A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
Identifieur interne : 000B27 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000B26; suivant : 000B28A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
Auteurs : David E. Gordon ; Gwendolyn M. Jang ; Mehdi Bouhaddou ; Jiewei Xu ; Kirsten Obernier ; Kris M. White ; Matthew J. O'Meara ; Veronica V. Rezelj ; Jeffrey Z. Guo ; Danielle L. Swaney ; Tia A. Tummino ; Ruth Hüttenhain ; Robyn M. Kaake ; Alicia L. Richards ; Beril Tutuncuoglu ; Helene Foussard ; Jyoti Batra ; Kelsey Haas ; Maya Modak ; Minkyu Kim ; Paige Haas ; Benjamin J. Polacco ; Hannes Braberg ; Jacqueline M. Fabius ; Manon Eckhardt ; Margaret Soucheray ; Melanie J. Bennett ; Merve Cakir ; Michael J. Mcgregor ; Qiongyu Li ; Bjoern Meyer ; Ferdinand Roesch ; Thomas Vallet ; Alice Mac Kain ; Lisa Miorin ; Elena Moreno ; Zun Zar Chi Naing ; Yuan Zhou ; Shiming Peng ; Ying Shi ; Ziyang Zhang ; Wenqi Shen ; Ilsa T. Kirby ; James E. Melnyk ; John S. Chorba ; Kevin Lou ; Shizhong A. Dai ; Inigo Barrio-Hernandez ; Danish Memon ; Claudia Hernandez-Armenta ; Jiankun Lyu ; Christopher J P. Mathy ; Tina Perica ; Kala Bharath Pilla ; Sai J. Ganesan ; Daniel J. Saltzberg ; Ramachandran Rakesh ; Xi Liu ; Sara B. Rosenthal ; Lorenzo Calviello ; Srivats Venkataramanan ; Jose Liboy-Lugo ; Yizhu Lin ; Xi-Ping Huang ; Yongfeng Liu ; Stephanie A. Wankowicz ; Markus Bohn ; Maliheh Safari ; Fatima S. Ugur ; Cassandra Koh ; Nastaran Sadat Savar ; Quang Dinh Tran ; Djoshkun Shengjuler ; Sabrina J. Fletcher ; Michael C. O'Neal ; Yiming Cai ; Jason C J. Chang ; David J. Broadhurst ; Saker Klippsten ; Phillip P. Sharp ; Nicole A. Wenzell ; Duygu Kuzuoglu-Ozturk ; Hao-Yuan Wang ; Raphael Trenker ; Janet M. Young ; Devin A. Cavero ; Joseph Hiatt ; Theodore L. Roth ; Ujjwal Rathore ; Advait Subramanian ; Julia Noack ; Mathieu Hubert ; Robert M. Stroud ; Alan D. Frankel ; Oren S. Rosenberg ; Kliment A. Verba ; David A. Agard ; Melanie Ott ; Michael Emerman ; Natalia Jura ; Mark Von Zastrow ; Eric Verdin ; Alan Ashworth ; Olivier Schwartz ; Christophe D'Enfert ; Shaeri Mukherjee ; Matt Jacobson ; Harmit S. Malik ; Danica G. Fujimori ; Trey Ideker ; Charles S. Craik ; Stephen N. Floor ; James S. Fraser ; John D. Gross ; Andrej Sali ; Bryan L. Roth ; Davide Ruggero ; Jack Taunton ; Tanja Kortemme ; Pedro Beltrao ; Marco Vignuzzi ; Adolfo García-Sastre ; Kevan M. Shokat ; Brian K. Shoichet ; Nevan J. KroganSource :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Antiviral Agents (classification), Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Betacoronavirus (drug effects), Betacoronavirus (genetics), Betacoronavirus (metabolism), Betacoronavirus (pathogenicity), Chlorocebus aethiops, Cloning, Molecular, Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (immunology), Coronavirus Infections (metabolism), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Drug Repositioning, HEK293 Cells, Host-Pathogen Interactions (drug effects), Humans, Immunity, Innate, Mass Spectrometry, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (immunology), Pneumonia, Viral (metabolism), Pneumonia, Viral (virology), Protein Binding, Protein Biosynthesis (drug effects), Protein Domains, Protein Interaction Mapping, Protein Interaction Maps, Receptors, sigma (metabolism), SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases (metabolism), Vero Cells, Viral Proteins (genetics), Viral Proteins (metabolism).
- MESH :
- chemical , classification : Antiviral Agents.
- chemical , genetics : Viral Proteins.
- chemical , metabolism : Receptors, sigma, SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases, Viral Proteins.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antiviral Agents.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Protein Biosynthesis.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- genetics : Betacoronavirus.
- immunology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- metabolism : Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- pathogenicity : Betacoronavirus.
- virology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cloning, Molecular, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Drug Repositioning, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Mass Spectrometry, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Pandemics, Protein Binding, Protein Domains, Protein Interaction Mapping, Protein Interaction Maps, Vero Cells.
Abstract
A newly described coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected over 2.3 million people, led to the death of more than 160,000 individuals and caused worldwide social and economic disruption1,2. There are no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy for the treatment of COVID-19, nor are there any vaccines that prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, and efforts to develop drugs and vaccines are hampered by the limited knowledge of the molecular details of how SARS-CoV-2 infects cells. Here we cloned, tagged and expressed 26 of the 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins in human cells and identified the human proteins that physically associated with each of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins using affinity-purification mass spectrometry, identifying 332 high-confidence protein-protein interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Among these, we identify 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 compounds (of which, 29 drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, 12 are in clinical trials and 28 are preclinical compounds). We screened a subset of these in multiple viral assays and found two sets of pharmacological agents that displayed antiviral activity: inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of the sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors. Further studies of these host-factor-targeting agents, including their combination with drugs that directly target viral enzymes, could lead to a therapeutic regimen to treat COVID-19.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9
PubMed: 32353859
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32353859Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.</title><author><name sortKey="Gordon, David E" sort="Gordon, David E" uniqKey="Gordon D" first="David E" last="Gordon">David E. Gordon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jang, Gwendolyn M" sort="Jang, Gwendolyn M" uniqKey="Jang G" first="Gwendolyn M" last="Jang">Gwendolyn M. Jang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouhaddou, Mehdi" sort="Bouhaddou, Mehdi" uniqKey="Bouhaddou M" first="Mehdi" last="Bouhaddou">Mehdi Bouhaddou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jiewei" sort="Xu, Jiewei" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jiewei" last="Xu">Jiewei Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obernier, Kirsten" sort="Obernier, Kirsten" uniqKey="Obernier K" first="Kirsten" last="Obernier">Kirsten Obernier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Kris M" sort="White, Kris M" uniqKey="White K" first="Kris M" last="White">Kris M. White</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Meara, Matthew J" sort="O Meara, Matthew J" uniqKey="O Meara M" first="Matthew J" last="O'Meara">Matthew J. O'Meara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rezelj, Veronica V" sort="Rezelj, Veronica V" uniqKey="Rezelj V" first="Veronica V" last="Rezelj">Veronica V. Rezelj</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Jeffrey Z" sort="Guo, Jeffrey Z" uniqKey="Guo J" first="Jeffrey Z" last="Guo">Jeffrey Z. Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swaney, Danielle L" sort="Swaney, Danielle L" uniqKey="Swaney D" first="Danielle L" last="Swaney">Danielle L. Swaney</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tummino, Tia A" sort="Tummino, Tia A" uniqKey="Tummino T" first="Tia A" last="Tummino">Tia A. Tummino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huttenhain, Ruth" sort="Huttenhain, Ruth" uniqKey="Huttenhain R" first="Ruth" last="Hüttenhain">Ruth Hüttenhain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaake, Robyn M" sort="Kaake, Robyn M" uniqKey="Kaake R" first="Robyn M" last="Kaake">Robyn M. Kaake</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, Alicia L" sort="Richards, Alicia L" uniqKey="Richards A" first="Alicia L" last="Richards">Alicia L. Richards</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tutuncuoglu, Beril" sort="Tutuncuoglu, Beril" uniqKey="Tutuncuoglu B" first="Beril" last="Tutuncuoglu">Beril Tutuncuoglu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foussard, Helene" sort="Foussard, Helene" uniqKey="Foussard H" first="Helene" last="Foussard">Helene Foussard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Batra, Jyoti" sort="Batra, Jyoti" uniqKey="Batra J" first="Jyoti" last="Batra">Jyoti Batra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haas, Kelsey" sort="Haas, Kelsey" uniqKey="Haas K" first="Kelsey" last="Haas">Kelsey Haas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Modak, Maya" sort="Modak, Maya" uniqKey="Modak M" first="Maya" last="Modak">Maya Modak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Minkyu" sort="Kim, Minkyu" uniqKey="Kim M" first="Minkyu" last="Kim">Minkyu Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haas, Paige" sort="Haas, Paige" uniqKey="Haas P" first="Paige" last="Haas">Paige Haas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polacco, Benjamin J" sort="Polacco, Benjamin J" uniqKey="Polacco B" first="Benjamin J" last="Polacco">Benjamin J. Polacco</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braberg, Hannes" sort="Braberg, Hannes" uniqKey="Braberg H" first="Hannes" last="Braberg">Hannes Braberg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fabius, Jacqueline M" sort="Fabius, Jacqueline M" uniqKey="Fabius J" first="Jacqueline M" last="Fabius">Jacqueline M. Fabius</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eckhardt, Manon" sort="Eckhardt, Manon" uniqKey="Eckhardt M" first="Manon" last="Eckhardt">Manon Eckhardt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soucheray, Margaret" sort="Soucheray, Margaret" uniqKey="Soucheray M" first="Margaret" last="Soucheray">Margaret Soucheray</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, Melanie J" sort="Bennett, Melanie J" uniqKey="Bennett M" first="Melanie J" last="Bennett">Melanie J. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cakir, Merve" sort="Cakir, Merve" uniqKey="Cakir M" first="Merve" last="Cakir">Merve Cakir</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgregor, Michael J" sort="Mcgregor, Michael J" uniqKey="Mcgregor M" first="Michael J" last="Mcgregor">Michael J. Mcgregor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Qiongyu" sort="Li, Qiongyu" uniqKey="Li Q" first="Qiongyu" last="Li">Qiongyu Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Bjoern" sort="Meyer, Bjoern" uniqKey="Meyer B" first="Bjoern" last="Meyer">Bjoern Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roesch, Ferdinand" sort="Roesch, Ferdinand" uniqKey="Roesch F" first="Ferdinand" last="Roesch">Ferdinand Roesch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallet, Thomas" sort="Vallet, Thomas" uniqKey="Vallet T" first="Thomas" last="Vallet">Thomas Vallet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mac Kain, Alice" sort="Mac Kain, Alice" uniqKey="Mac Kain A" first="Alice" last="Mac Kain">Alice Mac Kain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miorin, Lisa" sort="Miorin, Lisa" uniqKey="Miorin L" first="Lisa" last="Miorin">Lisa Miorin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Elena" sort="Moreno, Elena" uniqKey="Moreno E" first="Elena" last="Moreno">Elena Moreno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naing, Zun Zar Chi" sort="Naing, Zun Zar Chi" uniqKey="Naing Z" first="Zun Zar Chi" last="Naing">Zun Zar Chi Naing</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yuan" sort="Zhou, Yuan" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yuan" last="Zhou">Yuan Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Shiming" sort="Peng, Shiming" uniqKey="Peng S" first="Shiming" last="Peng">Shiming Peng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Ying" sort="Shi, Ying" uniqKey="Shi Y" first="Ying" last="Shi">Ying Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ziyang" sort="Zhang, Ziyang" uniqKey="Zhang Z" first="Ziyang" last="Zhang">Ziyang Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Wenqi" sort="Shen, Wenqi" uniqKey="Shen W" first="Wenqi" last="Shen">Wenqi Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirby, Ilsa T" sort="Kirby, Ilsa T" uniqKey="Kirby I" first="Ilsa T" last="Kirby">Ilsa T. Kirby</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melnyk, James E" sort="Melnyk, James E" uniqKey="Melnyk J" first="James E" last="Melnyk">James E. Melnyk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chorba, John S" sort="Chorba, John S" uniqKey="Chorba J" first="John S" last="Chorba">John S. Chorba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lou, Kevin" sort="Lou, Kevin" uniqKey="Lou K" first="Kevin" last="Lou">Kevin Lou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, Shizhong A" sort="Dai, Shizhong A" uniqKey="Dai S" first="Shizhong A" last="Dai">Shizhong A. Dai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrio Hernandez, Inigo" sort="Barrio Hernandez, Inigo" uniqKey="Barrio Hernandez I" first="Inigo" last="Barrio-Hernandez">Inigo Barrio-Hernandez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Memon, Danish" sort="Memon, Danish" uniqKey="Memon D" first="Danish" last="Memon">Danish Memon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Armenta, Claudia" sort="Hernandez Armenta, Claudia" uniqKey="Hernandez Armenta C" first="Claudia" last="Hernandez-Armenta">Claudia Hernandez-Armenta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyu, Jiankun" sort="Lyu, Jiankun" uniqKey="Lyu J" first="Jiankun" last="Lyu">Jiankun Lyu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathy, Christopher J P" sort="Mathy, Christopher J P" uniqKey="Mathy C" first="Christopher J P" last="Mathy">Christopher J P. Mathy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perica, Tina" sort="Perica, Tina" uniqKey="Perica T" first="Tina" last="Perica">Tina Perica</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pilla, Kala Bharath" sort="Pilla, Kala Bharath" uniqKey="Pilla K" first="Kala Bharath" last="Pilla">Kala Bharath Pilla</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ganesan, Sai J" sort="Ganesan, Sai J" uniqKey="Ganesan S" first="Sai J" last="Ganesan">Sai J. Ganesan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saltzberg, Daniel J" sort="Saltzberg, Daniel J" uniqKey="Saltzberg D" first="Daniel J" last="Saltzberg">Daniel J. Saltzberg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakesh, Ramachandran" sort="Rakesh, Ramachandran" uniqKey="Rakesh R" first="Ramachandran" last="Rakesh">Ramachandran Rakesh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Xi" sort="Liu, Xi" uniqKey="Liu X" first="Xi" last="Liu">Xi Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenthal, Sara B" sort="Rosenthal, Sara B" uniqKey="Rosenthal S" first="Sara B" last="Rosenthal">Sara B. Rosenthal</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calviello, Lorenzo" sort="Calviello, Lorenzo" uniqKey="Calviello L" first="Lorenzo" last="Calviello">Lorenzo Calviello</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkataramanan, Srivats" sort="Venkataramanan, Srivats" uniqKey="Venkataramanan S" first="Srivats" last="Venkataramanan">Srivats Venkataramanan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liboy Lugo, Jose" sort="Liboy Lugo, Jose" uniqKey="Liboy Lugo J" first="Jose" last="Liboy-Lugo">Jose Liboy-Lugo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Yizhu" sort="Lin, Yizhu" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yizhu" last="Lin">Yizhu Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Xi Ping" sort="Huang, Xi Ping" uniqKey="Huang X" first="Xi-Ping" last="Huang">Xi-Ping Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Yongfeng" sort="Liu, Yongfeng" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yongfeng" last="Liu">Yongfeng Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wankowicz, Stephanie A" sort="Wankowicz, Stephanie A" uniqKey="Wankowicz S" first="Stephanie A" last="Wankowicz">Stephanie A. Wankowicz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bohn, Markus" sort="Bohn, Markus" uniqKey="Bohn M" first="Markus" last="Bohn">Markus Bohn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Safari, Maliheh" sort="Safari, Maliheh" uniqKey="Safari M" first="Maliheh" last="Safari">Maliheh Safari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ugur, Fatima S" sort="Ugur, Fatima S" uniqKey="Ugur F" first="Fatima S" last="Ugur">Fatima S. Ugur</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koh, Cassandra" sort="Koh, Cassandra" uniqKey="Koh C" first="Cassandra" last="Koh">Cassandra Koh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savar, Nastaran Sadat" sort="Savar, Nastaran Sadat" uniqKey="Savar N" first="Nastaran Sadat" last="Savar">Nastaran Sadat Savar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tran, Quang Dinh" sort="Tran, Quang Dinh" uniqKey="Tran Q" first="Quang Dinh" last="Tran">Quang Dinh Tran</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shengjuler, Djoshkun" sort="Shengjuler, Djoshkun" uniqKey="Shengjuler D" first="Djoshkun" last="Shengjuler">Djoshkun Shengjuler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Sabrina J" sort="Fletcher, Sabrina J" uniqKey="Fletcher S" first="Sabrina J" last="Fletcher">Sabrina J. Fletcher</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Neal, Michael C" sort="O Neal, Michael C" uniqKey="O Neal M" first="Michael C" last="O'Neal">Michael C. O'Neal</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, Yiming" sort="Cai, Yiming" uniqKey="Cai Y" first="Yiming" last="Cai">Yiming Cai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Jason C J" sort="Chang, Jason C J" uniqKey="Chang J" first="Jason C J" last="Chang">Jason C J. Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broadhurst, David J" sort="Broadhurst, David J" uniqKey="Broadhurst D" first="David J" last="Broadhurst">David J. Broadhurst</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klippsten, Saker" sort="Klippsten, Saker" uniqKey="Klippsten S" first="Saker" last="Klippsten">Saker Klippsten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharp, Phillip P" sort="Sharp, Phillip P" uniqKey="Sharp P" first="Phillip P" last="Sharp">Phillip P. Sharp</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wenzell, Nicole A" sort="Wenzell, Nicole A" uniqKey="Wenzell N" first="Nicole A" last="Wenzell">Nicole A. Wenzell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuzuoglu Ozturk, Duygu" sort="Kuzuoglu Ozturk, Duygu" uniqKey="Kuzuoglu Ozturk D" first="Duygu" last="Kuzuoglu-Ozturk">Duygu Kuzuoglu-Ozturk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Hao Yuan" sort="Wang, Hao Yuan" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Hao-Yuan" last="Wang">Hao-Yuan Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trenker, Raphael" sort="Trenker, Raphael" uniqKey="Trenker R" first="Raphael" last="Trenker">Raphael Trenker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Janet M" sort="Young, Janet M" uniqKey="Young J" first="Janet M" last="Young">Janet M. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavero, Devin A" sort="Cavero, Devin A" uniqKey="Cavero D" first="Devin A" last="Cavero">Devin A. Cavero</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hiatt, Joseph" sort="Hiatt, Joseph" uniqKey="Hiatt J" first="Joseph" last="Hiatt">Joseph Hiatt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roth, Theodore L" sort="Roth, Theodore L" uniqKey="Roth T" first="Theodore L" last="Roth">Theodore L. Roth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rathore, Ujjwal" sort="Rathore, Ujjwal" uniqKey="Rathore U" first="Ujjwal" last="Rathore">Ujjwal Rathore</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Subramanian, Advait" sort="Subramanian, Advait" uniqKey="Subramanian A" first="Advait" last="Subramanian">Advait Subramanian</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noack, Julia" sort="Noack, Julia" uniqKey="Noack J" first="Julia" last="Noack">Julia Noack</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hubert, Mathieu" sort="Hubert, Mathieu" uniqKey="Hubert M" first="Mathieu" last="Hubert">Mathieu Hubert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroud, Robert M" sort="Stroud, Robert M" uniqKey="Stroud R" first="Robert M" last="Stroud">Robert M. Stroud</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frankel, Alan D" sort="Frankel, Alan D" uniqKey="Frankel A" first="Alan D" last="Frankel">Alan D. Frankel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenberg, Oren S" sort="Rosenberg, Oren S" uniqKey="Rosenberg O" first="Oren S" last="Rosenberg">Oren S. Rosenberg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verba, Kliment A" sort="Verba, Kliment A" uniqKey="Verba K" first="Kliment A" last="Verba">Kliment A. Verba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agard, David A" sort="Agard, David A" uniqKey="Agard D" first="David A" last="Agard">David A. Agard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ott, Melanie" sort="Ott, Melanie" uniqKey="Ott M" first="Melanie" last="Ott">Melanie Ott</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emerman, Michael" sort="Emerman, Michael" uniqKey="Emerman M" first="Michael" last="Emerman">Michael Emerman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jura, Natalia" sort="Jura, Natalia" uniqKey="Jura N" first="Natalia" last="Jura">Natalia Jura</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Zastrow, Mark" sort="Von Zastrow, Mark" uniqKey="Von Zastrow M" first="Mark" last="Von Zastrow">Mark Von Zastrow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verdin, Eric" sort="Verdin, Eric" uniqKey="Verdin E" first="Eric" last="Verdin">Eric Verdin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashworth, Alan" sort="Ashworth, Alan" uniqKey="Ashworth A" first="Alan" last="Ashworth">Alan Ashworth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Olivier" sort="Schwartz, Olivier" uniqKey="Schwartz O" first="Olivier" last="Schwartz">Olivier Schwartz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Enfert, Christophe" sort="D Enfert, Christophe" uniqKey="D Enfert C" first="Christophe" last="D'Enfert">Christophe D'Enfert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Direction Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mukherjee, Shaeri" sort="Mukherjee, Shaeri" uniqKey="Mukherjee S" first="Shaeri" last="Mukherjee">Shaeri Mukherjee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobson, Matt" sort="Jacobson, Matt" uniqKey="Jacobson M" first="Matt" last="Jacobson">Matt Jacobson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malik, Harmit S" sort="Malik, Harmit S" uniqKey="Malik H" first="Harmit S" last="Malik">Harmit S. Malik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fujimori, Danica G" sort="Fujimori, Danica G" uniqKey="Fujimori D" first="Danica G" last="Fujimori">Danica G. Fujimori</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ideker, Trey" sort="Ideker, Trey" uniqKey="Ideker T" first="Trey" last="Ideker">Trey Ideker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craik, Charles S" sort="Craik, Charles S" uniqKey="Craik C" first="Charles S" last="Craik">Charles S. Craik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Floor, Stephen N" sort="Floor, Stephen N" uniqKey="Floor S" first="Stephen N" last="Floor">Stephen N. Floor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, James S" sort="Fraser, James S" uniqKey="Fraser J" first="James S" last="Fraser">James S. Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gross, John D" sort="Gross, John D" uniqKey="Gross J" first="John D" last="Gross">John D. Gross</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sali, Andrej" sort="Sali, Andrej" uniqKey="Sali A" first="Andrej" last="Sali">Andrej Sali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roth, Bryan L" sort="Roth, Bryan L" uniqKey="Roth B" first="Bryan L" last="Roth">Bryan L. Roth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruggero, Davide" sort="Ruggero, Davide" uniqKey="Ruggero D" first="Davide" last="Ruggero">Davide Ruggero</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taunton, Jack" sort="Taunton, Jack" uniqKey="Taunton J" first="Jack" last="Taunton">Jack Taunton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kortemme, Tanja" sort="Kortemme, Tanja" uniqKey="Kortemme T" first="Tanja" last="Kortemme">Tanja Kortemme</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beltrao, Pedro" sort="Beltrao, Pedro" uniqKey="Beltrao P" first="Pedro" last="Beltrao">Pedro Beltrao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vignuzzi, Marco" sort="Vignuzzi, Marco" uniqKey="Vignuzzi M" first="Marco" last="Vignuzzi">Marco Vignuzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. marco.vignuzzi@pasteur.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" sort="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" uniqKey="Garcia Sastre A" first="Adolfo" last="García-Sastre">Adolfo García-Sastre</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shokat, Kevan M" sort="Shokat, Kevan M" uniqKey="Shokat K" first="Kevan M" last="Shokat">Kevan M. Shokat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shoichet, Brian K" sort="Shoichet, Brian K" uniqKey="Shoichet B" first="Brian K" last="Shoichet">Brian K. Shoichet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krogan, Nevan J" sort="Krogan, Nevan J" uniqKey="Krogan N" first="Nevan J" last="Krogan">Nevan J. Krogan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32353859</idno><idno type="pmid">32353859</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000B27</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000B27</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.</title><author><name sortKey="Gordon, David E" sort="Gordon, David E" uniqKey="Gordon D" first="David E" last="Gordon">David E. Gordon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jang, Gwendolyn M" sort="Jang, Gwendolyn M" uniqKey="Jang G" first="Gwendolyn M" last="Jang">Gwendolyn M. Jang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouhaddou, Mehdi" sort="Bouhaddou, Mehdi" uniqKey="Bouhaddou M" first="Mehdi" last="Bouhaddou">Mehdi Bouhaddou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jiewei" sort="Xu, Jiewei" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jiewei" last="Xu">Jiewei Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obernier, Kirsten" sort="Obernier, Kirsten" uniqKey="Obernier K" first="Kirsten" last="Obernier">Kirsten Obernier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Kris M" sort="White, Kris M" uniqKey="White K" first="Kris M" last="White">Kris M. White</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Meara, Matthew J" sort="O Meara, Matthew J" uniqKey="O Meara M" first="Matthew J" last="O'Meara">Matthew J. O'Meara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rezelj, Veronica V" sort="Rezelj, Veronica V" uniqKey="Rezelj V" first="Veronica V" last="Rezelj">Veronica V. Rezelj</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Jeffrey Z" sort="Guo, Jeffrey Z" uniqKey="Guo J" first="Jeffrey Z" last="Guo">Jeffrey Z. Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swaney, Danielle L" sort="Swaney, Danielle L" uniqKey="Swaney D" first="Danielle L" last="Swaney">Danielle L. Swaney</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tummino, Tia A" sort="Tummino, Tia A" uniqKey="Tummino T" first="Tia A" last="Tummino">Tia A. Tummino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huttenhain, Ruth" sort="Huttenhain, Ruth" uniqKey="Huttenhain R" first="Ruth" last="Hüttenhain">Ruth Hüttenhain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaake, Robyn M" sort="Kaake, Robyn M" uniqKey="Kaake R" first="Robyn M" last="Kaake">Robyn M. Kaake</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, Alicia L" sort="Richards, Alicia L" uniqKey="Richards A" first="Alicia L" last="Richards">Alicia L. Richards</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tutuncuoglu, Beril" sort="Tutuncuoglu, Beril" uniqKey="Tutuncuoglu B" first="Beril" last="Tutuncuoglu">Beril Tutuncuoglu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foussard, Helene" sort="Foussard, Helene" uniqKey="Foussard H" first="Helene" last="Foussard">Helene Foussard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Batra, Jyoti" sort="Batra, Jyoti" uniqKey="Batra J" first="Jyoti" last="Batra">Jyoti Batra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haas, Kelsey" sort="Haas, Kelsey" uniqKey="Haas K" first="Kelsey" last="Haas">Kelsey Haas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Modak, Maya" sort="Modak, Maya" uniqKey="Modak M" first="Maya" last="Modak">Maya Modak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Minkyu" sort="Kim, Minkyu" uniqKey="Kim M" first="Minkyu" last="Kim">Minkyu Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haas, Paige" sort="Haas, Paige" uniqKey="Haas P" first="Paige" last="Haas">Paige Haas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polacco, Benjamin J" sort="Polacco, Benjamin J" uniqKey="Polacco B" first="Benjamin J" last="Polacco">Benjamin J. Polacco</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braberg, Hannes" sort="Braberg, Hannes" uniqKey="Braberg H" first="Hannes" last="Braberg">Hannes Braberg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fabius, Jacqueline M" sort="Fabius, Jacqueline M" uniqKey="Fabius J" first="Jacqueline M" last="Fabius">Jacqueline M. Fabius</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eckhardt, Manon" sort="Eckhardt, Manon" uniqKey="Eckhardt M" first="Manon" last="Eckhardt">Manon Eckhardt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soucheray, Margaret" sort="Soucheray, Margaret" uniqKey="Soucheray M" first="Margaret" last="Soucheray">Margaret Soucheray</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, Melanie J" sort="Bennett, Melanie J" uniqKey="Bennett M" first="Melanie J" last="Bennett">Melanie J. Bennett</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cakir, Merve" sort="Cakir, Merve" uniqKey="Cakir M" first="Merve" last="Cakir">Merve Cakir</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgregor, Michael J" sort="Mcgregor, Michael J" uniqKey="Mcgregor M" first="Michael J" last="Mcgregor">Michael J. Mcgregor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Qiongyu" sort="Li, Qiongyu" uniqKey="Li Q" first="Qiongyu" last="Li">Qiongyu Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Bjoern" sort="Meyer, Bjoern" uniqKey="Meyer B" first="Bjoern" last="Meyer">Bjoern Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roesch, Ferdinand" sort="Roesch, Ferdinand" uniqKey="Roesch F" first="Ferdinand" last="Roesch">Ferdinand Roesch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallet, Thomas" sort="Vallet, Thomas" uniqKey="Vallet T" first="Thomas" last="Vallet">Thomas Vallet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mac Kain, Alice" sort="Mac Kain, Alice" uniqKey="Mac Kain A" first="Alice" last="Mac Kain">Alice Mac Kain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miorin, Lisa" sort="Miorin, Lisa" uniqKey="Miorin L" first="Lisa" last="Miorin">Lisa Miorin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Elena" sort="Moreno, Elena" uniqKey="Moreno E" first="Elena" last="Moreno">Elena Moreno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naing, Zun Zar Chi" sort="Naing, Zun Zar Chi" uniqKey="Naing Z" first="Zun Zar Chi" last="Naing">Zun Zar Chi Naing</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yuan" sort="Zhou, Yuan" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yuan" last="Zhou">Yuan Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Shiming" sort="Peng, Shiming" uniqKey="Peng S" first="Shiming" last="Peng">Shiming Peng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Ying" sort="Shi, Ying" uniqKey="Shi Y" first="Ying" last="Shi">Ying Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ziyang" sort="Zhang, Ziyang" uniqKey="Zhang Z" first="Ziyang" last="Zhang">Ziyang Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Wenqi" sort="Shen, Wenqi" uniqKey="Shen W" first="Wenqi" last="Shen">Wenqi Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirby, Ilsa T" sort="Kirby, Ilsa T" uniqKey="Kirby I" first="Ilsa T" last="Kirby">Ilsa T. Kirby</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melnyk, James E" sort="Melnyk, James E" uniqKey="Melnyk J" first="James E" last="Melnyk">James E. Melnyk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chorba, John S" sort="Chorba, John S" uniqKey="Chorba J" first="John S" last="Chorba">John S. Chorba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lou, Kevin" sort="Lou, Kevin" uniqKey="Lou K" first="Kevin" last="Lou">Kevin Lou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, Shizhong A" sort="Dai, Shizhong A" uniqKey="Dai S" first="Shizhong A" last="Dai">Shizhong A. Dai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrio Hernandez, Inigo" sort="Barrio Hernandez, Inigo" uniqKey="Barrio Hernandez I" first="Inigo" last="Barrio-Hernandez">Inigo Barrio-Hernandez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Memon, Danish" sort="Memon, Danish" uniqKey="Memon D" first="Danish" last="Memon">Danish Memon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Armenta, Claudia" sort="Hernandez Armenta, Claudia" uniqKey="Hernandez Armenta C" first="Claudia" last="Hernandez-Armenta">Claudia Hernandez-Armenta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyu, Jiankun" sort="Lyu, Jiankun" uniqKey="Lyu J" first="Jiankun" last="Lyu">Jiankun Lyu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathy, Christopher J P" sort="Mathy, Christopher J P" uniqKey="Mathy C" first="Christopher J P" last="Mathy">Christopher J P. Mathy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perica, Tina" sort="Perica, Tina" uniqKey="Perica T" first="Tina" last="Perica">Tina Perica</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pilla, Kala Bharath" sort="Pilla, Kala Bharath" uniqKey="Pilla K" first="Kala Bharath" last="Pilla">Kala Bharath Pilla</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ganesan, Sai J" sort="Ganesan, Sai J" uniqKey="Ganesan S" first="Sai J" last="Ganesan">Sai J. Ganesan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saltzberg, Daniel J" sort="Saltzberg, Daniel J" uniqKey="Saltzberg D" first="Daniel J" last="Saltzberg">Daniel J. Saltzberg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakesh, Ramachandran" sort="Rakesh, Ramachandran" uniqKey="Rakesh R" first="Ramachandran" last="Rakesh">Ramachandran Rakesh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Xi" sort="Liu, Xi" uniqKey="Liu X" first="Xi" last="Liu">Xi Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenthal, Sara B" sort="Rosenthal, Sara B" uniqKey="Rosenthal S" first="Sara B" last="Rosenthal">Sara B. Rosenthal</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calviello, Lorenzo" sort="Calviello, Lorenzo" uniqKey="Calviello L" first="Lorenzo" last="Calviello">Lorenzo Calviello</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkataramanan, Srivats" sort="Venkataramanan, Srivats" uniqKey="Venkataramanan S" first="Srivats" last="Venkataramanan">Srivats Venkataramanan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liboy Lugo, Jose" sort="Liboy Lugo, Jose" uniqKey="Liboy Lugo J" first="Jose" last="Liboy-Lugo">Jose Liboy-Lugo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Yizhu" sort="Lin, Yizhu" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yizhu" last="Lin">Yizhu Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Xi Ping" sort="Huang, Xi Ping" uniqKey="Huang X" first="Xi-Ping" last="Huang">Xi-Ping Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Yongfeng" sort="Liu, Yongfeng" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yongfeng" last="Liu">Yongfeng Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wankowicz, Stephanie A" sort="Wankowicz, Stephanie A" uniqKey="Wankowicz S" first="Stephanie A" last="Wankowicz">Stephanie A. Wankowicz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bohn, Markus" sort="Bohn, Markus" uniqKey="Bohn M" first="Markus" last="Bohn">Markus Bohn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Safari, Maliheh" sort="Safari, Maliheh" uniqKey="Safari M" first="Maliheh" last="Safari">Maliheh Safari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ugur, Fatima S" sort="Ugur, Fatima S" uniqKey="Ugur F" first="Fatima S" last="Ugur">Fatima S. Ugur</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koh, Cassandra" sort="Koh, Cassandra" uniqKey="Koh C" first="Cassandra" last="Koh">Cassandra Koh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savar, Nastaran Sadat" sort="Savar, Nastaran Sadat" uniqKey="Savar N" first="Nastaran Sadat" last="Savar">Nastaran Sadat Savar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tran, Quang Dinh" sort="Tran, Quang Dinh" uniqKey="Tran Q" first="Quang Dinh" last="Tran">Quang Dinh Tran</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shengjuler, Djoshkun" sort="Shengjuler, Djoshkun" uniqKey="Shengjuler D" first="Djoshkun" last="Shengjuler">Djoshkun Shengjuler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Sabrina J" sort="Fletcher, Sabrina J" uniqKey="Fletcher S" first="Sabrina J" last="Fletcher">Sabrina J. Fletcher</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Neal, Michael C" sort="O Neal, Michael C" uniqKey="O Neal M" first="Michael C" last="O'Neal">Michael C. O'Neal</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, Yiming" sort="Cai, Yiming" uniqKey="Cai Y" first="Yiming" last="Cai">Yiming Cai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Jason C J" sort="Chang, Jason C J" uniqKey="Chang J" first="Jason C J" last="Chang">Jason C J. Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broadhurst, David J" sort="Broadhurst, David J" uniqKey="Broadhurst D" first="David J" last="Broadhurst">David J. Broadhurst</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klippsten, Saker" sort="Klippsten, Saker" uniqKey="Klippsten S" first="Saker" last="Klippsten">Saker Klippsten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharp, Phillip P" sort="Sharp, Phillip P" uniqKey="Sharp P" first="Phillip P" last="Sharp">Phillip P. Sharp</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wenzell, Nicole A" sort="Wenzell, Nicole A" uniqKey="Wenzell N" first="Nicole A" last="Wenzell">Nicole A. Wenzell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuzuoglu Ozturk, Duygu" sort="Kuzuoglu Ozturk, Duygu" uniqKey="Kuzuoglu Ozturk D" first="Duygu" last="Kuzuoglu-Ozturk">Duygu Kuzuoglu-Ozturk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Hao Yuan" sort="Wang, Hao Yuan" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Hao-Yuan" last="Wang">Hao-Yuan Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trenker, Raphael" sort="Trenker, Raphael" uniqKey="Trenker R" first="Raphael" last="Trenker">Raphael Trenker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Janet M" sort="Young, Janet M" uniqKey="Young J" first="Janet M" last="Young">Janet M. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavero, Devin A" sort="Cavero, Devin A" uniqKey="Cavero D" first="Devin A" last="Cavero">Devin A. Cavero</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hiatt, Joseph" sort="Hiatt, Joseph" uniqKey="Hiatt J" first="Joseph" last="Hiatt">Joseph Hiatt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roth, Theodore L" sort="Roth, Theodore L" uniqKey="Roth T" first="Theodore L" last="Roth">Theodore L. Roth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rathore, Ujjwal" sort="Rathore, Ujjwal" uniqKey="Rathore U" first="Ujjwal" last="Rathore">Ujjwal Rathore</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Subramanian, Advait" sort="Subramanian, Advait" uniqKey="Subramanian A" first="Advait" last="Subramanian">Advait Subramanian</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noack, Julia" sort="Noack, Julia" uniqKey="Noack J" first="Julia" last="Noack">Julia Noack</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hubert, Mathieu" sort="Hubert, Mathieu" uniqKey="Hubert M" first="Mathieu" last="Hubert">Mathieu Hubert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroud, Robert M" sort="Stroud, Robert M" uniqKey="Stroud R" first="Robert M" last="Stroud">Robert M. Stroud</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frankel, Alan D" sort="Frankel, Alan D" uniqKey="Frankel A" first="Alan D" last="Frankel">Alan D. Frankel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenberg, Oren S" sort="Rosenberg, Oren S" uniqKey="Rosenberg O" first="Oren S" last="Rosenberg">Oren S. Rosenberg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verba, Kliment A" sort="Verba, Kliment A" uniqKey="Verba K" first="Kliment A" last="Verba">Kliment A. Verba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agard, David A" sort="Agard, David A" uniqKey="Agard D" first="David A" last="Agard">David A. Agard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ott, Melanie" sort="Ott, Melanie" uniqKey="Ott M" first="Melanie" last="Ott">Melanie Ott</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emerman, Michael" sort="Emerman, Michael" uniqKey="Emerman M" first="Michael" last="Emerman">Michael Emerman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jura, Natalia" sort="Jura, Natalia" uniqKey="Jura N" first="Natalia" last="Jura">Natalia Jura</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Zastrow, Mark" sort="Von Zastrow, Mark" uniqKey="Von Zastrow M" first="Mark" last="Von Zastrow">Mark Von Zastrow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verdin, Eric" sort="Verdin, Eric" uniqKey="Verdin E" first="Eric" last="Verdin">Eric Verdin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashworth, Alan" sort="Ashworth, Alan" uniqKey="Ashworth A" first="Alan" last="Ashworth">Alan Ashworth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Olivier" sort="Schwartz, Olivier" uniqKey="Schwartz O" first="Olivier" last="Schwartz">Olivier Schwartz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Enfert, Christophe" sort="D Enfert, Christophe" uniqKey="D Enfert C" first="Christophe" last="D'Enfert">Christophe D'Enfert</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Direction Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mukherjee, Shaeri" sort="Mukherjee, Shaeri" uniqKey="Mukherjee S" first="Shaeri" last="Mukherjee">Shaeri Mukherjee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobson, Matt" sort="Jacobson, Matt" uniqKey="Jacobson M" first="Matt" last="Jacobson">Matt Jacobson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malik, Harmit S" sort="Malik, Harmit S" uniqKey="Malik H" first="Harmit S" last="Malik">Harmit S. Malik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fujimori, Danica G" sort="Fujimori, Danica G" uniqKey="Fujimori D" first="Danica G" last="Fujimori">Danica G. Fujimori</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ideker, Trey" sort="Ideker, Trey" uniqKey="Ideker T" first="Trey" last="Ideker">Trey Ideker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craik, Charles S" sort="Craik, Charles S" uniqKey="Craik C" first="Charles S" last="Craik">Charles S. Craik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Floor, Stephen N" sort="Floor, Stephen N" uniqKey="Floor S" first="Stephen N" last="Floor">Stephen N. Floor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, James S" sort="Fraser, James S" uniqKey="Fraser J" first="James S" last="Fraser">James S. Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gross, John D" sort="Gross, John D" uniqKey="Gross J" first="John D" last="Gross">John D. Gross</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sali, Andrej" sort="Sali, Andrej" uniqKey="Sali A" first="Andrej" last="Sali">Andrej Sali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roth, Bryan L" sort="Roth, Bryan L" uniqKey="Roth B" first="Bryan L" last="Roth">Bryan L. Roth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruggero, Davide" sort="Ruggero, Davide" uniqKey="Ruggero D" first="Davide" last="Ruggero">Davide Ruggero</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taunton, Jack" sort="Taunton, Jack" uniqKey="Taunton J" first="Jack" last="Taunton">Jack Taunton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kortemme, Tanja" sort="Kortemme, Tanja" uniqKey="Kortemme T" first="Tanja" last="Kortemme">Tanja Kortemme</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beltrao, Pedro" sort="Beltrao, Pedro" uniqKey="Beltrao P" first="Pedro" last="Beltrao">Pedro Beltrao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vignuzzi, Marco" sort="Vignuzzi, Marco" uniqKey="Vignuzzi M" first="Marco" last="Vignuzzi">Marco Vignuzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. marco.vignuzzi@pasteur.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" sort="Garcia Sastre, Adolfo" uniqKey="Garcia Sastre A" first="Adolfo" last="García-Sastre">Adolfo García-Sastre</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shokat, Kevan M" sort="Shokat, Kevan M" uniqKey="Shokat K" first="Kevan M" last="Shokat">Kevan M. Shokat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shoichet, Brian K" sort="Shoichet, Brian K" uniqKey="Shoichet B" first="Brian K" last="Shoichet">Brian K. Shoichet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krogan, Nevan J" sort="Krogan, Nevan J" uniqKey="Krogan N" first="Nevan J" last="Krogan">Nevan J. Krogan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Antiviral Agents (classification)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (genetics)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (metabolism)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (pathogenicity)</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term><term>Cloning, Molecular</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (immunology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (metabolism)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term><term>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</term><term>Drug Repositioning</term><term>HEK293 Cells</term><term>Host-Pathogen Interactions (drug effects)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Immunity, Innate</term><term>Mass Spectrometry</term><term>Molecular Targeted Therapy</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (immunology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (metabolism)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (virology)</term><term>Protein Binding</term><term>Protein Biosynthesis (drug effects)</term><term>Protein Domains</term><term>Protein Interaction Mapping</term><term>Protein Interaction Maps</term><term>Receptors, sigma (metabolism)</term><term>SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases (metabolism)</term><term>Vero Cells</term><term>Viral Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Viral Proteins (metabolism)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Receptors, sigma</term><term>SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases</term><term>Viral Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term><term>Protein Biosynthesis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term><term>Cloning, Molecular</term><term>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</term><term>Drug Repositioning</term><term>HEK293 Cells</term><term>Humans</term><term>Immunity, Innate</term><term>Mass Spectrometry</term><term>Molecular Targeted Therapy</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Protein Binding</term><term>Protein Domains</term><term>Protein Interaction Mapping</term><term>Protein Interaction Maps</term><term>Vero Cells</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A newly described coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected over 2.3 million people, led to the death of more than 160,000 individuals and caused worldwide social and economic disruption<sup>1,2</sup>. There are no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy for the treatment of COVID-19, nor are there any vaccines that prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, and efforts to develop drugs and vaccines are hampered by the limited knowledge of the molecular details of how SARS-CoV-2 infects cells. Here we cloned, tagged and expressed 26 of the 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins in human cells and identified the human proteins that physically associated with each of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins using affinity-purification mass spectrometry, identifying 332 high-confidence protein-protein interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Among these, we identify 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 compounds (of which, 29 drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, 12 are in clinical trials and 28 are preclinical compounds). We screened a subset of these in multiple viral assays and found two sets of pharmacological agents that displayed antiviral activity: inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of the sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors. Further studies of these host-factor-targeting agents, including their combination with drugs that directly target viral enzymes, could lead to a therapeutic regimen to treat COVID-19.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32353859</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>21</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>21</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>583</Volume><Issue>7816</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>459-468</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>A newly described coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected over 2.3 million people, led to the death of more than 160,000 individuals and caused worldwide social and economic disruption<sup>1,2</sup>. There are no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy for the treatment of COVID-19, nor are there any vaccines that prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, and efforts to develop drugs and vaccines are hampered by the limited knowledge of the molecular details of how SARS-CoV-2 infects cells. Here we cloned, tagged and expressed 26 of the 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins in human cells and identified the human proteins that physically associated with each of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins using affinity-purification mass spectrometry, identifying 332 high-confidence protein-protein interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Among these, we identify 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 compounds (of which, 29 drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, 12 are in clinical trials and 28 are preclinical compounds). We screened a subset of these in multiple viral assays and found two sets of pharmacological agents that displayed antiviral activity: inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of the sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors. Further studies of these host-factor-targeting agents, including their combination with drugs that directly target viral enzymes, could lead to a therapeutic regimen to treat COVID-19.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gordon</LastName><ForeName>David E</ForeName><Initials>DE</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-0306</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jang</LastName><ForeName>Gwendolyn M</ForeName><Initials>GM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bouhaddou</LastName><ForeName>Mehdi</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xu</LastName><ForeName>Jiewei</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Obernier</LastName><ForeName>Kirsten</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-1299</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>White</LastName><ForeName>Kris M</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0889-0506</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>O'Meara</LastName><ForeName>Matthew J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3128-5331</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rezelj</LastName><ForeName>Veronica V</ForeName><Initials>VV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guo</LastName><ForeName>Jeffrey Z</ForeName><Initials>JZ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Swaney</LastName><ForeName>Danielle L</ForeName><Initials>DL</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6119-6084</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tummino</LastName><ForeName>Tia A</ForeName><Initials>TA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9155-820X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hüttenhain</LastName><ForeName>Ruth</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-5910</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. 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David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Richards</LastName><ForeName>Alicia L</ForeName><Initials>AL</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4869-2945</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tutuncuoglu</LastName><ForeName>Beril</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5458-2988</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. 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David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haas</LastName><ForeName>Kelsey</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Modak</LastName><ForeName>Maya</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0670-6683</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName><ForeName>Minkyu</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9317-1658</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haas</LastName><ForeName>Paige</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8303-457X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Polacco</LastName><ForeName>Benjamin J</ForeName><Initials>BJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-9234</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Braberg</LastName><ForeName>Hannes</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-2257</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fabius</LastName><ForeName>Jacqueline M</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Eckhardt</LastName><ForeName>Manon</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Soucheray</LastName><ForeName>Margaret</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bennett</LastName><ForeName>Melanie J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6293-8008</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cakir</LastName><ForeName>Merve</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-5693</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McGregor</LastName><ForeName>Michael J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Qiongyu</ForeName><Initials>Q</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meyer</LastName><ForeName>Bjoern</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roesch</LastName><ForeName>Ferdinand</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-7778</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vallet</LastName><ForeName>Thomas</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-7448</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mac Kain</LastName><ForeName>Alice</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5218-6690</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miorin</LastName><ForeName>Lisa</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moreno</LastName><ForeName>Elena</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2301-4558</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Naing</LastName><ForeName>Zun Zar Chi</ForeName><Initials>ZZC</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6320-5084</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Yuan</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-5476</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peng</LastName><ForeName>Shiming</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5830-243X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shi</LastName><ForeName>Ying</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9263-4320</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Ziyang</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0541-7211</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shen</LastName><ForeName>Wenqi</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8657-4931</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kirby</LastName><ForeName>Ilsa T</ForeName><Initials>IT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Melnyk</LastName><ForeName>James E</ForeName><Initials>JE</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-8089</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chorba</LastName><ForeName>John S</ForeName><Initials>JS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6397-6348</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lou</LastName><ForeName>Kevin</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4939-4381</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dai</LastName><ForeName>Shizhong A</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9679-2353</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barrio-Hernandez</LastName><ForeName>Inigo</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5686-0451</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Memon</LastName><ForeName>Danish</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1365-0710</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 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ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mathy</LastName><ForeName>Christopher J P</ForeName><Initials>CJP</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5546-9733</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Perica</LastName><ForeName>Tina</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><Identifier 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ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Xi-Ping</ForeName><Initials>XP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>YongFeng</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wankowicz</LastName><ForeName>Stephanie A</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-7459</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 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Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koh</LastName><ForeName>Cassandra</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2466-6731</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Savar</LastName><ForeName>Nastaran Sadat</ForeName><Initials>NS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2509-2127</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tran</LastName><ForeName>Quang Dinh</ForeName><Initials>QD</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9263-0733</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shengjuler</LastName><ForeName>Djoshkun</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-9727</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fletcher</LastName><ForeName>Sabrina J</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>O'Neal</LastName><ForeName>Michael C</ForeName><Initials>MC</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3905-2671</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cai</LastName><ForeName>Yiming</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chang</LastName><ForeName>Jason C J</ForeName><Initials>JCJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Broadhurst</LastName><ForeName>David J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-115X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Klippsten</LastName><ForeName>Saker</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-6756</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zoic Labs, Culver City, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sharp</LastName><ForeName>Phillip P</ForeName><Initials>PP</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4416-2303</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wenzell</LastName><ForeName>Nicole A</ForeName><Initials>NA</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8209-2249</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), 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Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8490-8793</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Trenker</LastName><ForeName>Raphael</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-0517</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 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David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hiatt</LastName><ForeName>Joseph</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roth</LastName><ForeName>Theodore L</ForeName><Initials>TL</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-9573</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rathore</LastName><ForeName>Ujjwal</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Subramanian</LastName><ForeName>Advait</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Noack</LastName><ForeName>Julia</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-8181</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>George William Hooper Foundation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hubert</LastName><ForeName>Mathieu</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-0177</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stroud</LastName><ForeName>Robert M</ForeName><Initials>RM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI 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USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rosenberg</LastName><ForeName>Oren S</ForeName><Initials>OS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5736-4388</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Verba</LastName><ForeName>Kliment A</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), 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David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Emerman</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4181-6335</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jura</LastName><ForeName>Natalia</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5129-641X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 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USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Verdin</LastName><ForeName>Eric</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3703-3183</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ashworth</LastName><ForeName>Alan</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, 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Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-1827</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Adolfo.Garcia-Sastre@mssm.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shokat</LastName><ForeName>Kevan M</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-7741</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. 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Kevan.Shokat@ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shoichet</LastName><ForeName>Brian K</ForeName><Initials>BK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Krogan</LastName><ForeName>Nevan J</ForeName><Initials>NJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-337X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. nevan.krogan@ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>R01 AI120694</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 AI122747</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>F32 CA239333</GrantID><Acronym>CA</Acronym><Agency>NCI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 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States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>1F32CA236347-01</GrantID><Acronym>NH</Acronym><Agency>NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>30</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Nature</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0410462</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0028-0836</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance 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Version="1">32511329</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="N">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002522" MajorTopicYN="N">Chlorocebus aethiops</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003001" 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MajorTopicYN="N">Protein Binding</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014176" MajorTopicYN="N">Protein Biosynthesis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000072417" MajorTopicYN="N">Protein Domains</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D025941" MajorTopicYN="N">Protein Interaction Mapping</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D060066" MajorTopicYN="Y">Protein Interaction Maps</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017480" MajorTopicYN="N">Receptors, sigma</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D044843" MajorTopicYN="N">SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014709" MajorTopicYN="N">Vero Cells</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014764" MajorTopicYN="N">Viral Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32353859</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1038/s41586-020-2286-9</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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