Behavior change due to COVID-19 among dental academics-The theory of planned behavior: Stresses, worries, training, and pandemic severity.
Identifieur interne : 000056 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000055; suivant : 000057Behavior change due to COVID-19 among dental academics-The theory of planned behavior: Stresses, worries, training, and pandemic severity.
Auteurs : Nour Ammar ; Nourhan M. Aly ; Morenike O. Folayan ; Yousef Khader ; Jorma I. Virtanen ; Ola B. Al-Batayneh ; Simin Z. Mohebbi ; Sameh Attia ; Hans-Peter Howaldt ; Sebastian Boettger ; Diah A. Maharani ; Anton Rahardjo ; Imran Khan ; Marwa Madi ; Maher Rashwan ; Verica Pavlic ; Smiljka Cicmil ; Youn-Hee Choi ; Easter Joury ; Jorge L. Castillo ; Kanako Noritake ; Anas Shamala ; Gabriella Galluccio ; Antonella Polimeni ; Prathip Phantumvanit ; Davide Mancino ; Jin-Bom Kim ; Maha M. Abdelsalam ; Arheiam Arheiam ; Mai A. Dama ; Myat Nyan ; Iyad Hussein ; Mohammad M. Alkeshan ; Ana P. Vukovic ; Alfredo Iandolo ; Arthur M. Kemoli ; Maha El TantawiSource :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control), Coronavirus Infections (psychology), Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH), Faculty, Dental (psychology), Female (MeSH), Hand Disinfection (MeSH), Health Behavior (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Occupational Stress (epidemiology), Pandemics (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (psychology), Principal Component Analysis (MeSH), Psychological Theory (MeSH), Surveys and Questionnaires (MeSH).
- MESH :
- epidemiology : Occupational Stress.
- prevention & control : Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral.
- psychology : Coronavirus Infections, Faculty, Dental, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Adult, Aged, Betacoronavirus, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hand Disinfection, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Principal Component Analysis, Psychological Theory, Surveys and Questionnaires.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
COVID-19 pandemic led to major life changes. We assessed the psychological impact of COVID-19 on dental academics globally and on changes in their behaviors.
METHODS
We invited dental academics to complete a cross-sectional, online survey from March to May 2020. The survey was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The survey collected data on participants' stress levels (using the Impact of Event Scale), attitude (fears, and worries because of COVID-19 extracted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), perceived control (resulting from training on public health emergencies), norms (country-level COVID-19 fatality rate), and personal and professional backgrounds. We used multilevel regression models to assess the association between the study outcome variables (frequent handwashing and avoidance of crowded places) and explanatory variables (stress, attitude, perceived control and norms).
RESULTS
1862 academics from 28 countries participated in the survey (response rate = 11.3%). Of those, 53.4% were female, 32.9% were <46 years old and 9.9% had severe stress. PCA extracted three main factors: fear of infection, worries because of professional responsibilities, and worries because of restricted mobility. These factors had significant dose-dependent association with stress and were significantly associated with more frequent handwashing by dental academics (B = 0.56, 0.33, and 0.34) and avoiding crowded places (B = 0.55, 0.30, and 0.28). Low country fatality rates were significantly associated with more handwashing (B = -2.82) and avoiding crowded places (B = -6.61). Training on public health emergencies was not significantly associated with behavior change (B = -0.01 and -0.11).
CONCLUSIONS
COVID-19 had a considerable psychological impact on dental academics. There was a direct, dose-dependent association between change in behaviors and worries but no association between these changes and training on public health emergencies. More change in behaviors was associated with lower country COVID-19 fatality rates. Fears and stresses were associated with greater adoption of preventive measures against the pandemic.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239961
PubMed: 32991611
PubMed Central: PMC7523990
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32991611Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Behavior change due to COVID-19 among dental academics-The theory of planned behavior: Stresses, worries, training, and pandemic severity.</title><author><name sortKey="Ammar, Nour" sort="Ammar, Nour" uniqKey="Ammar N" first="Nour" last="Ammar">Nour Ammar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aly, Nourhan M" sort="Aly, Nourhan M" uniqKey="Aly N" first="Nourhan M" last="Aly">Nourhan M. Aly</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Folayan, Morenike O" sort="Folayan, Morenike O" uniqKey="Folayan M" first="Morenike O" last="Folayan">Morenike O. Folayan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khader, Yousef" sort="Khader, Yousef" uniqKey="Khader Y" first="Yousef" last="Khader">Yousef Khader</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Virtanen, Jorma I" sort="Virtanen, Jorma I" uniqKey="Virtanen J" first="Jorma I" last="Virtanen">Jorma I. Virtanen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Batayneh, Ola B" sort="Al Batayneh, Ola B" uniqKey="Al Batayneh O" first="Ola B" last="Al-Batayneh">Ola B. Al-Batayneh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohebbi, Simin Z" sort="Mohebbi, Simin Z" uniqKey="Mohebbi S" first="Simin Z" last="Mohebbi">Simin Z. Mohebbi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attia, Sameh" sort="Attia, Sameh" uniqKey="Attia S" first="Sameh" last="Attia">Sameh Attia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howaldt, Hans Peter" sort="Howaldt, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Howaldt H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Howaldt">Hans-Peter Howaldt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boettger, Sebastian" sort="Boettger, Sebastian" uniqKey="Boettger S" first="Sebastian" last="Boettger">Sebastian Boettger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maharani, Diah A" sort="Maharani, Diah A" uniqKey="Maharani D" first="Diah A" last="Maharani">Diah A. Maharani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rahardjo, Anton" sort="Rahardjo, Anton" uniqKey="Rahardjo A" first="Anton" last="Rahardjo">Anton Rahardjo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Imran" sort="Khan, Imran" uniqKey="Khan I" first="Imran" last="Khan">Imran Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madi, Marwa" sort="Madi, Marwa" uniqKey="Madi M" first="Marwa" last="Madi">Marwa Madi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rashwan, Maher" sort="Rashwan, Maher" uniqKey="Rashwan M" first="Maher" last="Rashwan">Maher Rashwan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Oral Bioengineering, Barts and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavlic, Verica" sort="Pavlic, Verica" uniqKey="Pavlic V" first="Verica" last="Pavlic">Verica Pavlic</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cicmil, Smiljka" sort="Cicmil, Smiljka" uniqKey="Cicmil S" first="Smiljka" last="Cicmil">Smiljka Cicmil</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine Foca, University of East Sarajevo, Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Youn Hee" sort="Choi, Youn Hee" uniqKey="Choi Y" first="Youn-Hee" last="Choi">Youn-Hee Choi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joury, Easter" sort="Joury, Easter" uniqKey="Joury E" first="Easter" last="Joury">Easter Joury</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Dental Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castillo, Jorge L" sort="Castillo, Jorge L" uniqKey="Castillo J" first="Jorge L" last="Castillo">Jorge L. Castillo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Dentistry for Children and Adolescents, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noritake, Kanako" sort="Noritake, Kanako" uniqKey="Noritake K" first="Kanako" last="Noritake">Kanako Noritake</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry department, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shamala, Anas" sort="Shamala, Anas" uniqKey="Shamala A" first="Anas" last="Shamala">Anas Shamala</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galluccio, Gabriella" sort="Galluccio, Gabriella" uniqKey="Galluccio G" first="Gabriella" last="Galluccio">Gabriella Galluccio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polimeni, Antonella" sort="Polimeni, Antonella" uniqKey="Polimeni A" first="Antonella" last="Polimeni">Antonella Polimeni</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phantumvanit, Prathip" sort="Phantumvanit, Prathip" uniqKey="Phantumvanit P" first="Prathip" last="Phantumvanit">Prathip Phantumvanit</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mancino, Davide" sort="Mancino, Davide" uniqKey="Mancino D" first="Davide" last="Mancino">Davide Mancino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Jin Bom" sort="Kim, Jin Bom" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jin-Bom" last="Kim">Jin-Bom Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdelsalam, Maha M" sort="Abdelsalam, Maha M" uniqKey="Abdelsalam M" first="Maha M" last="Abdelsalam">Maha M. Abdelsalam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arheiam, Arheiam" sort="Arheiam, Arheiam" uniqKey="Arheiam A" first="Arheiam" last="Arheiam">Arheiam Arheiam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dama, Mai A" sort="Dama, Mai A" uniqKey="Dama M" first="Mai A" last="Dama">Mai A. Dama</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyan, Myat" sort="Nyan, Myat" uniqKey="Nyan M" first="Myat" last="Nyan">Myat Nyan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Prosthodontics, University of Dental Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hussein, Iyad" sort="Hussein, Iyad" uniqKey="Hussein I" first="Iyad" last="Hussein">Iyad Hussein</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alkeshan, Mohammad M" sort="Alkeshan, Mohammad M" uniqKey="Alkeshan M" first="Mohammad M" last="Alkeshan">Mohammad M. Alkeshan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vukovic, Ana P" sort="Vukovic, Ana P" uniqKey="Vukovic A" first="Ana P" last="Vukovic">Ana P. Vukovic</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iandolo, Alfredo" sort="Iandolo, Alfredo" uniqKey="Iandolo A" first="Alfredo" last="Iandolo">Alfredo Iandolo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Endodontics, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemoli, Arthur M" sort="Kemoli, Arthur M" uniqKey="Kemoli A" first="Arthur M" last="Kemoli">Arthur M. Kemoli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Tantawi, Maha" sort="El Tantawi, Maha" uniqKey="El Tantawi M" first="Maha" last="El Tantawi">Maha El Tantawi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32991611</idno><idno type="pmid">32991611</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0239961</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7523990</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000056</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000056</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Behavior change due to COVID-19 among dental academics-The theory of planned behavior: Stresses, worries, training, and pandemic severity.</title><author><name sortKey="Ammar, Nour" sort="Ammar, Nour" uniqKey="Ammar N" first="Nour" last="Ammar">Nour Ammar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aly, Nourhan M" sort="Aly, Nourhan M" uniqKey="Aly N" first="Nourhan M" last="Aly">Nourhan M. Aly</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Folayan, Morenike O" sort="Folayan, Morenike O" uniqKey="Folayan M" first="Morenike O" last="Folayan">Morenike O. Folayan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khader, Yousef" sort="Khader, Yousef" uniqKey="Khader Y" first="Yousef" last="Khader">Yousef Khader</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Virtanen, Jorma I" sort="Virtanen, Jorma I" uniqKey="Virtanen J" first="Jorma I" last="Virtanen">Jorma I. Virtanen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Batayneh, Ola B" sort="Al Batayneh, Ola B" uniqKey="Al Batayneh O" first="Ola B" last="Al-Batayneh">Ola B. Al-Batayneh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohebbi, Simin Z" sort="Mohebbi, Simin Z" uniqKey="Mohebbi S" first="Simin Z" last="Mohebbi">Simin Z. Mohebbi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attia, Sameh" sort="Attia, Sameh" uniqKey="Attia S" first="Sameh" last="Attia">Sameh Attia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howaldt, Hans Peter" sort="Howaldt, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Howaldt H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Howaldt">Hans-Peter Howaldt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boettger, Sebastian" sort="Boettger, Sebastian" uniqKey="Boettger S" first="Sebastian" last="Boettger">Sebastian Boettger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maharani, Diah A" sort="Maharani, Diah A" uniqKey="Maharani D" first="Diah A" last="Maharani">Diah A. Maharani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rahardjo, Anton" sort="Rahardjo, Anton" uniqKey="Rahardjo A" first="Anton" last="Rahardjo">Anton Rahardjo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Imran" sort="Khan, Imran" uniqKey="Khan I" first="Imran" last="Khan">Imran Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madi, Marwa" sort="Madi, Marwa" uniqKey="Madi M" first="Marwa" last="Madi">Marwa Madi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rashwan, Maher" sort="Rashwan, Maher" uniqKey="Rashwan M" first="Maher" last="Rashwan">Maher Rashwan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Oral Bioengineering, Barts and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavlic, Verica" sort="Pavlic, Verica" uniqKey="Pavlic V" first="Verica" last="Pavlic">Verica Pavlic</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cicmil, Smiljka" sort="Cicmil, Smiljka" uniqKey="Cicmil S" first="Smiljka" last="Cicmil">Smiljka Cicmil</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine Foca, University of East Sarajevo, Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Youn Hee" sort="Choi, Youn Hee" uniqKey="Choi Y" first="Youn-Hee" last="Choi">Youn-Hee Choi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joury, Easter" sort="Joury, Easter" uniqKey="Joury E" first="Easter" last="Joury">Easter Joury</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Dental Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castillo, Jorge L" sort="Castillo, Jorge L" uniqKey="Castillo J" first="Jorge L" last="Castillo">Jorge L. Castillo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Dentistry for Children and Adolescents, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noritake, Kanako" sort="Noritake, Kanako" uniqKey="Noritake K" first="Kanako" last="Noritake">Kanako Noritake</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry department, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shamala, Anas" sort="Shamala, Anas" uniqKey="Shamala A" first="Anas" last="Shamala">Anas Shamala</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galluccio, Gabriella" sort="Galluccio, Gabriella" uniqKey="Galluccio G" first="Gabriella" last="Galluccio">Gabriella Galluccio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polimeni, Antonella" sort="Polimeni, Antonella" uniqKey="Polimeni A" first="Antonella" last="Polimeni">Antonella Polimeni</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phantumvanit, Prathip" sort="Phantumvanit, Prathip" uniqKey="Phantumvanit P" first="Prathip" last="Phantumvanit">Prathip Phantumvanit</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mancino, Davide" sort="Mancino, Davide" uniqKey="Mancino D" first="Davide" last="Mancino">Davide Mancino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Jin Bom" sort="Kim, Jin Bom" uniqKey="Kim J" first="Jin-Bom" last="Kim">Jin-Bom Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdelsalam, Maha M" sort="Abdelsalam, Maha M" uniqKey="Abdelsalam M" first="Maha M" last="Abdelsalam">Maha M. Abdelsalam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arheiam, Arheiam" sort="Arheiam, Arheiam" uniqKey="Arheiam A" first="Arheiam" last="Arheiam">Arheiam Arheiam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dama, Mai A" sort="Dama, Mai A" uniqKey="Dama M" first="Mai A" last="Dama">Mai A. Dama</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyan, Myat" sort="Nyan, Myat" uniqKey="Nyan M" first="Myat" last="Nyan">Myat Nyan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Prosthodontics, University of Dental Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hussein, Iyad" sort="Hussein, Iyad" uniqKey="Hussein I" first="Iyad" last="Hussein">Iyad Hussein</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alkeshan, Mohammad M" sort="Alkeshan, Mohammad M" uniqKey="Alkeshan M" first="Mohammad M" last="Alkeshan">Mohammad M. Alkeshan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vukovic, Ana P" sort="Vukovic, Ana P" uniqKey="Vukovic A" first="Ana P" last="Vukovic">Ana P. Vukovic</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iandolo, Alfredo" sort="Iandolo, Alfredo" uniqKey="Iandolo A" first="Alfredo" last="Iandolo">Alfredo Iandolo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Endodontics, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kemoli, Arthur M" sort="Kemoli, Arthur M" uniqKey="Kemoli A" first="Arthur M" last="Kemoli">Arthur M. Kemoli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Tantawi, Maha" sort="El Tantawi, Maha" uniqKey="El Tantawi M" first="Maha" last="El Tantawi">Maha El Tantawi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (psychology)</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Faculty, Dental (psychology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Hand Disinfection (MeSH)</term><term>Health Behavior (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Occupational Stress (epidemiology)</term><term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (psychology)</term><term>Principal Component Analysis (MeSH)</term><term>Psychological Theory (MeSH)</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Occupational Stress</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Faculty, Dental</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies</term><term>Female</term><term>Hand Disinfection</term><term>Health Behavior</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Principal Component Analysis</term><term>Psychological Theory</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>COVID-19 pandemic led to major life changes. We assessed the psychological impact of COVID-19 on dental academics globally and on changes in their behaviors.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We invited dental academics to complete a cross-sectional, online survey from March to May 2020. The survey was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The survey collected data on participants' stress levels (using the Impact of Event Scale), attitude (fears, and worries because of COVID-19 extracted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), perceived control (resulting from training on public health emergencies), norms (country-level COVID-19 fatality rate), and personal and professional backgrounds. We used multilevel regression models to assess the association between the study outcome variables (frequent handwashing and avoidance of crowded places) and explanatory variables (stress, attitude, perceived control and norms).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>1862 academics from 28 countries participated in the survey (response rate = 11.3%). Of those, 53.4% were female, 32.9% were <46 years old and 9.9% had severe stress. PCA extracted three main factors: fear of infection, worries because of professional responsibilities, and worries because of restricted mobility. These factors had significant dose-dependent association with stress and were significantly associated with more frequent handwashing by dental academics (B = 0.56, 0.33, and 0.34) and avoiding crowded places (B = 0.55, 0.30, and 0.28). Low country fatality rates were significantly associated with more handwashing (B = -2.82) and avoiding crowded places (B = -6.61). Training on public health emergencies was not significantly associated with behavior change (B = -0.01 and -0.11).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>COVID-19 had a considerable psychological impact on dental academics. There was a direct, dose-dependent association between change in behaviors and worries but no association between these changes and training on public health emergencies. More change in behaviors was associated with lower country COVID-19 fatality rates. Fears and stresses were associated with greater adoption of preventive measures against the pandemic.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32991611</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>07</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>15</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Behavior change due to COVID-19 among dental academics-The theory of planned behavior: Stresses, worries, training, and pandemic severity.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0239961</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0239961</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE">COVID-19 pandemic led to major life changes. We assessed the psychological impact of COVID-19 on dental academics globally and on changes in their behaviors.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">We invited dental academics to complete a cross-sectional, online survey from March to May 2020. The survey was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The survey collected data on participants' stress levels (using the Impact of Event Scale), attitude (fears, and worries because of COVID-19 extracted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), perceived control (resulting from training on public health emergencies), norms (country-level COVID-19 fatality rate), and personal and professional backgrounds. We used multilevel regression models to assess the association between the study outcome variables (frequent handwashing and avoidance of crowded places) and explanatory variables (stress, attitude, perceived control and norms).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">1862 academics from 28 countries participated in the survey (response rate = 11.3%). Of those, 53.4% were female, 32.9% were <46 years old and 9.9% had severe stress. PCA extracted three main factors: fear of infection, worries because of professional responsibilities, and worries because of restricted mobility. These factors had significant dose-dependent association with stress and were significantly associated with more frequent handwashing by dental academics (B = 0.56, 0.33, and 0.34) and avoiding crowded places (B = 0.55, 0.30, and 0.28). Low country fatality rates were significantly associated with more handwashing (B = -2.82) and avoiding crowded places (B = -6.61). Training on public health emergencies was not significantly associated with behavior change (B = -0.01 and -0.11).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">COVID-19 had a considerable psychological impact on dental academics. There was a direct, dose-dependent association between change in behaviors and worries but no association between these changes and training on public health emergencies. More change in behaviors was associated with lower country COVID-19 fatality rates. Fears and stresses were associated with greater adoption of preventive measures against the pandemic.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ammar</LastName><ForeName>Nour</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7654-2493</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aly</LastName><ForeName>Nourhan M</ForeName><Initials>NM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Folayan</LastName><ForeName>Morenike O</ForeName><Initials>MO</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9008-7730</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khader</LastName><ForeName>Yousef</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7830-6857</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Virtanen</LastName><ForeName>Jorma I</ForeName><Initials>JI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al-Batayneh</LastName><ForeName>Ola B</ForeName><Initials>OB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mohebbi</LastName><ForeName>Simin Z</ForeName><Initials>SZ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Attia</LastName><ForeName>Sameh</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9174-6435</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Howaldt</LastName><ForeName>Hans-Peter</ForeName><Initials>HP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boettger</LastName><ForeName>Sebastian</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maharani</LastName><ForeName>Diah A</ForeName><Initials>DA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-6713-786X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rahardjo</LastName><ForeName>Anton</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khan</LastName><ForeName>Imran</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Madi</LastName><ForeName>Marwa</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rashwan</LastName><ForeName>Maher</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Oral Bioengineering, Barts and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pavlic</LastName><ForeName>Verica</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cicmil</LastName><ForeName>Smiljka</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine Foca, University of East Sarajevo, Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Choi</LastName><ForeName>Youn-Hee</ForeName><Initials>YH</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-5712-8097</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Joury</LastName><ForeName>Easter</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-2983-0679</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Dental Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Castillo</LastName><ForeName>Jorge L</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Dentistry for Children and Adolescents, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Noritake</LastName><ForeName>Kanako</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry department, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shamala</LastName><ForeName>Anas</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Galluccio</LastName><ForeName>Gabriella</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6876-8839</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Polimeni</LastName><ForeName>Antonella</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Phantumvanit</LastName><ForeName>Prathip</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mancino</LastName><ForeName>Davide</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName><ForeName>Jin-Bom</ForeName><Initials>JB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Abdelsalam</LastName><ForeName>Maha M</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arheiam</LastName><ForeName>Arheiam</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dama</LastName><ForeName>Mai A</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nyan</LastName><ForeName>Myat</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Prosthodontics, University of Dental Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hussein</LastName><ForeName>Iyad</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alkeshan</LastName><ForeName>Mohammad M</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vukovic</LastName><ForeName>Ana P</ForeName><Initials>AP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Iandolo</LastName><ForeName>Alfredo</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Endodontics, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kemoli</LastName><ForeName>Arthur M</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>El Tantawi</LastName><ForeName>Maha</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-4989-6584</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>29</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003430" MajorTopicYN="N">Cross-Sectional Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005179" MajorTopicYN="N">Faculty, Dental</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006235" MajorTopicYN="N">Hand Disinfection</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015438" MajorTopicYN="Y">Health Behavior</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073397" MajorTopicYN="N">Occupational Stress</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D025341" MajorTopicYN="N">Principal Component Analysis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011582" MajorTopicYN="Y">Psychological Theory</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011795" MajorTopicYN="N">Surveys and Questionnaires</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>29</Day><Hour>17</Hour><Minute>14</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId 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