Expansion of plasmablasts and loss of memory B cells in peripheral blood from COVID-19 patients with pneumonia.
Identifieur interne : 000278 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000277; suivant : 000279Expansion of plasmablasts and loss of memory B cells in peripheral blood from COVID-19 patients with pneumonia.
Auteurs : Sara De Biasi ; Domenico Lo Tartaro ; Marianna Meschiari ; Lara Gibellini ; Caterina Bellinazzi ; Rebecca Borella ; Lucia Fidanza ; Marco Mattioli ; Annamaria Paolini ; Licia Gozzi ; Dina Jaacoub ; Matteo Faltoni ; Sara Volpi ; Jovana Mili ; Marco Sita ; Mario Sarti ; Carlo Pucillo ; Massimo Girardis ; Giovanni Guaraldi ; Cristina Mussini ; Andrea CossarizzaSource :
- European journal of immunology [ 1521-4141 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Antibodies, Viral (blood), Antibodies, Viral (classification), B-Lymphocytes (immunology), B-Lymphocytes (virology), Betacoronavirus (immunology), Betacoronavirus (pathogenicity), C-Reactive Protein (immunology), Case-Control Studies (MeSH), Cell Proliferation (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (immunology), Coronavirus Infections (mortality), Coronavirus Infections (pathology), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH), Cytokines (genetics), Cytokines (immunology), Female (MeSH), Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products (immunology), Humans (MeSH), Immunity, Humoral (MeSH), Immunoglobulin Isotypes (blood), Immunologic Memory (MeSH), Lung (immunology), Lung (pathology), Lung (virology), Lymphocyte Activation (MeSH), Lymphocyte Count (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Organ Dysfunction Scores (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (immunology), Pneumonia, Viral (mortality), Pneumonia, Viral (pathology), Pneumonia, Viral (virology), Primary Cell Culture (MeSH), Severity of Illness Index (MeSH), Survival Analysis (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , blood : Antibodies, Viral, Immunoglobulin Isotypes.
- chemical , classification : Antibodies, Viral.
- chemical , genetics : Cytokines.
- immunology : B-Lymphocytes, Betacoronavirus, C-Reactive Protein, Coronavirus Infections, Cytokines, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products, Lung, Pneumonia, Viral.
- mortality : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- pathogenicity : Betacoronavirus.
- pathology : Coronavirus Infections, Lung, Pneumonia, Viral.
- virology : B-Lymphocytes, Coronavirus Infections, Lung, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Cell Proliferation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Immunity, Humoral, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocyte Count, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Dysfunction Scores, Pandemics, Primary Cell Culture, Severity of Illness Index, Survival Analysis.
Abstract
Studies on the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and humoral immunity are fundamental to elaborate effective therapies including vaccines. We used polychromatic flow cytometry, coupled with unsupervised data analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), to interrogate B cells in untreated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. COVID-19 patients displayed normal plasma levels of the main immunoglobulin classes, of antibodies against common antigens or against antigens present in common vaccines. However, we found a decreased number of total and naïve B cells, along with decreased percentages and numbers of memory switched and unswitched B cells. On the contrary, IgM+ and IgM- plasmablasts were significantly increased. In vitro cell activation revealed that B lymphocytes showed a normal proliferation index and number of dividing cells per cycle. PCA indicated that B-cell number, naive and memory B cells but not plasmablasts clustered with patients who were discharged, while plasma IgM level, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and SOFA score with those who died. In patients with pneumonia, the derangement of the B-cell compartment could be one of the causes of the immunological failure to control SARS-Cov2, have a relevant influence on several pathways, organs and systems, and must be considered to develop vaccine strategies.
DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048838
PubMed: 32910469
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32910469Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="De Biasi, Sara" sort="De Biasi, Sara" uniqKey="De Biasi S" first="Sara" last="De Biasi">Sara De Biasi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Lo Tartaro, Domenico" sort="Lo Tartaro, Domenico" uniqKey="Lo Tartaro D" first="Domenico" last="Lo Tartaro">Domenico Lo Tartaro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Meschiari, Marianna" sort="Meschiari, Marianna" uniqKey="Meschiari M" first="Marianna" last="Meschiari">Marianna Meschiari</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Gibellini, Lara" sort="Gibellini, Lara" uniqKey="Gibellini L" first="Lara" last="Gibellini">Lara Gibellini</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Bellinazzi, Caterina" sort="Bellinazzi, Caterina" uniqKey="Bellinazzi C" first="Caterina" last="Bellinazzi">Caterina Bellinazzi</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Borella, Rebecca" sort="Borella, Rebecca" uniqKey="Borella R" first="Rebecca" last="Borella">Rebecca Borella</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Fidanza, Lucia" sort="Fidanza, Lucia" uniqKey="Fidanza L" first="Lucia" last="Fidanza">Lucia Fidanza</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mattioli, Marco" sort="Mattioli, Marco" uniqKey="Mattioli M" first="Marco" last="Mattioli">Marco Mattioli</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Paolini, Annamaria" sort="Paolini, Annamaria" uniqKey="Paolini A" first="Annamaria" last="Paolini">Annamaria Paolini</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Gozzi, Licia" sort="Gozzi, Licia" uniqKey="Gozzi L" first="Licia" last="Gozzi">Licia Gozzi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaacoub, Dina" sort="Jaacoub, Dina" uniqKey="Jaacoub D" first="Dina" last="Jaacoub">Dina Jaacoub</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faltoni, Matteo" sort="Faltoni, Matteo" uniqKey="Faltoni M" first="Matteo" last="Faltoni">Matteo Faltoni</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Volpi, Sara" sort="Volpi, Sara" uniqKey="Volpi S" first="Sara" last="Volpi">Sara Volpi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Mili, Jovana" sort="Mili, Jovana" uniqKey="Mili J" first="Jovana" last="Mili">Jovana Mili</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Sita, Marco" sort="Sita, Marco" uniqKey="Sita M" first="Marco" last="Sita">Marco Sita</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Sarti, Mario" sort="Sarti, Mario" uniqKey="Sarti M" first="Mario" last="Sarti">Mario Sarti</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Microbiology Unit, AOU Policlinico, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Pucillo, Carlo" sort="Pucillo, Carlo" uniqKey="Pucillo C" first="Carlo" last="Pucillo">Carlo Pucillo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Girardis, Massimo" sort="Girardis, Massimo" uniqKey="Girardis M" first="Massimo" last="Girardis">Massimo Girardis</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guaraldi, Giovanni" sort="Guaraldi, Giovanni" uniqKey="Guaraldi G" first="Giovanni" last="Guaraldi">Giovanni Guaraldi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mussini, Cristina" sort="Mussini, Cristina" uniqKey="Mussini C" first="Cristina" last="Mussini">Cristina Mussini</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cossarizza, Andrea" sort="Cossarizza, Andrea" uniqKey="Cossarizza A" first="Andrea" last="Cossarizza">Andrea Cossarizza</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Expansion of plasmablasts and loss of memory B cells in peripheral blood from COVID-19 patients with pneumonia.</title>
<author><name sortKey="De Biasi, Sara" sort="De Biasi, Sara" uniqKey="De Biasi S" first="Sara" last="De Biasi">Sara De Biasi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lo Tartaro, Domenico" sort="Lo Tartaro, Domenico" uniqKey="Lo Tartaro D" first="Domenico" last="Lo Tartaro">Domenico Lo Tartaro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meschiari, Marianna" sort="Meschiari, Marianna" uniqKey="Meschiari M" first="Marianna" last="Meschiari">Marianna Meschiari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Gibellini, Lara" sort="Gibellini, Lara" uniqKey="Gibellini L" first="Lara" last="Gibellini">Lara Gibellini</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bellinazzi, Caterina" sort="Bellinazzi, Caterina" uniqKey="Bellinazzi C" first="Caterina" last="Bellinazzi">Caterina Bellinazzi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Borella, Rebecca" sort="Borella, Rebecca" uniqKey="Borella R" first="Rebecca" last="Borella">Rebecca Borella</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fidanza, Lucia" sort="Fidanza, Lucia" uniqKey="Fidanza L" first="Lucia" last="Fidanza">Lucia Fidanza</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mattioli, Marco" sort="Mattioli, Marco" uniqKey="Mattioli M" first="Marco" last="Mattioli">Marco Mattioli</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paolini, Annamaria" sort="Paolini, Annamaria" uniqKey="Paolini A" first="Annamaria" last="Paolini">Annamaria Paolini</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gozzi, Licia" sort="Gozzi, Licia" uniqKey="Gozzi L" first="Licia" last="Gozzi">Licia Gozzi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaacoub, Dina" sort="Jaacoub, Dina" uniqKey="Jaacoub D" first="Dina" last="Jaacoub">Dina Jaacoub</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faltoni, Matteo" sort="Faltoni, Matteo" uniqKey="Faltoni M" first="Matteo" last="Faltoni">Matteo Faltoni</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Volpi, Sara" sort="Volpi, Sara" uniqKey="Volpi S" first="Sara" last="Volpi">Sara Volpi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mili, Jovana" sort="Mili, Jovana" uniqKey="Mili J" first="Jovana" last="Mili">Jovana Mili</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sita, Marco" sort="Sita, Marco" uniqKey="Sita M" first="Marco" last="Sita">Marco Sita</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarti, Mario" sort="Sarti, Mario" uniqKey="Sarti M" first="Mario" last="Sarti">Mario Sarti</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Microbiology Unit, AOU Policlinico, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pucillo, Carlo" sort="Pucillo, Carlo" uniqKey="Pucillo C" first="Carlo" last="Pucillo">Carlo Pucillo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Girardis, Massimo" sort="Girardis, Massimo" uniqKey="Girardis M" first="Massimo" last="Girardis">Massimo Girardis</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guaraldi, Giovanni" sort="Guaraldi, Giovanni" uniqKey="Guaraldi G" first="Giovanni" last="Guaraldi">Giovanni Guaraldi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mussini, Cristina" sort="Mussini, Cristina" uniqKey="Mussini C" first="Cristina" last="Mussini">Cristina Mussini</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cossarizza, Andrea" sort="Cossarizza, Andrea" uniqKey="Cossarizza A" first="Andrea" last="Cossarizza">Andrea Cossarizza</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<series><title level="j">European journal of immunology</title>
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<imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
</imprint>
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<term>Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term>
<term>Antibodies, Viral (blood)</term>
<term>Antibodies, Viral (classification)</term>
<term>B-Lymphocytes (immunology)</term>
<term>B-Lymphocytes (virology)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (immunology)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>C-Reactive Protein (immunology)</term>
<term>Case-Control Studies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Cell Proliferation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (immunology)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (mortality)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (pathology)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term>
<term>Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Cytokines (genetics)</term>
<term>Cytokines (immunology)</term>
<term>Female (MeSH)</term>
<term>Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products (immunology)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Immunity, Humoral (MeSH)</term>
<term>Immunoglobulin Isotypes (blood)</term>
<term>Immunologic Memory (MeSH)</term>
<term>Lung (immunology)</term>
<term>Lung (pathology)</term>
<term>Lung (virology)</term>
<term>Lymphocyte Activation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Lymphocyte Count (MeSH)</term>
<term>Male (MeSH)</term>
<term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Organ Dysfunction Scores (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (immunology)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (mortality)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (pathology)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (virology)</term>
<term>Primary Cell Culture (MeSH)</term>
<term>Severity of Illness Index (MeSH)</term>
<term>Survival Analysis (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Antibodies, Viral</term>
<term>Immunoglobulin Isotypes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Antibodies, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Cytokines</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>B-Lymphocytes</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>C-Reactive Protein</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Cytokines</term>
<term>Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products</term>
<term>Lung</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Lung</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>B-Lymphocytes</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Lung</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term>
<term>Aged</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over</term>
<term>Case-Control Studies</term>
<term>Cell Proliferation</term>
<term>Cross-Sectional Studies</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immunity, Humoral</term>
<term>Immunologic Memory</term>
<term>Lymphocyte Activation</term>
<term>Lymphocyte Count</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Organ Dysfunction Scores</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>Primary Cell Culture</term>
<term>Severity of Illness Index</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Studies on the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and humoral immunity are fundamental to elaborate effective therapies including vaccines. We used polychromatic flow cytometry, coupled with unsupervised data analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), to interrogate B cells in untreated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. COVID-19 patients displayed normal plasma levels of the main immunoglobulin classes, of antibodies against common antigens or against antigens present in common vaccines. However, we found a decreased number of total and naïve B cells, along with decreased percentages and numbers of memory switched and unswitched B cells. On the contrary, IgM<sup>+</sup>
and IgM<sup>-</sup>
plasmablasts were significantly increased. In vitro cell activation revealed that B lymphocytes showed a normal proliferation index and number of dividing cells per cycle. PCA indicated that B-cell number, naive and memory B cells but not plasmablasts clustered with patients who were discharged, while plasma IgM level, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and SOFA score with those who died. In patients with pneumonia, the derangement of the B-cell compartment could be one of the causes of the immunological failure to control SARS-Cov2, have a relevant influence on several pathways, organs and systems, and must be considered to develop vaccine strategies.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
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<DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1521-4141</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>50</Volume>
<Issue>9</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>European journal of immunology</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Eur J Immunol</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Expansion of plasmablasts and loss of memory B cells in peripheral blood from COVID-19 patients with pneumonia.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>1283-1294</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1002/eji.202048838</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>Studies on the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and humoral immunity are fundamental to elaborate effective therapies including vaccines. We used polychromatic flow cytometry, coupled with unsupervised data analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), to interrogate B cells in untreated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. COVID-19 patients displayed normal plasma levels of the main immunoglobulin classes, of antibodies against common antigens or against antigens present in common vaccines. However, we found a decreased number of total and naïve B cells, along with decreased percentages and numbers of memory switched and unswitched B cells. On the contrary, IgM<sup>+</sup>
and IgM<sup>-</sup>
plasmablasts were significantly increased. In vitro cell activation revealed that B lymphocytes showed a normal proliferation index and number of dividing cells per cycle. PCA indicated that B-cell number, naive and memory B cells but not plasmablasts clustered with patients who were discharged, while plasma IgM level, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and SOFA score with those who died. In patients with pneumonia, the derangement of the B-cell compartment could be one of the causes of the immunological failure to control SARS-Cov2, have a relevant influence on several pathways, organs and systems, and must be considered to develop vaccine strategies.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>© 2020 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Biasi</LastName>
<ForeName>Sara</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lo Tartaro</LastName>
<ForeName>Domenico</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meschiari</LastName>
<ForeName>Marianna</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gibellini</LastName>
<ForeName>Lara</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bellinazzi</LastName>
<ForeName>Caterina</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Borella</LastName>
<ForeName>Rebecca</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fidanza</LastName>
<ForeName>Lucia</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mattioli</LastName>
<ForeName>Marco</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paolini</LastName>
<ForeName>Annamaria</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gozzi</LastName>
<ForeName>Licia</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jaacoub</LastName>
<ForeName>Dina</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Faltoni</LastName>
<ForeName>Matteo</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Volpi</LastName>
<ForeName>Sara</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Milić</LastName>
<ForeName>Jovana</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sita</LastName>
<ForeName>Marco</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sarti</LastName>
<ForeName>Mario</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Microbiology Unit, AOU Policlinico, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pucillo</LastName>
<ForeName>Carlo</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4872-6156</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Girardis</LastName>
<ForeName>Massimo</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guaraldi</LastName>
<ForeName>Giovanni</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mussini</LastName>
<ForeName>Cristina</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Clinics, AOU Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cossarizza</LastName>
<ForeName>Andrea</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5381-1558</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>2020-2021</GrantID>
<Agency>Ministero della Salute, Bando Ricerca COVID-19</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
</GrantList>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>08</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country>
<MedlineTA>Eur J Immunol</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>1273201</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0014-2980</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D000914">Antibodies, Viral</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D016207">Cytokines</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D005338">Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D007132">Immunoglobulin Isotypes</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="C036309">fibrin fragment D</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>9007-41-4</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D002097">C-Reactive Protein</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName>
<SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName>
</SupplMeshList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000914" MajorTopicYN="N">Antibodies, Viral</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="Y">blood</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="N">classification</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001402" MajorTopicYN="N">B-Lymphocytes</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="Y">pathogenicity</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002097" MajorTopicYN="N">C-Reactive Protein</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016022" MajorTopicYN="N">Case-Control Studies</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D049109" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Proliferation</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="N">mortality</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000473" MajorTopicYN="N">pathology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003430" MajorTopicYN="N">Cross-Sectional Studies</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016207" MajorTopicYN="N">Cytokines</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005338" MajorTopicYN="N">Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D056724" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunity, Humoral</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007132" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunoglobulin Isotypes</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="Y">blood</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007156" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunologic Memory</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008168" MajorTopicYN="N">Lung</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000473" MajorTopicYN="N">pathology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008213" MajorTopicYN="N">Lymphocyte Activation</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018655" MajorTopicYN="N">Lymphocyte Count</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D063305" MajorTopicYN="N">Organ Dysfunction Scores</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="N">mortality</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000473" MajorTopicYN="N">pathology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D061251" MajorTopicYN="N">Primary Cell Culture</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012720" MajorTopicYN="N">Severity of Illness Index</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016019" MajorTopicYN="N">Survival Analysis</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">B cells</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID‐19</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Coronavirus</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS‐CoV‐2</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP)</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester CFSE</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">plasmablasts</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">principal component analysis (PCA)</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">principal components (PCs)</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>06</Month>
<Day>23</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>09</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>23</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>10</Day>
<Hour>12</Hour>
<Minute>28</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>11</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>23</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
</History>
<PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
<ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32910469</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1002/eji.202048838</ArticleId>
</ArticleIdList>
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