Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy.
Identifieur interne : 000420 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000419; suivant : 000421Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy.
Auteurs : Sirio Fiorino ; Claudio Gallo ; Maddalena Zippi ; Sergio Sabbatani ; Roberto Manfredi ; Renzo Moretti ; Elisa Fogacci ; Caterina Maggioli ; Francesca Travasoni Loffredo ; Enrico Giampieri ; Ivan Corazza ; Christoph Dickmans ; Claudio Denitto ; Michele Cammarosano ; Michele Battilana ; Paolo Emilio Orlandi ; Francesco Del Forno ; Francesco Miceli ; Michela Visani ; Giorgia Acquaviva ; Antonio De Leo ; Paolo Leandri ; Wandong Hong ; Thomas Brand ; Giovanni Tallini ; Elio Jovine ; Roberto Jovine ; Dario De BiaseSource :
- Aging clinical and experimental research [ 1720-8319 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged (MeSH), Ascorbic Acid (immunology), Ascorbic Acid (pharmacology), Ascorbic Acid (therapeutic use), Betacoronavirus (drug effects), Betacoronavirus (immunology), Betacoronavirus (pathogenicity), Coronavirus Infections (diet therapy), Coronavirus Infections (immunology), Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Cytokines (immunology), Humans (MeSH), Pandemics (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (diet therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (immunology), Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (virology), Th17 Cells (drug effects), Th17 Cells (immunology), Vitamin A (immunology), Vitamin A (pharmacology), Vitamin A (therapeutic use), Vitamin D (immunology), Vitamin D (pharmacology), Vitamin D (therapeutic use), Vitamin E (immunology), Vitamin E (pharmacology), Vitamin E (therapeutic use), Vitamins (immunology), Vitamins (pharmacology), Vitamins (therapeutic use).
- MESH :
- chemical , immunology : Ascorbic Acid, Cytokines, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamins.
- chemical , pharmacology : Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamins.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamins.
- diet therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus, Th17 Cells.
- immunology : Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral, Th17 Cells.
- pathogenicity : Betacoronavirus.
- prevention & control : Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral.
- virology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Aged, Humans.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
In December 2019, a novel human-infecting coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, had emerged. The WHO has classified the epidemic as a "public health emergency of international concern". A dramatic situation has unfolded with thousands of deaths, occurring mainly in the aged and very ill people. Epidemiological studies suggest that immune system function is impaired in elderly individuals and these subjects often present a deficiency in fat-soluble and hydrosoluble vitamins.
METHODS
We searched for reviews describing the characteristics of autoimmune diseases and the available therapeutic protocols for their treatment. We set them as a paradigm with the purpose to uncover common pathogenetic mechanisms between these pathological conditions and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we searched for studies describing the possible efficacy of vitamins A, D, E, and C in improving the immune system function.
RESULTS
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces strong immune system dysfunction characterized by the development of an intense proinflammatory response in the host, and the development of a life-threatening condition defined as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). This leads to acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), mainly in aged people. High mortality and lethality rates have been observed in elderly subjects with CoV-2-related infection.
CONCLUSIONS
Vitamins may shift the proinflammatory Th17-mediated immune response arising in autoimmune diseases towards a T-cell regulatory phenotype. This review discusses the possible activity of vitamins A, D, E, and C in restoring normal antiviral immune system function and the potential therapeutic role of these micronutrients as part of a therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01669-y
PubMed: 32865757
PubMed Central: PMC7456763
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32865757Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy.</title><author><name sortKey="Fiorino, Sirio" sort="Fiorino, Sirio" uniqKey="Fiorino S" first="Sirio" last="Fiorino">Sirio Fiorino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy. sirio.fiorino@ausl.bologna.it.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. sirio.fiorino@ausl.bologna.it.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallo, Claudio" sort="Gallo, Claudio" uniqKey="Gallo C" first="Claudio" last="Gallo">Claudio Gallo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Physician Specialist in Infectious Diseases, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zippi, Maddalena" sort="Zippi, Maddalena" uniqKey="Zippi M" first="Maddalena" last="Zippi">Maddalena Zippi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Petrini Hospital, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabbatani, Sergio" sort="Sabbatani, Sergio" uniqKey="Sabbatani S" first="Sergio" last="Sabbatani">Sergio Sabbatani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infective Disease Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manfredi, Roberto" sort="Manfredi, Roberto" uniqKey="Manfredi R" first="Roberto" last="Manfredi">Roberto Manfredi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infective Disease Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moretti, Renzo" sort="Moretti, Renzo" uniqKey="Moretti R" first="Renzo" last="Moretti">Renzo Moretti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fogacci, Elisa" sort="Fogacci, Elisa" uniqKey="Fogacci E" first="Elisa" last="Fogacci">Elisa Fogacci</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maggioli, Caterina" sort="Maggioli, Caterina" uniqKey="Maggioli C" first="Caterina" last="Maggioli">Caterina Maggioli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Travasoni Loffredo, Francesca" sort="Travasoni Loffredo, Francesca" uniqKey="Travasoni Loffredo F" first="Francesca" last="Travasoni Loffredo">Francesca Travasoni Loffredo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giampieri, Enrico" sort="Giampieri, Enrico" uniqKey="Giampieri E" first="Enrico" last="Giampieri">Enrico Giampieri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corazza, Ivan" sort="Corazza, Ivan" uniqKey="Corazza I" first="Ivan" last="Corazza">Ivan Corazza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dickmans, Christoph" sort="Dickmans, Christoph" uniqKey="Dickmans C" first="Christoph" last="Dickmans">Christoph Dickmans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denitto, Claudio" sort="Denitto, Claudio" uniqKey="Denitto C" first="Claudio" last="Denitto">Claudio Denitto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cammarosano, Michele" sort="Cammarosano, Michele" uniqKey="Cammarosano M" first="Michele" last="Cammarosano">Michele Cammarosano</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Battilana, Michele" sort="Battilana, Michele" uniqKey="Battilana M" first="Michele" last="Battilana">Michele Battilana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orlandi, Paolo Emilio" sort="Orlandi, Paolo Emilio" uniqKey="Orlandi P" first="Paolo Emilio" last="Orlandi">Paolo Emilio Orlandi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Radiology, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Del Forno, Francesco" sort="Del Forno, Francesco" uniqKey="Del Forno F" first="Francesco" last="Del Forno">Francesco Del Forno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miceli, Francesco" sort="Miceli, Francesco" uniqKey="Miceli F" first="Francesco" last="Miceli">Francesco Miceli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO Farmacia Centralizzata OM, Farmacia Ospedale Di Budrio, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visani, Michela" sort="Visani, Michela" uniqKey="Visani M" first="Michela" last="Visani">Michela Visani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Acquaviva, Giorgia" sort="Acquaviva, Giorgia" uniqKey="Acquaviva G" first="Giorgia" last="Acquaviva">Giorgia Acquaviva</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Leo, Antonio" sort="De Leo, Antonio" uniqKey="De Leo A" first="Antonio" last="De Leo">Antonio De Leo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leandri, Paolo" sort="Leandri, Paolo" uniqKey="Leandri P" first="Paolo" last="Leandri">Paolo Leandri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Wandong" sort="Hong, Wandong" uniqKey="Hong W" first="Wandong" last="Hong">Wandong Hong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brand, Thomas" sort="Brand, Thomas" uniqKey="Brand T" first="Thomas" last="Brand">Thomas Brand</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tallini, Giovanni" sort="Tallini, Giovanni" uniqKey="Tallini G" first="Giovanni" last="Tallini">Giovanni Tallini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jovine, Elio" sort="Jovine, Elio" uniqKey="Jovine E" first="Elio" last="Jovine">Elio Jovine</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Surgery Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jovine, Roberto" sort="Jovine, Roberto" uniqKey="Jovine R" first="Roberto" last="Jovine">Roberto Jovine</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Biase, Dario" sort="De Biase, Dario" uniqKey="De Biase D" first="Dario" last="De Biase">Dario De Biase</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32865757</idno><idno type="pmid">32865757</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s40520-020-01669-y</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7456763</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000420</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000420</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy.</title><author><name sortKey="Fiorino, Sirio" sort="Fiorino, Sirio" uniqKey="Fiorino S" first="Sirio" last="Fiorino">Sirio Fiorino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy. sirio.fiorino@ausl.bologna.it.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. sirio.fiorino@ausl.bologna.it.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallo, Claudio" sort="Gallo, Claudio" uniqKey="Gallo C" first="Claudio" last="Gallo">Claudio Gallo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Physician Specialist in Infectious Diseases, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zippi, Maddalena" sort="Zippi, Maddalena" uniqKey="Zippi M" first="Maddalena" last="Zippi">Maddalena Zippi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Petrini Hospital, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabbatani, Sergio" sort="Sabbatani, Sergio" uniqKey="Sabbatani S" first="Sergio" last="Sabbatani">Sergio Sabbatani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infective Disease Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manfredi, Roberto" sort="Manfredi, Roberto" uniqKey="Manfredi R" first="Roberto" last="Manfredi">Roberto Manfredi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infective Disease Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moretti, Renzo" sort="Moretti, Renzo" uniqKey="Moretti R" first="Renzo" last="Moretti">Renzo Moretti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fogacci, Elisa" sort="Fogacci, Elisa" uniqKey="Fogacci E" first="Elisa" last="Fogacci">Elisa Fogacci</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maggioli, Caterina" sort="Maggioli, Caterina" uniqKey="Maggioli C" first="Caterina" last="Maggioli">Caterina Maggioli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Travasoni Loffredo, Francesca" sort="Travasoni Loffredo, Francesca" uniqKey="Travasoni Loffredo F" first="Francesca" last="Travasoni Loffredo">Francesca Travasoni Loffredo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giampieri, Enrico" sort="Giampieri, Enrico" uniqKey="Giampieri E" first="Enrico" last="Giampieri">Enrico Giampieri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corazza, Ivan" sort="Corazza, Ivan" uniqKey="Corazza I" first="Ivan" last="Corazza">Ivan Corazza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dickmans, Christoph" sort="Dickmans, Christoph" uniqKey="Dickmans C" first="Christoph" last="Dickmans">Christoph Dickmans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denitto, Claudio" sort="Denitto, Claudio" uniqKey="Denitto C" first="Claudio" last="Denitto">Claudio Denitto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cammarosano, Michele" sort="Cammarosano, Michele" uniqKey="Cammarosano M" first="Michele" last="Cammarosano">Michele Cammarosano</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Battilana, Michele" sort="Battilana, Michele" uniqKey="Battilana M" first="Michele" last="Battilana">Michele Battilana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orlandi, Paolo Emilio" sort="Orlandi, Paolo Emilio" uniqKey="Orlandi P" first="Paolo Emilio" last="Orlandi">Paolo Emilio Orlandi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unit of Radiology, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Del Forno, Francesco" sort="Del Forno, Francesco" uniqKey="Del Forno F" first="Francesco" last="Del Forno">Francesco Del Forno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miceli, Francesco" sort="Miceli, Francesco" uniqKey="Miceli F" first="Francesco" last="Miceli">Francesco Miceli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>UO Farmacia Centralizzata OM, Farmacia Ospedale Di Budrio, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visani, Michela" sort="Visani, Michela" uniqKey="Visani M" first="Michela" last="Visani">Michela Visani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Acquaviva, Giorgia" sort="Acquaviva, Giorgia" uniqKey="Acquaviva G" first="Giorgia" last="Acquaviva">Giorgia Acquaviva</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Leo, Antonio" sort="De Leo, Antonio" uniqKey="De Leo A" first="Antonio" last="De Leo">Antonio De Leo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leandri, Paolo" sort="Leandri, Paolo" uniqKey="Leandri P" first="Paolo" last="Leandri">Paolo Leandri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Wandong" sort="Hong, Wandong" uniqKey="Hong W" first="Wandong" last="Hong">Wandong Hong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brand, Thomas" sort="Brand, Thomas" uniqKey="Brand T" first="Thomas" last="Brand">Thomas Brand</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tallini, Giovanni" sort="Tallini, Giovanni" uniqKey="Tallini G" first="Giovanni" last="Tallini">Giovanni Tallini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jovine, Elio" sort="Jovine, Elio" uniqKey="Jovine E" first="Elio" last="Jovine">Elio Jovine</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Surgery Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jovine, Roberto" sort="Jovine, Roberto" uniqKey="Jovine R" first="Roberto" last="Jovine">Roberto Jovine</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Biase, Dario" sort="De Biase, Dario" uniqKey="De Biase D" first="Dario" last="De Biase">Dario De Biase</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Aging clinical and experimental research</title><idno type="eISSN">1720-8319</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Ascorbic Acid (immunology)</term><term>Ascorbic Acid (pharmacology)</term><term>Ascorbic Acid (therapeutic use)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (immunology)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (pathogenicity)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (diet therapy)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (immunology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term><term>Cytokines (immunology)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (diet therapy)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (immunology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (virology)</term><term>Th17 Cells (drug effects)</term><term>Th17 Cells (immunology)</term><term>Vitamin A (immunology)</term><term>Vitamin A (pharmacology)</term><term>Vitamin A (therapeutic use)</term><term>Vitamin D (immunology)</term><term>Vitamin D (pharmacology)</term><term>Vitamin D (therapeutic use)</term><term>Vitamin E (immunology)</term><term>Vitamin E (pharmacology)</term><term>Vitamin E (therapeutic use)</term><term>Vitamins (immunology)</term><term>Vitamins (pharmacology)</term><term>Vitamins (therapeutic use)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ascorbic Acid</term><term>Cytokines</term><term>Vitamin A</term><term>Vitamin D</term><term>Vitamin E</term><term>Vitamins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ascorbic Acid</term><term>Vitamin A</term><term>Vitamin D</term><term>Vitamin E</term><term>Vitamins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Ascorbic Acid</term><term>Vitamin A</term><term>Vitamin D</term><term>Vitamin E</term><term>Vitamins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diet therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Th17 Cells</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term><term>Th17 Cells</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Humans</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>In December 2019, a novel human-infecting coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, had emerged. The WHO has classified the epidemic as a "public health emergency of international concern". A dramatic situation has unfolded with thousands of deaths, occurring mainly in the aged and very ill people. Epidemiological studies suggest that immune system function is impaired in elderly individuals and these subjects often present a deficiency in fat-soluble and hydrosoluble vitamins.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We searched for reviews describing the characteristics of autoimmune diseases and the available therapeutic protocols for their treatment. We set them as a paradigm with the purpose to uncover common pathogenetic mechanisms between these pathological conditions and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we searched for studies describing the possible efficacy of vitamins A, D, E, and C in improving the immune system function.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>SARS-CoV-2 infection induces strong immune system dysfunction characterized by the development of an intense proinflammatory response in the host, and the development of a life-threatening condition defined as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). This leads to acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), mainly in aged people. High mortality and lethality rates have been observed in elderly subjects with CoV-2-related infection.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Vitamins may shift the proinflammatory Th17-mediated immune response arising in autoimmune diseases towards a T-cell regulatory phenotype. This review discusses the possible activity of vitamins A, D, E, and C in restoring normal antiviral immune system function and the potential therapeutic role of these micronutrients as part of a therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32865757</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>13</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1720-8319</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>32</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Oct</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Aging clinical and experimental research</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Aging Clin Exp Res</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>2115-2131</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s40520-020-01669-y</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">In December 2019, a novel human-infecting coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, had emerged. The WHO has classified the epidemic as a "public health emergency of international concern". A dramatic situation has unfolded with thousands of deaths, occurring mainly in the aged and very ill people. Epidemiological studies suggest that immune system function is impaired in elderly individuals and these subjects often present a deficiency in fat-soluble and hydrosoluble vitamins.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">We searched for reviews describing the characteristics of autoimmune diseases and the available therapeutic protocols for their treatment. We set them as a paradigm with the purpose to uncover common pathogenetic mechanisms between these pathological conditions and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we searched for studies describing the possible efficacy of vitamins A, D, E, and C in improving the immune system function.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">SARS-CoV-2 infection induces strong immune system dysfunction characterized by the development of an intense proinflammatory response in the host, and the development of a life-threatening condition defined as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). This leads to acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), mainly in aged people. High mortality and lethality rates have been observed in elderly subjects with CoV-2-related infection.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Vitamins may shift the proinflammatory Th17-mediated immune response arising in autoimmune diseases towards a T-cell regulatory phenotype. This review discusses the possible activity of vitamins A, D, E, and C in restoring normal antiviral immune system function and the potential therapeutic role of these micronutrients as part of a therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fiorino</LastName><ForeName>Sirio</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy. sirio.fiorino@ausl.bologna.it.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. sirio.fiorino@ausl.bologna.it.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gallo</LastName><ForeName>Claudio</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Physician Specialist in Infectious Diseases, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zippi</LastName><ForeName>Maddalena</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Petrini Hospital, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sabbatani</LastName><ForeName>Sergio</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infective Disease Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Manfredi</LastName><ForeName>Roberto</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infective Disease Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moretti</LastName><ForeName>Renzo</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fogacci</LastName><ForeName>Elisa</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maggioli</LastName><ForeName>Caterina</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Travasoni Loffredo</LastName><ForeName>Francesca</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Giampieri</LastName><ForeName>Enrico</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Corazza</LastName><ForeName>Ivan</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dickmans</LastName><ForeName>Christoph</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Denitto</LastName><ForeName>Claudio</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cammarosano</LastName><ForeName>Michele</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Battilana</LastName><ForeName>Michele</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO of Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital of Budrio, Via Benni 44, 40065, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Orlandi</LastName><ForeName>Paolo Emilio</ForeName><Initials>PE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unit of Radiology, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Del Forno</LastName><ForeName>Francesco</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miceli</LastName><ForeName>Francesco</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UO Farmacia Centralizzata OM, Farmacia Ospedale Di Budrio, Budrio, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Visani</LastName><ForeName>Michela</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Acquaviva</LastName><ForeName>Giorgia</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Leo</LastName><ForeName>Antonio</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leandri</LastName><ForeName>Paolo</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hong</LastName><ForeName>Wandong</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brand</LastName><ForeName>Thomas</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tallini</LastName><ForeName>Giovanni</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale), Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jovine</LastName><ForeName>Elio</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Surgery Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jovine</LastName><ForeName>Roberto</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Biase</LastName><ForeName>Dario</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-8817</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>31</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Aging Clin Exp Res</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101132995</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1594-0667</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D016207">Cytokines</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014815">Vitamins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>11103-57-4</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014801">Vitamin A</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>1406-16-2</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014807">Vitamin D</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>1406-18-4</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014810">Vitamin E</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>PQ6CK8PD0R</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D001205">Ascorbic Acid</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001205" MajorTopicYN="N">Ascorbic Acid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="Y">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000178" MajorTopicYN="Y">diet therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016207" MajorTopicYN="N">Cytokines</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000178" MajorTopicYN="Y">diet therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058504" MajorTopicYN="N">Th17 Cells</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014801" MajorTopicYN="N">Vitamin A</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014807" MajorTopicYN="N">Vitamin D</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014810" MajorTopicYN="N">Vitamin E</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014815" MajorTopicYN="N">Vitamins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">CoV-2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Therapeutic strategy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Vitamins</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>18</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>21</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32865757</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s40520-020-01669-y</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1007/s40520-020-01669-y</ArticleId><ArticleId 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