Patterns of COVID-19 testing and mortality by race and ethnicity among United States veterans: A nationwide cohort study.
Identifieur interne : 000138 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 000137; suivant : 000139Patterns of COVID-19 testing and mortality by race and ethnicity among United States veterans: A nationwide cohort study.
Auteurs : Christopher T. Rentsch [États-Unis, Royaume-Uni] ; Farah Kidwai-Khan [États-Unis] ; Janet P. Tate [États-Unis] ; Lesley S. Park [États-Unis] ; Joseph T. King [États-Unis] ; Melissa Skanderson [États-Unis] ; Ronald G. Hauser [États-Unis] ; Anna Schultze [Royaume-Uni] ; Christopher I. Jarvis [Royaume-Uni] ; Mark Holodniy [États-Unis] ; Vincent Lo Re [États-Unis] ; Kathleen M. Akgün [États-Unis] ; Kristina Crothers [États-Unis] ; Tamar H. Taddei [États-Unis] ; Matthew S. Freiberg [États-Unis] ; Amy C. Justice [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS medicine [ 1549-1676 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte (MeSH), Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Afro-Américains (statistiques et données numériques), Anciens combattants (statistiques et données numériques), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Ethnies (statistiques et données numériques), Femelle (MeSH), Hispano-américain (statistiques et données numériques), Humains (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (diagnostic), Infections à coronavirus (ethnologie), Infections à coronavirus (mortalité), Jeune adulte (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (diagnostic), Pneumopathie virale (ethnologie), Pneumopathie virale (mortalité), Population d'origine européenne (statistiques et données numériques), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus (MeSH), Techniques de laboratoire clinique (statistiques et données numériques), États-Unis (épidémiologie), Études de cohortes (MeSH), Études rétrospectives (MeSH).
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- ethnologie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- mortalité : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- statistiques et données numériques : Afro-Américains, Anciens combattants, Ethnies, Hispano-américain, Population d'origine européenne, Techniques de laboratoire clinique.
- épidémiologie : États-Unis.
- Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Betacoronavirus, Femelle, Humains, Jeune adulte, Mâle, Pandémies, Sujet âgé, Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus, Études de cohortes, Études rétrospectives.
- Wicri :
- geographic : États-Unis.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), African Americans (statistics & numerical data), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Clinical Laboratory Techniques (statistics & numerical data), Cohort Studies (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis), Coronavirus Infections (ethnology), Coronavirus Infections (mortality), Ethnic Groups (statistics & numerical data), European Continental Ancestry Group (statistics & numerical data), Female (MeSH), Hispanic Americans (statistics & numerical data), Humans (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis), Pneumonia, Viral (ethnology), Pneumonia, Viral (mortality), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), United States (epidemiology), Veterans (statistics & numerical data), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : United States.
- diagnosis : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- ethnology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- mortality : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- statistics & numerical data : African Americans, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Ethnic Groups, European Continental Ancestry Group, Hispanic Americans, Veterans.
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Betacoronavirus, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Retrospective Studies, Young Adult.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
There is growing concern that racial and ethnic minority communities around the world are experiencing a disproportionate burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated racial and ethnic disparities in patterns of COVID-19 testing (i.e., who received testing and who tested positive) and subsequent mortality in the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
This retrospective cohort study included 5,834,543 individuals receiving care in the US Department of Veterans Affairs; most (91%) were men, 74% were non-Hispanic White (White), 19% were non-Hispanic Black (Black), and 7% were Hispanic. We evaluated associations between race/ethnicity and receipt of COVID-19 testing, a positive test result, and 30-day mortality, with multivariable adjustment for a wide range of demographic and clinical characteristics including comorbid conditions, health behaviors, medication history, site of care, and urban versus rural residence. Between February 8 and July 22, 2020, 254,595 individuals were tested for COVID-19, of whom 16,317 tested positive and 1,057 died. Black individuals were more likely to be tested (rate per 1,000 individuals: 60.0, 95% CI 59.6-60.5) than Hispanic (52.7, 95% CI 52.1-53.4) and White individuals (38.6, 95% CI 38.4-38.7). While individuals from minority backgrounds were more likely to test positive (Black versus White: odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% CI 1.85-2.01, p < 0.001; Hispanic versus White: OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.74-1.94, p < 0.001), 30-day mortality did not differ by race/ethnicity (Black versus White: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80-1.17, p = 0.74; Hispanic versus White: OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.73-1.34, p = 0.94). The disparity between Black and White individuals in testing positive for COVID-19 was stronger in the Midwest (OR 2.66, 95% CI 2.41-2.95, p < 0.001) than the West (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11-1.39, p < 0.001). The disparity in testing positive for COVID-19 between Hispanic and White individuals was consistent across region, calendar time, and outbreak pattern. Study limitations include underrepresentation of women and a lack of detailed information on social determinants of health.
CONCLUSIONS
In this nationwide study, we found that Black and Hispanic individuals are experiencing an excess burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection not entirely explained by underlying medical conditions or where they live or receive care. There is an urgent need to proactively tailor strategies to contain and prevent further outbreaks in racial and ethnic minority communities.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003379
PubMed: 32960880
PubMed Central: PMC7508372
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<author><name sortKey="Justice, Amy C" sort="Justice, Amy C" uniqKey="Justice A" first="Amy C" last="Justice">Amy C. Justice</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Patterns of COVID-19 testing and mortality by race and ethnicity among United States veterans: A nationwide cohort study.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Rentsch, Christopher T" sort="Rentsch, Christopher T" uniqKey="Rentsch C" first="Christopher T" last="Rentsch">Christopher T. Rentsch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Kidwai Khan, Farah" sort="Kidwai Khan, Farah" uniqKey="Kidwai Khan F" first="Farah" last="Kidwai-Khan">Farah Kidwai-Khan</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Tate, Janet P" sort="Tate, Janet P" uniqKey="Tate J" first="Janet P" last="Tate">Janet P. Tate</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Park, Lesley S" sort="Park, Lesley S" uniqKey="Park L" first="Lesley S" last="Park">Lesley S. Park</name>
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<author><name sortKey="King, Joseph T" sort="King, Joseph T" uniqKey="King J" first="Joseph T" last="King">Joseph T. King</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Skanderson, Melissa" sort="Skanderson, Melissa" uniqKey="Skanderson M" first="Melissa" last="Skanderson">Melissa Skanderson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Hauser, Ronald G" sort="Hauser, Ronald G" uniqKey="Hauser R" first="Ronald G" last="Hauser">Ronald G. Hauser</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Schultze, Anna" sort="Schultze, Anna" uniqKey="Schultze A" first="Anna" last="Schultze">Anna Schultze</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Jarvis, Christopher I" sort="Jarvis, Christopher I" uniqKey="Jarvis C" first="Christopher I" last="Jarvis">Christopher I. Jarvis</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Holodniy, Mark" sort="Holodniy, Mark" uniqKey="Holodniy M" first="Mark" last="Holodniy">Mark Holodniy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Palo Alto Health Care System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Palo Alto Health Care System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Lo Re, Vincent" sort="Lo Re, Vincent" uniqKey="Lo Re V" first="Vincent" last="Lo Re">Vincent Lo Re</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akgun, Kathleen M" sort="Akgun, Kathleen M" uniqKey="Akgun K" first="Kathleen M" last="Akgün">Kathleen M. Akgün</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Crothers, Kristina" sort="Crothers, Kristina" uniqKey="Crothers K" first="Kristina" last="Crothers">Kristina Crothers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Puget Sound Health Care System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Puget Sound Health Care System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taddei, Tamar H" sort="Taddei, Tamar H" uniqKey="Taddei T" first="Tamar H" last="Taddei">Tamar H. Taddei</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Freiberg, Matthew S" sort="Freiberg, Matthew S" uniqKey="Freiberg M" first="Matthew S" last="Freiberg">Matthew S. Freiberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Justice, Amy C" sort="Justice, Amy C" uniqKey="Justice A" first="Amy C" last="Justice">Amy C. Justice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<series><title level="j">PLoS medicine</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1549-1676</idno>
<imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term>
<term>African Americans (statistics & numerical data)</term>
<term>Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Clinical Laboratory Techniques (statistics & numerical data)</term>
<term>Cohort Studies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (ethnology)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (mortality)</term>
<term>Ethnic Groups (statistics & numerical data)</term>
<term>European Continental Ancestry Group (statistics & numerical data)</term>
<term>Female (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hispanic Americans (statistics & numerical data)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Male (MeSH)</term>
<term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (ethnology)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (mortality)</term>
<term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term>
<term>United States (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Veterans (statistics & numerical data)</term>
<term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term>
<term>Afro-Américains (statistiques et données numériques)</term>
<term>Anciens combattants (statistiques et données numériques)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Ethnies (statistiques et données numériques)</term>
<term>Femelle (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hispano-américain (statistiques et données numériques)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (ethnologie)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (mortalité)</term>
<term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mâle (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (ethnologie)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (mortalité)</term>
<term>Population d'origine européenne (statistiques et données numériques)</term>
<term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term>
<term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Techniques de laboratoire clinique (statistiques et données numériques)</term>
<term>États-Unis (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Études de cohortes (MeSH)</term>
<term>Études rétrospectives (MeSH)</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>United States</term>
</keywords>
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<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="ethnologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="ethnology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
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<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>African Americans</term>
<term>Clinical Laboratory Techniques</term>
<term>Ethnic Groups</term>
<term>European Continental Ancestry Group</term>
<term>Hispanic Americans</term>
<term>Veterans</term>
</keywords>
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<term>Anciens combattants</term>
<term>Ethnies</term>
<term>Hispano-américain</term>
<term>Population d'origine européenne</term>
<term>Techniques de laboratoire clinique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>États-Unis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term>
<term>Aged</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Cohort Studies</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>Retrospective Studies</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Jeune adulte</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
<term>Sujet âgé</term>
<term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus</term>
<term>Études de cohortes</term>
<term>Études rétrospectives</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b>
</p>
<p>There is growing concern that racial and ethnic minority communities around the world are experiencing a disproportionate burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated racial and ethnic disparities in patterns of COVID-19 testing (i.e., who received testing and who tested positive) and subsequent mortality in the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS AND FINDINGS</b>
</p>
<p>This retrospective cohort study included 5,834,543 individuals receiving care in the US Department of Veterans Affairs; most (91%) were men, 74% were non-Hispanic White (White), 19% were non-Hispanic Black (Black), and 7% were Hispanic. We evaluated associations between race/ethnicity and receipt of COVID-19 testing, a positive test result, and 30-day mortality, with multivariable adjustment for a wide range of demographic and clinical characteristics including comorbid conditions, health behaviors, medication history, site of care, and urban versus rural residence. Between February 8 and July 22, 2020, 254,595 individuals were tested for COVID-19, of whom 16,317 tested positive and 1,057 died. Black individuals were more likely to be tested (rate per 1,000 individuals: 60.0, 95% CI 59.6-60.5) than Hispanic (52.7, 95% CI 52.1-53.4) and White individuals (38.6, 95% CI 38.4-38.7). While individuals from minority backgrounds were more likely to test positive (Black versus White: odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% CI 1.85-2.01, p < 0.001; Hispanic versus White: OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.74-1.94, p < 0.001), 30-day mortality did not differ by race/ethnicity (Black versus White: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80-1.17, p = 0.74; Hispanic versus White: OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.73-1.34, p = 0.94). The disparity between Black and White individuals in testing positive for COVID-19 was stronger in the Midwest (OR 2.66, 95% CI 2.41-2.95, p < 0.001) than the West (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11-1.39, p < 0.001). The disparity in testing positive for COVID-19 between Hispanic and White individuals was consistent across region, calendar time, and outbreak pattern. Study limitations include underrepresentation of women and a lack of detailed information on social determinants of health.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>
</p>
<p>In this nationwide study, we found that Black and Hispanic individuals are experiencing an excess burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection not entirely explained by underlying medical conditions or where they live or receive care. There is an urgent need to proactively tailor strategies to contain and prevent further outbreaks in racial and ethnic minority communities.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32960880</PMID>
<DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>01</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>01</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1549-1676</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>17</Volume>
<Issue>9</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>PLoS medicine</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>PLoS Med</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Patterns of COVID-19 testing and mortality by race and ethnicity among United States veterans: A nationwide cohort study.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>e1003379</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pmed.1003379</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">There is growing concern that racial and ethnic minority communities around the world are experiencing a disproportionate burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated racial and ethnic disparities in patterns of COVID-19 testing (i.e., who received testing and who tested positive) and subsequent mortality in the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="METHODS AND FINDINGS">This retrospective cohort study included 5,834,543 individuals receiving care in the US Department of Veterans Affairs; most (91%) were men, 74% were non-Hispanic White (White), 19% were non-Hispanic Black (Black), and 7% were Hispanic. We evaluated associations between race/ethnicity and receipt of COVID-19 testing, a positive test result, and 30-day mortality, with multivariable adjustment for a wide range of demographic and clinical characteristics including comorbid conditions, health behaviors, medication history, site of care, and urban versus rural residence. Between February 8 and July 22, 2020, 254,595 individuals were tested for COVID-19, of whom 16,317 tested positive and 1,057 died. Black individuals were more likely to be tested (rate per 1,000 individuals: 60.0, 95% CI 59.6-60.5) than Hispanic (52.7, 95% CI 52.1-53.4) and White individuals (38.6, 95% CI 38.4-38.7). While individuals from minority backgrounds were more likely to test positive (Black versus White: odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% CI 1.85-2.01, p < 0.001; Hispanic versus White: OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.74-1.94, p < 0.001), 30-day mortality did not differ by race/ethnicity (Black versus White: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80-1.17, p = 0.74; Hispanic versus White: OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.73-1.34, p = 0.94). The disparity between Black and White individuals in testing positive for COVID-19 was stronger in the Midwest (OR 2.66, 95% CI 2.41-2.95, p < 0.001) than the West (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11-1.39, p < 0.001). The disparity in testing positive for COVID-19 between Hispanic and White individuals was consistent across region, calendar time, and outbreak pattern. Study limitations include underrepresentation of women and a lack of detailed information on social determinants of health.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">In this nationwide study, we found that Black and Hispanic individuals are experiencing an excess burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection not entirely explained by underlying medical conditions or where they live or receive care. There is an urgent need to proactively tailor strategies to contain and prevent further outbreaks in racial and ethnic minority communities.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rentsch</LastName>
<ForeName>Christopher T</ForeName>
<Initials>CT</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1408-7907</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kidwai-Khan</LastName>
<ForeName>Farah</ForeName>
<Initials>F</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tate</LastName>
<ForeName>Janet P</ForeName>
<Initials>JP</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Park</LastName>
<ForeName>Lesley S</ForeName>
<Initials>LS</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3848-7753</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>King</LastName>
<ForeName>Joseph T</ForeName>
<Initials>JT</Initials>
<Suffix>Jr</Suffix>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2823-9649</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Skanderson</LastName>
<ForeName>Melissa</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hauser</LastName>
<ForeName>Ronald G</ForeName>
<Initials>RG</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7361-7162</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schultze</LastName>
<ForeName>Anna</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1637-837X</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jarvis</LastName>
<ForeName>Christopher I</ForeName>
<Initials>CI</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Holodniy</LastName>
<ForeName>Mark</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6655-7982</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Palo Alto Health Care System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lo Re</LastName>
<ForeName>Vincent</ForeName>
<Initials>V</Initials>
<Suffix>3rd</Suffix>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-7955-0600</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Akgün</LastName>
<ForeName>Kathleen M</ForeName>
<Initials>KM</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2623-7463</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Crothers</LastName>
<ForeName>Kristina</ForeName>
<Initials>K</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-9702-0371</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Puget Sound Health Care System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Taddei</LastName>
<ForeName>Tamar H</ForeName>
<Initials>TH</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6500-1739</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Freiberg</LastName>
<ForeName>Matthew S</ForeName>
<Initials>MS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Justice</LastName>
<ForeName>Amy C</ForeName>
<Initials>AC</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-0139-5502</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Connecticut Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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