>Tetrao tetrix</i>), we show that the indirect fitness benefits of group membership were very small because newcomers joined leks containing few close relatives who had limited mating success. Males' indirect fitness benefits were higher in yearlings during increasing population density but marginally changed the variation in male mating success. Kin selection acting through increasing group size is therefore unlikely to contribute substantially to the evolution and maintenance of lekking in this black grouse population.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup xml:id="mec12941-ntgp-0001"><note xml:id="mec12941-note-0001">Deceased 09/11/2012</note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christophe</namePart><namePart type="family">Lebigre</namePart><affiliation>Catholic University of Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 4, B‐1348, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium</affiliation><affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence: Christophe Lebigre, Fax: 0032 10 473 490;E‐mail:</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: christophe.lebigre@uclouvain.be</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Rauno V.</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</affiliation><description>Deceased 09/11/2012</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Carl D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Soulsbury</namePart><affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Hall, Riseholme Park Campus, Lincolnshire, LN2 2LG, Lincoln, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jacob</namePart><namePart type="family">Höglund</namePart><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE‐75236, Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Heli</namePart><namePart type="family">Siitari</namePart><affiliation>Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI‐40014, Jyväskylä, Finland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2014-11</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2014-09-27</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2014-04-13</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2014-09-22</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2014</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract>In group living species, individuals may gain the indirect fitness benefits characterizing kin selection when groups contain close relatives. However, tests of kin selection have primarily focused on cooperatively breeding and eusocial species, whereas its importance in other forms of group living remains to be fully understood. Lekking is a form of grouping where males display on small aggregated territories, which females then visit to mate. As females prefer larger aggregations, territorial males might gain indirect fitness benefits if their presence increases the fitness of close relatives. Previous studies have tested specific predictions of kin selection models using measures such as group‐level relatedness. However, a full understanding of the contribution of kin selection in the evolution of group living requires estimating individuals' indirect fitness benefits across multiple sites and years. Using behavioural and genetic data from the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix), we show that the indirect fitness benefits of group membership were very small because newcomers joined leks containing few close relatives who had limited mating success. Males' indirect fitness benefits were higher in yearlings during increasing population density but marginally changed the variation in male mating success. Kin selection acting through increasing group size is therefore unlikely to contribute substantially to the evolution and maintenance of lekking in this black grouse population.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Table S1 Studies testing the potential for kin selection in lekking species. Dashes indicate unknown value. Table S2 Spearman rank correlation coefficients between lek size and several measures of variation in male mating success. Table S3 Variation in lek size across during 2001–2007. Values in parentheses are the number of newcomers (yearling and older) identified on each lek in each year. Figure S1 Influence of population density and male age on the newcomers' indirect fitness benefits.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>fitness</topic><topic>group living</topic><topic>kin selection</topic><topic>sexual selection</topic><topic>sociality</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Mol Ecol</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</topic><topic>Kinship, Parentage and Behaviour</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0962-1083</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1365-294X</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">MEC</identifier><part><date>2014</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>23</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>21</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>5356</start><end>5365</end><total>10</total></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0001"><titleInfo><title>Evolution of black grouse leks: female preferences benefit males in larger leks</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Höglund</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Lundberg</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Alatalo RV, Höglund J, Lundberg A et al. (1992) Evolution of black grouse leks: female preferences benefit males in larger leks. Behavioral Ecology, 3, 53–59.</note><part><date>1992</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>53</start><end>59</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>1992</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>53</start><end>59</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0002"><titleInfo><title>Paternity, copulation disturbance and female choice in lekking black grouse</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Burke</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Dann</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Alatalo RV, Burke T, Dann J et al. (1996) Paternity, copulation disturbance and female choice in lekking black grouse. Animal Behaviour, 52, 861–873.</note><part><date>1996</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>52</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>861</start><end>873</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Animal Behaviour</title></titleInfo><part><date>1996</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>52</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>861</start><end>873</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0003"><titleInfo><title>Hotshots, hotspots, and female preference in the organization of lek mating systems</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">BM</namePart><namePart type="family">Beehler</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MS</namePart><namePart type="family">Foster</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Beehler BM, Foster MS (1988) Hotshots, hotspots, and female preference in the organization of lek mating systems. The American Naturalist, 131, 203–219.</note><part><date>1988</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>131</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>203</start><end>219</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The American Naturalist</title></titleInfo><part><date>1988</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>131</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>203</start><end>219</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0004"><titleInfo><title>Influence of forest cover on the movements of forest birds: a homing experiment</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Bélisle</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Desbochers</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M‐J</namePart><namePart type="family">Fortin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Bélisle M, Desbochers A, Fortin M‐J (2001) Influence of forest cover on the movements of forest birds: a homing experiment. Ecology, 82, 1893–1904.</note><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>82</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1893</start><end>1904</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>82</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1893</start><end>1904</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0005"><titleInfo><title>How predation risk affects the temporal dynamics of avian leks: greater sage grouse versus golden eagles</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AR</namePart><namePart type="family">Boyko</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RM</namePart><namePart type="family">Gibson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JR</namePart><namePart type="family">Lucas</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Boyko AR, Gibson RM, Lucas JR (2004) How predation risk affects the temporal dynamics of avian leks: greater sage grouse versus golden eagles. The American Naturalist, 163, 154–165.</note><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>163</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>154</start><end>165</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The American Naturalist</title></titleInfo><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>163</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>154</start><end>165</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0006"><titleInfo><title>The evolution of leks</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JW</namePart><namePart type="family">Bradbury</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>book-chapter</genre><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Natural Selection and Social Behaviour</title></titleInfo><originInfo><publisher>Chiron Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">New York</placeTerm></place></originInfo><part><date>1981</date><extent unit="pages"><start>138</start><end>169</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0007"><titleInfo><title>Hotspots and the dispersion of leks</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JW</namePart><namePart type="family">Bradbury</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RM</namePart><namePart type="family">Gibson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">IM</namePart><namePart type="family">Tai</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Bradbury JW, Gibson RM, Tai IM (1986) Hotspots and the dispersion of leks. Animal Behaviour, 34, 1694–1709.</note><part><date>1986</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>34</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1694</start><end>1709</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Animal Behaviour</title></titleInfo><part><date>1986</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>34</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1694</start><end>1709</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0008"><titleInfo><title>Natal dispersal and its consequences in black grouse Tetrao tetrix</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Caizergues</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">LN</namePart><namePart type="family">Ellison</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Caizergues A, Ellison LN (2002) Natal dispersal and its consequences in black grouse Tetrao tetrix. Ibis, 144, 478–487.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>144</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>478</start><end>487</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Ibis</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>144</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>478</start><end>487</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0009"><titleInfo><title>Breeding together: kin selection and mutualism in cooperative vertebrates</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TH</namePart><namePart type="family">Clutton‐Brock</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Clutton‐Brock TH (2002) Breeding together: kin selection and mutualism in cooperative vertebrates. Science, 296, 69–72.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>296</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>69</start><end>72</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Science</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>296</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>69</start><end>72</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0010"><titleInfo><title>Evolution and development of sex differences in cooperative behavior in meerkats</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TH</namePart><namePart type="family">Clutton‐Brock</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AF</namePart><namePart type="family">Russell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">LL</namePart><namePart type="family">Sharpe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Clutton‐Brock TH, Russell AF, Sharpe LL et al. (2002) Evolution and development of sex differences in cooperative behavior in meerkats. Science, 297, 253–256.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>297</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>253</start><end>256</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Science</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>297</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>253</start><end>256</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0011"><titleInfo><title>Inclusive fitness and reproductive strategies in dwarf mongooses</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SR</namePart><namePart type="family">Creel</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PM</namePart><namePart type="family">Waser</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Creel SR, Waser PM (1994) Inclusive fitness and reproductive strategies in dwarf mongooses. Behavioral Ecology, 5, 339–348.</note><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>339</start><end>348</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>339</start><end>348</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0012"><titleInfo><title>The evolution of helping. I. An ecological constraints model</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ST</namePart><namePart type="family">Emlen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Emlen ST (1982) The evolution of helping. I. An ecological constraints model. The American Naturalist, 119, 29–39.</note><part><date>1982</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>119</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>29</start><end>39</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The American Naturalist</title></titleInfo><part><date>1982</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>119</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>29</start><end>39</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0013"><titleInfo><title>An evolutionary theory of the family</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ST</namePart><namePart type="family">Emlen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Emlen ST (1995) An evolutionary theory of the family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 8092–8099.</note><part><date>1995</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>92</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>8092</start><end>8099</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title></titleInfo><part><date>1995</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>92</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>8092</start><end>8099</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0014"><titleInfo><title>The role of kinship in helping decisions among white‐fronted bee‐eaters</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ST</namePart><namePart type="family">Emlen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PH</namePart><namePart type="family">Wrege</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Emlen ST, Wrege PH (1988) The role of kinship in helping decisions among white‐fronted bee‐eaters. Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology, 23, 305–316.</note><part><date>1988</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>23</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>305</start><end>316</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology</title></titleInfo><part><date>1988</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>23</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>305</start><end>316</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0015"><titleInfo><title>Adopting kin enhances inclusive fitness in asocial red squirrels</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JC</namePart><namePart type="family">Gorrell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AG</namePart><namePart type="family">McAdam</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DW</namePart><namePart type="family">Coltman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Gorrell JC, McAdam AG, Coltman DW et al. (2010) Adopting kin enhances inclusive fitness in asocial red squirrels. Nature Communications, 1, 22.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>22</start></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Nature Communications</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>22</start></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0016"><titleInfo><title>Optimization of inclusive fitness</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Grafen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Grafen A (2006) Optimization of inclusive fitness. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 238, 541–563.</note><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>238</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>541</start><end>563</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Theoretical Biology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>238</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>541</start><end>563</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0017"><titleInfo><title>Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Greenwood</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Greenwood PJ (1980) Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behaviour, 28, 1140–1162.</note><part><date>1980</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>28</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1140</start><end>1162</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Animal Behaviour</title></titleInfo><part><date>1980</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>28</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1140</start><end>1162</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0018"><titleInfo><title>Kin selection: fact and fiction</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AS</namePart><namePart type="family">Griffin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SA</namePart><namePart type="family">West</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Griffin AS, West SA (2002) Kin selection: fact and fiction. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 15–21.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>15</start><end>21</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>15</start><end>21</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0019"><titleInfo><title>Kin discrimination and the benefit of helping in cooperatively breeding vertebrates</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AS</namePart><namePart type="family">Griffin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SA</namePart><namePart type="family">West</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Griffin AS, West SA (2003) Kin discrimination and the benefit of helping in cooperatively breeding vertebrates. Science, 302, 634–636.</note><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>302</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>634</start><end>636</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Science</title></titleInfo><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>302</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>634</start><end>636</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0020"><titleInfo><title>Fighting performance as a predictor of mating success in male black grouse Tetrao tetrix</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Hämäläinen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Lebigre</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hämäläinen A, Alatalo RV, Lebigre C et al. (2012) Fighting performance as a predictor of mating success in male black grouse Tetrao tetrix. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 66, 1577–1586.</note><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>66</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1577</start><end>1586</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>66</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1577</start><end>1586</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0021"><titleInfo><title>The genetical evolution of social behaviour I & II</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">WD</namePart><namePart type="family">Hamilton</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hamilton WD (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour I & II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–52.</note><part><date>1964</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start><end>52</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Theoretical Biology</title></titleInfo><part><date>1964</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start><end>52</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0022"><titleInfo><title>The evolution of cooperative breeding in birds: Kinship, dispersal and life history</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">BJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Hatchwell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hatchwell BJ (2009) The evolution of cooperative breeding in birds: Kinship, dispersal and life history. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 364, 3217–3227.</note><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>364</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>3217</start><end>3227</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>364</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>3217</start><end>3227</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0023"><titleInfo><title>Cryptic kin selection: kin structure in vertebrate populations and opportunities for kin‐directed cooperation</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">BJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Hatchwell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hatchwell BJ (2010) Cryptic kin selection: kin structure in vertebrate populations and opportunities for kin‐directed cooperation. Ethology, 116, 203–216.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>116</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>203</start><end>216</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Ethology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>116</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>203</start><end>216</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0024"><titleInfo><title>Ecological constraints, life history and the evolution of cooperative breeding</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">BJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Hatchwell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Komdeur</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hatchwell BJ, Komdeur J (2000) Ecological constraints, life history and the evolution of cooperative breeding. Animal Behaviour, 59, 1079–1086.</note><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>59</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1079</start><end>1086</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Animal Behaviour</title></titleInfo><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>59</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1079</start><end>1086</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0204"><titleInfo><title>Helping in cooperatively breeding long‐tailed tits: a test of references</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">BJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Hatchwell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PR</namePart><namePart type="family">Gullett</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Adams</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hatchwell BJ, Gullett PR, Adams MJ (2014) Helping in cooperatively breeding long‐tailed tits: a test of references. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130565.</note><part><date>2014</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>369</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>20130565</start></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</title></titleInfo><part><date>2014</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>369</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>20130565</start></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0025"><titleInfo><title>Höglund J, Alatalo RV (1995) Leks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.</title></titleInfo><note type="citation/reference">Höglund J, Alatalo RV (1995) Leks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.</note><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Höglund</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>book</genre><originInfo><publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Princeton, New Jersey</placeTerm></place></originInfo><part><date>1995</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0026"><titleInfo><title>Sexual selection in a monomorphic lek‐breeding bird: correlates of male mating success in the great snipe Gallinago media</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Höglund</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Lundberg</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Höglund J, Lundberg A (1987) Sexual selection in a monomorphic lek‐breeding bird: correlates of male mating success in the great snipe Gallinago media. Behavioural Ecology, 21, 211–216.</note><part><date>1987</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>21</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>211</start><end>216</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioural Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>1987</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>21</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>211</start><end>216</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0028"><titleInfo><title>Microsatellite markers reveal the potential for kin selection on black grouse leks</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Höglund</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Lundberg</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Höglund J, Alatalo RV, Lundberg A et al. (1999) Microsatellite markers reveal the potential for kin selection on black grouse leks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266, 813–816.</note><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>266</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>813</start><end>816</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>266</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>813</start><end>816</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0029"><titleInfo><title>Lek centre attracts black grouse females</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Hovi</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Höglund</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hovi M, Alatalo RV, Höglund J et al. (1994) Lek centre attracts black grouse females. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 258, 303–305.</note><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>258</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>303</start><end>305</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>258</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>303</start><end>305</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0030"><titleInfo><title>How general is a female mating preference for clustered males in lekking species? A meta‐analysis</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Isvaran</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Ponkshe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Isvaran K, Ponkshe A (2013) How general is a female mating preference for clustered males in lekking species? A meta‐analysis. Animal Behaviour, 86, 417–425.</note><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>86</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>417</start><end>425</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Animal Behaviour</title></titleInfo><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>86</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>417</start><end>425</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0031"><titleInfo><title>Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ST</namePart><namePart type="family">Kalinowski</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ML</namePart><namePart type="family">Taper</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TC</namePart><namePart type="family">Marshall</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC (2007) Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Molecular Ecology, 16, 1099–1106.</note><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>16</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1099</start><end>1106</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>16</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1099</start><end>1106</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0032"><titleInfo><title>Determinants of yearling male performance in the lekking black grouse (Tetrao tetrix)</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Kervinen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Lebigre</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kervinen M, Alatalo RV, Lebigre C et al. (2012) Determinants of yearling male performance in the lekking black grouse (Tetrao tetrix). Behavioral Ecology, 23, 1209–1217.</note><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>23</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1209</start><end>1217</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>23</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1209</start><end>1217</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0033"><titleInfo><title>Variable helper effects, ecological conditions, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">WD</namePart><namePart type="family">Koenig</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">EL</namePart><namePart type="family">Walters</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Haydock</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Koenig WD, Walters EL, Haydock J (2011) Variable helper effects, ecological conditions, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker. The American Naturalist, 178, 145–158.</note><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>178</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>145</start><end>158</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The American Naturalist</title></titleInfo><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>178</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>145</start><end>158</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0034"><titleInfo><title>Kin selection and the evolution of leks: whose success do young males maximize?</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Kokko</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Lindström</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kokko H, Lindström J (1996) Kin selection and the evolution of leks: whose success do young males maximize? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 263, 919–923.</note><part><date>1996</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>263</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>919</start><end>923</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>1996</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>263</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>919</start><end>923</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0035"><titleInfo><title>Female choice selects for lifetime lekking performance in black grouse males</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Kokko</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PT</namePart><namePart type="family">Rintamäki</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kokko H, Rintamäki PT, Alatalo RV et al. (1999a) Female choice selects for lifetime lekking performance in black grouse males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266, 2109–2115.</note><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>266</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2109</start><end>2115</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>266</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2109</start><end>2115</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0036"><titleInfo><title>Measures of inequality are not equal</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Kokko</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Mackenzie</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JD</namePart><namePart type="family">Reynolds</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kokko H, Mackenzie A, Reynolds JD et al. (1999b) Measures of inequality are not equal. The American Naturalist, 154, 358–382.</note><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>154</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>358</start><end>382</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The American Naturalist</title></titleInfo><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>154</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>358</start><end>382</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0037"><titleInfo><title>The evolution of cooperative breeding through group augmentation</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Kokko</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RA</namePart><namePart type="family">Johnstone</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TH</namePart><namePart type="family">Clutton‐Brock</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kokko H, Johnstone RA, Clutton‐Brock TH (2001) The evolution of cooperative breeding through group augmentation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 268, 187–196.</note><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>268</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>187</start><end>196</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>268</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>187</start><end>196</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0038"><titleInfo><title>The effect of kinship on helping in the cooperative breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis)</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Komdeur</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Komdeur J (1994) The effect of kinship on helping in the cooperative breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 256, 47–52.</note><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>256</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>47</start><end>52</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>256</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>47</start><end>52</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0039"><titleInfo><title>Kin selection and cooperative courtship in wild turkeys</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AH</namePart><namePart type="family">Krakauer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Krakauer AH (2005) Kin selection and cooperative courtship in wild turkeys. Nature, 434, 69–72.</note><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>434</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>69</start><end>72</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Nature</title></titleInfo><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>434</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>69</start><end>72</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0040"><titleInfo><title>Krause DJ, Ruxton GD (2002) Living in Groups. Oxford University Press, Oxford.</title></titleInfo><note type="citation/reference">Krause DJ, Ruxton GD (2002) Living in Groups. Oxford University Press, Oxford.</note><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Krause</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GD</namePart><namePart type="family">Ruxton</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>book</genre><originInfo><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford</placeTerm></place></originInfo><part><date>2002</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0042"><titleInfo><title>High frequency of polyandry in a lek mating system</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DB</namePart><namePart type="family">Lank</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CM</namePart><namePart type="family">Smith</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">O</namePart><namePart type="family">Hanotte</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Ohtonen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Bailey</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Burke</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Lank DB, Smith CM, Hanotte O, Ohtonen A, Bailey S, Burke T (2002) High frequency of polyandry in a lek mating system. Behavioral Ecology, 13, 209–215.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>13</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>209</start><end>215</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>13</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>209</start><end>215</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0043"><titleInfo><title>Restrictive mating by females on black grouse leks</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Lebigre</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Siitari</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Lebigre C, Alatalo RV, Siitari H et al. (2007) Restrictive mating by females on black grouse leks. Molecular Ecology, 16, 4380–4389.</note><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>16</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>4380</start><end>4389</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>16</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>4380</start><end>4389</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0044"><titleInfo><title>Low levels of relatedness on black grouse leks despite male philopatry</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Lebigre</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">HE</namePart><namePart type="family">Forss</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Lebigre C, Alatalo RV, Forss HE et al. (2008) Low levels of relatedness on black grouse leks despite male philopatry. Molecular Ecology, 17, 4512–4521.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>4512</start><end>4521</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>4512</start><end>4521</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0045"><titleInfo><title>Female‐biased dispersal alone can reduce the occurrence of inbreeding in black grouse</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Lebigre</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Siitari</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Lebigre C, Alatalo RV, Siitari H (2010) Female‐biased dispersal alone can reduce the occurrence of inbreeding in black grouse. Molecular Ecology, 19, 1929–1939.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>19</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1929</start><end>1939</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>19</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1929</start><end>1939</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0046"><titleInfo><title>Physiological costs enforce the honesty of lek display in the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix)</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Lebigre</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Siitari</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Lebigre C, Alatalo RV, Siitari H (2013) Physiological costs enforce the honesty of lek display in the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix). Oecologia, 172, 983–993.</note><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>172</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>983</start><end>993</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Oecologia</title></titleInfo><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>172</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>983</start><end>993</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0047"><titleInfo><title>How life history and demography promote or inhibit the evolution of helping behaviours</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Lehmann</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F</namePart><namePart type="family">Rousset</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Lehmann L, Rousset F (2010) How life history and demography promote or inhibit the evolution of helping behaviours. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 362, 2599–2617.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>362</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2599</start><end>2617</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>362</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2599</start><end>2617</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0048"><titleInfo><title>Communal breeding in green woodhoopoes as a case for reciprocity</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JD</namePart><namePart type="family">Ligon</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SH</namePart><namePart type="family">Ligon</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Ligon JD, Ligon SH (1978) Communal breeding in green woodhoopoes as a case for reciprocity. Nature, 276, 496–498.</note><part><date>1978</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>276</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>496</start><end>498</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Nature</title></titleInfo><part><date>1978</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>276</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>496</start><end>498</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0049"><titleInfo><title>Individual and environmental determinants of early brood survival in black grouse</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GX</namePart><namePart type="family">Ludwig</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P</namePart><namePart type="family">Helle</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Ludwig GX, Alatalo RV, Helle P et al. (2010) Individual and environmental determinants of early brood survival in black grouse. Wildlife Biology, 16, 367–378.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>16</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>367</start><end>378</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Wildlife Biology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>16</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>367</start><end>378</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0050"><titleInfo><title>Cooperative display and relatedness among males in a lek‐mating bird</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DB</namePart><namePart type="family">McDonald</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">WK</namePart><namePart type="family">Potts</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">McDonald DB, Potts WK (1994) Cooperative display and relatedness among males in a lek‐mating bird. Science, 266, 1030–1032.</note><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>266</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1030</start><end>1032</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Science</title></titleInfo><part><date>1994</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>266</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1030</start><end>1032</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0051"><titleInfo><title>Rapidly declining fine‐scale spatial genetic structure in female red deer</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DH</namePart><namePart type="family">Nussey</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DW</namePart><namePart type="family">Coltman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Coulson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Nussey DH, Coltman DW, Coulson T et al. (2005) Rapidly declining fine‐scale spatial genetic structure in female red deer. Molecular Ecology, 14, 3395–3405.</note><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>14</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>3395</start><end>3405</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>14</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>3395</start><end>3405</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0052"><titleInfo><title>Patterns of natal and breeding dispersal in birds</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Paradis</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SR</namePart><namePart type="family">Baillie</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">WJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Sutherland</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Paradis E, Baillie SR, Sutherland WJ et al. (1998) Patterns of natal and breeding dispersal in birds. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 518–536.</note><part><date>1998</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>67</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>518</start><end>536</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Animal Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>1998</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>67</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>518</start><end>536</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0053"><titleInfo><title>Territory establishment in lekking marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: support for the hotshot mechanism</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Partecke</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">von Haeseler</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Wikelski</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Partecke J, von Haeseler A, Wikelski M (2002) Territory establishment in lekking marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: support for the hotshot mechanism. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51, 579–587.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>51</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>579</start><end>587</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>51</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>579</start><end>587</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0054"><titleInfo><title>Mate number, kin selection and social conflicts in stingless bees and honeybees</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JM</namePart><namePart type="family">Peters</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DC</namePart><namePart type="family">Queller</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">VL</namePart><namePart type="family">Imperatriz‐Fonseca</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Peters JM, Queller DC, Imperatriz‐Fonseca VL et al. (1999) Mate number, kin selection and social conflicts in stingless bees and honeybees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266, 379–384.</note><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>266</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>379</start><end>384</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>266</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>379</start><end>384</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0055"><titleInfo><title>Multiple mating in a lekking bird: why do peahens mate with more than one male and with the same male more than once?</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Petrie</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Hall</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Halliday</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Budgey</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Pierpoint</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Petrie M, Hall M, Halliday T, Budgey H, Pierpoint C (1992) Multiple mating in a lekking bird: why do peahens mate with more than one male and with the same male more than once? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 31, 349–358.</note><part><date>1992</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>31</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>349</start><end>358</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</title></titleInfo><part><date>1992</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>31</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>349</start><end>358</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0056"><titleInfo><title>Peacocks lek with relatives even in the absence of social and environmental cues</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Petrie</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Krupa</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Burke</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Petrie M, Krupa A, Burke T (1999) Peacocks lek with relatives even in the absence of social and environmental cues. Nature, 401, 155–157.</note><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>401</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>155</start><end>157</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Nature</title></titleInfo><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>401</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>155</start><end>157</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0057"><titleInfo><title>Temporal changes in kin structure through a population cycle in a territorial bird, the red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SB</namePart><namePart type="family">Piertney</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">X</namePart><namePart type="family">Lambin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ADC</namePart><namePart type="family">MacColl</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Piertney SB, Lambin X, MacColl ADC et al. (2008) Temporal changes in kin structure through a population cycle in a territorial bird, the red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2544–2551.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2544</start><end>2551</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Molecular Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2544</start><end>2551</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0058"><titleInfo><title>Pinheiro JC, Bates DM (2002) Mixed‐effects Models in S and S‐PLUS, pp. 206–225. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin.</title></titleInfo><note type="citation/reference">Pinheiro JC, Bates DM (2002) Mixed‐effects Models in S and S‐PLUS, pp. 206–225. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin.</note><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JC</namePart><namePart type="family">Pinheiro</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DM</namePart><namePart type="family">Bates</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>book</genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer‐Verlag</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Berlin</placeTerm></place></originInfo><part><date>2002</date><extent unit="pages"><start>206</start><end>225</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0059"><titleInfo><title>Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S et al. (2013) nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1‐108. Available from http://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=nlme.</title></titleInfo><note type="citation/reference">Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S et al. (2013) nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1‐108. Available from http://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=nlme.</note><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Pinheiro</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">Bates</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">DebRoy</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>book</genre><part><date>2013</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0060"><titleInfo><title>Estimating relatedness using genetic markers</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DC</namePart><namePart type="family">Queller</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">KF</namePart><namePart type="family">Goodnight</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Queller DC, Goodnight KF (1989) Estimating relatedness using genetic markers. Evolution, 43, 258–275.</note><part><date>1989</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>43</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>258</start><end>275</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Evolution</title></titleInfo><part><date>1989</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>43</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>258</start><end>275</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0061"><titleInfo><title>R Core Team (2012) r: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.</title></titleInfo><name type="corporate"><namePart>R Core Team</namePart></name><note type="citation/reference">R Core Team (2012) r: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.</note><genre>book</genre><originInfo><publisher>R Foundation for Statistical Computing</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Vienna, Austria</placeTerm></place></originInfo><part><date>2012</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0062"><titleInfo><title>DNA ‘fingerprinting’ reveals high levels of inbreeding in colonies of the eusocial naked mole‐rat</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">HK</namePart><namePart type="family">Reeve</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DF</namePart><namePart type="family">Westneat</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">WA</namePart><namePart type="family">Noon</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Reeve HK, Westneat DF, Noon WA et al. (1990) DNA ‘fingerprinting’ reveals high levels of inbreeding in colonies of the eusocial naked mole‐rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 2496–2500.</note><part><date>1990</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>87</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2496</start><end>2500</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title></titleInfo><part><date>1990</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>87</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2496</start><end>2500</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0603"><titleInfo><title>Lekking satin bowerbird males aggregate with relatives to mitigate aggression</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SM</namePart><namePart type="family">Reynolds</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MC</namePart><namePart type="family">Christman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JAC</namePart><namePart type="family">Uy</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Reynolds SM, Christman MC, Uy JAC et al. (2009) Lekking satin bowerbird males aggregate with relatives to mitigate aggression. Behavioral Ecology, 20, 410–415.</note><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>20</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>410</start><end>415</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behavioral Ecology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>20</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>410</start><end>415</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0063"><titleInfo><title>Correlates of male mating success on black grouse (Tetrao tetrix L.) leks</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PT</namePart><namePart type="family">Rintamäki</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Höglund</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Lundberg</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Rintamäki PT, Höglund J, Alatalo RV, Lundberg A (2001) Correlates of male mating success on black grouse (Tetrao tetrix L.) leks. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 38, 99–109.</note><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>38</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>99</start><end>109</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Annales Zoologici Fennici</title></titleInfo><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>38</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>99</start><end>109</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0064"><titleInfo><title>Evolution of helping and harming in heterogeneous populations</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AMM</namePart><namePart type="family">Rodrigues</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Gardner</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Rodrigues AMM, Gardner A (2012) Evolution of helping and harming in heterogeneous populations. Evolution, 66, 2065–2079.</note><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>66</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2065</start><end>2079</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Evolution</title></titleInfo><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>66</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2065</start><end>2079</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0065"><titleInfo><title>Experimental evidence for kin‐biased helping in a cooperatively breeding vertebrate</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AF</namePart><namePart type="family">Russell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">BJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Hatchwell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Russell AF, Hatchwell BJ (2001) Experimental evidence for kin‐biased helping in a cooperatively breeding vertebrate. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 268, 2169–2174.</note><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>268</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2169</start><end>2174</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</title></titleInfo><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>268</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2169</start><end>2174</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0066"><titleInfo><title>Fine‐scale genetic structuring on Manacus manacus leks</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Shorey</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SB</namePart><namePart type="family">Piertney</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Stone</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Shorey L, Piertney SB, Stone J et al. (2000) Fine‐scale genetic structuring on Manacus manacus leks. Nature, 408, 352–353.</note><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>408</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>352</start><end>353</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Nature</title></titleInfo><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>408</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>352</start><end>353</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0067"><titleInfo><title>Shuster SM, Wade MJ (2003) Mating Systems and Strategies. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey.</title></titleInfo><note type="citation/reference">Shuster SM, Wade MJ (2003) Mating Systems and Strategies. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey.</note><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SM</namePart><namePart type="family">Shuster</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Wade</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>book</genre><originInfo><publisher>Princeton Univ. Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Princeton, New Jersey</placeTerm></place></originInfo><part><date>2003</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0068"><titleInfo><title>Color signals in the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix): signal properties and their condition dependency</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Siitari</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RV</namePart><namePart type="family">Alatalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P</namePart><namePart type="family">Halme</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Siitari H, Alatalo RV, Halme P et al. (2007) Color signals in the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix): signal properties and their condition dependency. The American Naturalist, 169, S81–S92.</note><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>169</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>S81</start><end>S92</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The American Naturalist</title></titleInfo><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>169</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>S81</start><end>S92</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0069"><titleInfo><title>Sibship reconstruction from genetic data with typing errors</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Wang</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Wang J (2004) Sibship reconstruction from genetic data with typing errors. Genetics, 166, 1963–1979.</note><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>166</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1963</start><end>1979</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Genetics</title></titleInfo><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>166</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1963</start><end>1979</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0070"><titleInfo><title>Parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data under polygamy</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Wang</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">W</namePart><namePart type="family">Santure</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Wang J, Santure W (2009) Parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data under polygamy. Genetics, 181, 1579–1594.</note><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>181</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1579</start><end>1594</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Genetics</title></titleInfo><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>181</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1579</start><end>1594</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="mec12941-cit-0071"><titleInfo><title>Dispersal, survival and causes of mortality in black grouse Tetrao tetrix in northern England</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PK</namePart><namePart type="family">Warren</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">Baines</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Warren PK, Baines D (2002) Dispersal, survival and causes of mortality in black grouse Tetrao tetrix in northern England. Wildlife Biology, 8, 91–97.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>8</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>91</start><end>97</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Wildlife Biology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>8</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>91</start><end>97</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">27500C5EC6A6D0B4CF977B3A65AEE50D0C5B09AE</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/mec.12941</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">MEC12941</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-L0C46X92-X">wiley</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Converted from (version ) to MODS version 3.6.</recordOrigin><recordCreationDate encoding="w3cdtf">2019-11-15</recordCreationDate></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-592R3C9D-9/record.json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/CovidV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000146 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000146 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= CovidV1
|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:27500C5EC6A6D0B4CF977B3A65AEE50D0C5B09AE
|texte= Limited indirect fitness benefits of male group membership in a lekking species
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |