Safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective observational study.
Identifieur interne : 000235 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000234; suivant : 000236Safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective observational study.
Auteurs : Edoardo Picetti [Italie] ; Anna Fornaciari [Italie] ; Fabio Silvio Taccone [Belgique] ; Laura Malchiodi [Italie] ; Silvia Grossi [Italie] ; Filippo Di Lella [Italie] ; Maurizio Falcioni [Italie] ; Giulia D'Angelo [Italie] ; Emanuele Sani [Italie] ; Sandra Rossi [Italie]Source :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (prévention et contrôle), Infections à coronavirus (transmission), Mâle (MeSH), Pandémies (prévention et contrôle), Pneumopathie virale (prévention et contrôle), Pneumopathie virale (transmission), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Sécurité (MeSH), Trachéostomie (MeSH), Transmission de maladie infectieuse du patient au professionnel de santé (prévention et contrôle), Unités de soins intensifs (MeSH), Ventilation artificielle (MeSH), Études rétrospectives (MeSH).
- MESH :
- prévention et contrôle : Infections à coronavirus, Pandémies, Pneumopathie virale, Transmission de maladie infectieuse du patient au professionnel de santé.
- transmission : Adulte d'âge moyen, Betacoronavirus, Femelle, Humains, Infections à coronavirus, Mâle, Pneumopathie virale, Sujet âgé, Sécurité, Trachéostomie, Unités de soins intensifs, Ventilation artificielle, Études rétrospectives.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control), Coronavirus Infections (transmission), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional (prevention & control), Intensive Care Units (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Pandemics (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (transmission), Respiration, Artificial (MeSH), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), Safety (MeSH), Tracheostomy (MeSH).
- MESH :
- prevention & control : Coronavirus Infections, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral.
- transmission : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Aged, Betacoronavirus, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Male, Middle Aged, Respiration, Artificial, Retrospective Studies, Safety, Tracheostomy.
Abstract
Data regarding safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy in novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are lacking. We performed this study to assess the safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. This retrospective, single-center, cohort observational study (conducted between February, 23 and April, 30, 2020) was performed in our 45-bed dedicated COVID-19 ICU. Inclusion criteria were: a) age over 18 years; b) confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection (with nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab); c) invasive mechanical ventilation and d) clinical indication for tracheostomy. The objectives of this study were to describe: 1) perioperative complications, 2) perioperative alterations in respiratory gas exchange and 3) occurrence of COVID-19 infection among health-care providers involved into the procedure. A total of 125 COVID-19 patients were admitted to the ICU during the study period. Of those, 66 (53%) underwent tracheostomy. Tracheostomy was performed after a mean of 6.1 (± 2.1) days since ICU admission. Most of tracheostomies (47/66, 71%) were performed by intensivists and the mean time of the procedure was 22 (± 4.4) minutes. No intraprocedural complications was reported. Stoma infection and bleeding were reported in 2 patients and 7 patients, respectively, in the post-procedure period, without significant clinical consequences. The mean PaO2 / FiO2 was significantly lower at the end of tracheostomy (117.6 ± 35.4) then at the beginning (133.4 ± 39.2) or 24 hours before (135.8 ± 51.3) the procedure. However, PaO2/FiO2 progressively increased at 24 hours after tracheostomy (142 ± 50.7). None of the members involved in the tracheotomy procedures developed COVID-19 infection. Bedside surgical tracheostomy appears to be feasible and safe, both for patients and for health care workers, during COVID-19 pandemic in an experienced center.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240014
PubMed: 32997704
PubMed Central: PMC7526872
Affiliations:
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Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taccone, Fabio Silvio" sort="Taccone, Fabio Silvio" uniqKey="Taccone F" first="Fabio Silvio" last="Taccone">Fabio Silvio Taccone</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malchiodi, Laura" sort="Malchiodi, Laura" uniqKey="Malchiodi L" first="Laura" last="Malchiodi">Laura Malchiodi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grossi, Silvia" sort="Grossi, Silvia" uniqKey="Grossi S" first="Silvia" last="Grossi">Silvia Grossi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Lella, Filippo" sort="Di Lella, Filippo" uniqKey="Di Lella F" first="Filippo" last="Di Lella">Filippo Di Lella</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falcioni, Maurizio" sort="Falcioni, Maurizio" uniqKey="Falcioni M" first="Maurizio" last="Falcioni">Maurizio Falcioni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Angelo, Giulia" sort="D Angelo, Giulia" uniqKey="D Angelo G" first="Giulia" last="D'Angelo">Giulia D'Angelo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sani, Emanuele" sort="Sani, Emanuele" uniqKey="Sani E" first="Emanuele" last="Sani">Emanuele Sani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Sandra" sort="Rossi, Sandra" uniqKey="Rossi S" first="Sandra" last="Rossi">Sandra Rossi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Parma</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (transmission)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional (prevention & control)</term><term>Intensive Care Units (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (transmission)</term><term>Respiration, Artificial (MeSH)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Safety (MeSH)</term><term>Tracheostomy (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (prévention et contrôle)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (transmission)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Pandémies (prévention et contrôle)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (prévention et contrôle)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (transmission)</term><term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term><term>Sécurité (MeSH)</term><term>Trachéostomie (MeSH)</term><term>Transmission de maladie infectieuse du patient au professionnel de santé (prévention et contrôle)</term><term>Unités de soins intensifs (MeSH)</term><term>Ventilation artificielle (MeSH)</term><term>Études rétrospectives (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prévention et contrôle" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term><term>Transmission de maladie infectieuse du patient au professionnel de santé</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Intensive Care Units</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Respiration, Artificial</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term><term>Safety</term><term>Tracheostomy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Sécurité</term><term>Trachéostomie</term><term>Unités de soins intensifs</term><term>Ventilation artificielle</term><term>Études rétrospectives</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Data regarding safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy in novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are lacking. We performed this study to assess the safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. This retrospective, single-center, cohort observational study (conducted between February, 23 and April, 30, 2020) was performed in our 45-bed dedicated COVID-19 ICU. Inclusion criteria were: a) age over 18 years; b) confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection (with nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab); c) invasive mechanical ventilation and d) clinical indication for tracheostomy. The objectives of this study were to describe: 1) perioperative complications, 2) perioperative alterations in respiratory gas exchange and 3) occurrence of COVID-19 infection among health-care providers involved into the procedure. A total of 125 COVID-19 patients were admitted to the ICU during the study period. Of those, 66 (53%) underwent tracheostomy. Tracheostomy was performed after a mean of 6.1 (± 2.1) days since ICU admission. Most of tracheostomies (47/66, 71%) were performed by intensivists and the mean time of the procedure was 22 (± 4.4) minutes. No intraprocedural complications was reported. Stoma infection and bleeding were reported in 2 patients and 7 patients, respectively, in the post-procedure period, without significant clinical consequences. The mean PaO2 / FiO2 was significantly lower at the end of tracheostomy (117.6 ± 35.4) then at the beginning (133.4 ± 39.2) or 24 hours before (135.8 ± 51.3) the procedure. However, PaO2/FiO2 progressively increased at 24 hours after tracheostomy (142 ± 50.7). None of the members involved in the tracheotomy procedures developed COVID-19 infection. Bedside surgical tracheostomy appears to be feasible and safe, both for patients and for health care workers, during COVID-19 pandemic in an experienced center.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32997704</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>07</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>15</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective observational study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0240014</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0240014</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Data regarding safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy in novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are lacking. We performed this study to assess the safety of bedside surgical tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. This retrospective, single-center, cohort observational study (conducted between February, 23 and April, 30, 2020) was performed in our 45-bed dedicated COVID-19 ICU. Inclusion criteria were: a) age over 18 years; b) confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection (with nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab); c) invasive mechanical ventilation and d) clinical indication for tracheostomy. The objectives of this study were to describe: 1) perioperative complications, 2) perioperative alterations in respiratory gas exchange and 3) occurrence of COVID-19 infection among health-care providers involved into the procedure. A total of 125 COVID-19 patients were admitted to the ICU during the study period. Of those, 66 (53%) underwent tracheostomy. Tracheostomy was performed after a mean of 6.1 (± 2.1) days since ICU admission. Most of tracheostomies (47/66, 71%) were performed by intensivists and the mean time of the procedure was 22 (± 4.4) minutes. No intraprocedural complications was reported. Stoma infection and bleeding were reported in 2 patients and 7 patients, respectively, in the post-procedure period, without significant clinical consequences. The mean PaO2 / FiO2 was significantly lower at the end of tracheostomy (117.6 ± 35.4) then at the beginning (133.4 ± 39.2) or 24 hours before (135.8 ± 51.3) the procedure. However, PaO2/FiO2 progressively increased at 24 hours after tracheostomy (142 ± 50.7). None of the members involved in the tracheotomy procedures developed COVID-19 infection. Bedside surgical tracheostomy appears to be feasible and safe, both for patients and for health care workers, during COVID-19 pandemic in an experienced center.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Picetti</LastName><ForeName>Edoardo</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-0316-1451</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fornaciari</LastName><ForeName>Anna</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Taccone</LastName><ForeName>Fabio Silvio</ForeName><Initials>FS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Malchiodi</LastName><ForeName>Laura</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Grossi</LastName><ForeName>Silvia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Di Lella</LastName><ForeName>Filippo</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Falcioni</LastName><ForeName>Maurizio</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2455-8298</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>D'Angelo</LastName><ForeName>Giulia</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3255-3270</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sani</LastName><ForeName>Emanuele</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rossi</LastName><ForeName>Sandra</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9963-8121</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D064888">Observational Study</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>30</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="N">transmission</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017758" MajorTopicYN="N">Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007362" MajorTopicYN="N">Intensive Care Units</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="N">transmission</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012121" MajorTopicYN="N">Respiration, Artificial</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012449" MajorTopicYN="Y">Safety</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014139" MajorTopicYN="Y">Tracheostomy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>NO authors have competing interests</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>04</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>18</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>17</Hour><Minute>12</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32997704</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0240014</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">PONE-D-20-24276</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7526872</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Br J Anaesth. 2020 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Lella</name><name sortKey="Falcioni, Maurizio" sort="Falcioni, Maurizio" uniqKey="Falcioni M" first="Maurizio" last="Falcioni">Maurizio Falcioni</name><name sortKey="Fornaciari, Anna" sort="Fornaciari, Anna" uniqKey="Fornaciari A" first="Anna" last="Fornaciari">Anna Fornaciari</name><name sortKey="Grossi, Silvia" sort="Grossi, Silvia" uniqKey="Grossi S" first="Silvia" last="Grossi">Silvia Grossi</name><name sortKey="Malchiodi, Laura" sort="Malchiodi, Laura" uniqKey="Malchiodi L" first="Laura" last="Malchiodi">Laura Malchiodi</name><name sortKey="Rossi, Sandra" sort="Rossi, Sandra" uniqKey="Rossi S" first="Sandra" last="Rossi">Sandra Rossi</name><name sortKey="Sani, Emanuele" sort="Sani, Emanuele" uniqKey="Sani E" first="Emanuele" last="Sani">Emanuele Sani</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale"><name sortKey="Taccone, Fabio Silvio" sort="Taccone, Fabio Silvio" uniqKey="Taccone F" first="Fabio Silvio" last="Taccone">Fabio Silvio 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