Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study.
Identifieur interne : 001789 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 001788; suivant : 001790Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study.
Auteurs : Jerome R. Lechien ; Carlos M. Chiesa-Estomba ; Daniele R. De Siati ; Mihaela Horoi ; Serge D. Le Bon ; Alexandra Rodriguez ; Didier Dequanter ; Serge Blecic ; Fahd El Afia ; Lea Distinguin ; Younes Chekkoury-Idrissi ; Stéphane Hans ; Irene Lopez Delgado ; Christian Calvo-Henriquez ; Philippe Lavigne ; Chiara Falanga ; Maria Rosaria Barillari ; Giovanni Cammaroto ; Mohamad Khalife ; Pierre Leich ; Christel Souchay ; Camelia Rossi ; Fabrice Journe ; Julien Hsieh ; Myriam Edjlali ; Robert Carlier ; Laurence Ris ; Andrea Lovato ; Cosimo De Filippis ; Frederique Coppee ; Nicolas Fakhry ; Tareck Ayad ; Sven SaussezSource :
- European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery [ 1434-4726 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Ageusia (epidemiology), Ageusia (etiology), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Coronavirus (isolation & purification), Coronavirus Infections (complications), Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis), Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology), Cough (epidemiology), Cough (etiology), Europe (epidemiology), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Myalgia (epidemiology), Myalgia (etiology), Nutrition Surveys (MeSH), Olfaction Disorders (epidemiology), Olfaction Disorders (etiology), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (complications), Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis), Pneumonia, Viral (epidemiology), Prevalence (MeSH), Smell (MeSH), Taste (MeSH), Taste Disorders (MeSH).
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : Europe.
- complications : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- diagnosis : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- epidemiology : Ageusia, Coronavirus Infections, Cough, Myalgia, Olfaction Disorders, Pneumonia, Viral.
- etiology : Ageusia, Cough, Myalgia, Olfaction Disorders.
- isolation & purification : Coronavirus.
- Adult, Betacoronavirus, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Pandemics, Prevalence, Smell, Taste, Taste Disorders.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the occurrence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection.
METHODS
Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection were recruited from 12 European hospitals. The following epidemiological and clinical outcomes have been studied: age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities, and general and otolaryngological symptoms. Patients completed olfactory and gustatory questionnaires based on the smell and taste component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the short version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (sQOD-NS).
RESULTS
A total of 417 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients completed the study (263 females). The most prevalent general symptoms consisted of cough, myalgia, and loss of appetite. Face pain and nasal obstruction were the most disease-related otolaryngological symptoms. 85.6% and 88.0% of patients reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, respectively. There was a significant association between both disorders (p < 0.001). Olfactory dysfunction (OD) appeared before the other symptoms in 11.8% of cases. The sQO-NS scores were significantly lower in patients with anosmia compared with normosmic or hyposmic individuals (p = 0.001). Among the 18.2% of patients without nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea, 79.7% were hyposmic or anosmic. The early olfactory recovery rate was 44.0%. Females were significantly more affected by olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions than males (p = 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Olfactory and gustatory disorders are prevalent symptoms in European COVID-19 patients, who may not have nasal symptoms. The sudden anosmia or ageusia need to be recognized by the international scientific community as important symptoms of the COVID-19 infection.
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1
PubMed: 32253535
PubMed Central: PMC7134551
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32253535Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study.</title><author><name sortKey="Lechien, Jerome R" sort="Lechien, Jerome R" uniqKey="Lechien J" first="Jerome R" last="Lechien">Jerome R. Lechien</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos M" sort="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos M" uniqKey="Chiesa Estomba C" first="Carlos M" last="Chiesa-Estomba">Carlos M. Chiesa-Estomba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Siati, Daniele R" sort="De Siati, Daniele R" uniqKey="De Siati D" first="Daniele R" last="De Siati">Daniele R. De Siati</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horoi, Mihaela" sort="Horoi, Mihaela" uniqKey="Horoi M" first="Mihaela" last="Horoi">Mihaela Horoi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Bon, Serge D" sort="Le Bon, Serge D" uniqKey="Le Bon S" first="Serge D" last="Le Bon">Serge D. Le Bon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, Alexandra" sort="Rodriguez, Alexandra" uniqKey="Rodriguez A" first="Alexandra" last="Rodriguez">Alexandra Rodriguez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dequanter, Didier" sort="Dequanter, Didier" uniqKey="Dequanter D" first="Didier" last="Dequanter">Didier Dequanter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blecic, Serge" sort="Blecic, Serge" uniqKey="Blecic S" first="Serge" last="Blecic">Serge Blecic</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, EpiCURA Hospital, Ath, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Afia, Fahd" sort="El Afia, Fahd" uniqKey="El Afia F" first="Fahd" last="El Afia">Fahd El Afia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Distinguin, Lea" sort="Distinguin, Lea" uniqKey="Distinguin L" first="Lea" last="Distinguin">Lea Distinguin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chekkoury Idrissi, Younes" sort="Chekkoury Idrissi, Younes" uniqKey="Chekkoury Idrissi Y" first="Younes" last="Chekkoury-Idrissi">Younes Chekkoury-Idrissi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hans, Stephane" sort="Hans, Stephane" uniqKey="Hans S" first="Stéphane" last="Hans">Stéphane Hans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delgado, Irene Lopez" sort="Delgado, Irene Lopez" uniqKey="Delgado I" first="Irene Lopez" last="Delgado">Irene Lopez Delgado</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Valencia, Valencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" sort="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" uniqKey="Calvo Henriquez C" first="Christian" last="Calvo-Henriquez">Christian Calvo-Henriquez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavigne, Philippe" sort="Lavigne, Philippe" uniqKey="Lavigne P" first="Philippe" last="Lavigne">Philippe Lavigne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falanga, Chiara" sort="Falanga, Chiara" uniqKey="Falanga C" first="Chiara" last="Falanga">Chiara Falanga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barillari, Maria Rosaria" sort="Barillari, Maria Rosaria" uniqKey="Barillari M" first="Maria Rosaria" last="Barillari">Maria Rosaria Barillari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cammaroto, Giovanni" sort="Cammaroto, Giovanni" uniqKey="Cammaroto G" first="Giovanni" last="Cammaroto">Giovanni Cammaroto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forli, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalife, Mohamad" sort="Khalife, Mohamad" uniqKey="Khalife M" first="Mohamad" last="Khalife">Mohamad Khalife</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leich, Pierre" sort="Leich, Pierre" uniqKey="Leich P" first="Pierre" last="Leich">Pierre Leich</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souchay, Christel" sort="Souchay, Christel" uniqKey="Souchay C" first="Christel" last="Souchay">Christel Souchay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Camelia" sort="Rossi, Camelia" uniqKey="Rossi C" first="Camelia" last="Rossi">Camelia Rossi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Disease, CHU Ambroise-Paré, Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Journe, Fabrice" sort="Journe, Fabrice" uniqKey="Journe F" first="Fabrice" last="Journe">Fabrice Journe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsieh, Julien" sort="Hsieh, Julien" uniqKey="Hsieh J" first="Julien" last="Hsieh">Julien Hsieh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edjlali, Myriam" sort="Edjlali, Myriam" uniqKey="Edjlali M" first="Myriam" last="Edjlali">Myriam Edjlali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neuroradiology, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, IMABRAIN-INSERM-UMR1266, DHU-Neurovasc, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology, APHP, Hôpitaux R. Poincaré-Ambroise Paré, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, U 1179 UVSQ/Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carlier, Robert" sort="Carlier, Robert" uniqKey="Carlier R" first="Robert" last="Carlier">Robert Carlier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology, APHP, Hôpitaux R. Poincaré-Ambroise Paré, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, U 1179 UVSQ/Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ris, Laurence" sort="Ris, Laurence" uniqKey="Ris L" first="Laurence" last="Ris">Laurence Ris</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovato, Andrea" sort="Lovato, Andrea" uniqKey="Lovato A" first="Andrea" last="Lovato">Andrea Lovato</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neuroscience, Audiology Unit, Padova University, Treviso, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Filippis, Cosimo" sort="De Filippis, Cosimo" uniqKey="De Filippis C" first="Cosimo" last="De Filippis">Cosimo De Filippis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neuroscience, Audiology Unit, Padova University, Treviso, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coppee, Frederique" sort="Coppee, Frederique" uniqKey="Coppee F" first="Frederique" last="Coppee">Frederique Coppee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakhry, Nicolas" sort="Fakhry, Nicolas" uniqKey="Fakhry N" first="Nicolas" last="Fakhry">Nicolas Fakhry</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, APHM, Aix Marseille University, La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayad, Tareck" sort="Ayad, Tareck" uniqKey="Ayad T" first="Tareck" last="Ayad">Tareck Ayad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saussez, Sven" sort="Saussez, Sven" uniqKey="Saussez S" first="Sven" last="Saussez">Sven Saussez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32253535</idno><idno type="pmid">32253535</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7134551</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001789</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001789</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study.</title><author><name sortKey="Lechien, Jerome R" sort="Lechien, Jerome R" uniqKey="Lechien J" first="Jerome R" last="Lechien">Jerome R. Lechien</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos M" sort="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos M" uniqKey="Chiesa Estomba C" first="Carlos M" last="Chiesa-Estomba">Carlos M. Chiesa-Estomba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Siati, Daniele R" sort="De Siati, Daniele R" uniqKey="De Siati D" first="Daniele R" last="De Siati">Daniele R. De Siati</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horoi, Mihaela" sort="Horoi, Mihaela" uniqKey="Horoi M" first="Mihaela" last="Horoi">Mihaela Horoi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Bon, Serge D" sort="Le Bon, Serge D" uniqKey="Le Bon S" first="Serge D" last="Le Bon">Serge D. Le Bon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, Alexandra" sort="Rodriguez, Alexandra" uniqKey="Rodriguez A" first="Alexandra" last="Rodriguez">Alexandra Rodriguez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dequanter, Didier" sort="Dequanter, Didier" uniqKey="Dequanter D" first="Didier" last="Dequanter">Didier Dequanter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blecic, Serge" sort="Blecic, Serge" uniqKey="Blecic S" first="Serge" last="Blecic">Serge Blecic</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, EpiCURA Hospital, Ath, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Afia, Fahd" sort="El Afia, Fahd" uniqKey="El Afia F" first="Fahd" last="El Afia">Fahd El Afia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Distinguin, Lea" sort="Distinguin, Lea" uniqKey="Distinguin L" first="Lea" last="Distinguin">Lea Distinguin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chekkoury Idrissi, Younes" sort="Chekkoury Idrissi, Younes" uniqKey="Chekkoury Idrissi Y" first="Younes" last="Chekkoury-Idrissi">Younes Chekkoury-Idrissi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hans, Stephane" sort="Hans, Stephane" uniqKey="Hans S" first="Stéphane" last="Hans">Stéphane Hans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delgado, Irene Lopez" sort="Delgado, Irene Lopez" uniqKey="Delgado I" first="Irene Lopez" last="Delgado">Irene Lopez Delgado</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Valencia, Valencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" sort="Calvo Henriquez, Christian" uniqKey="Calvo Henriquez C" first="Christian" last="Calvo-Henriquez">Christian Calvo-Henriquez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavigne, Philippe" sort="Lavigne, Philippe" uniqKey="Lavigne P" first="Philippe" last="Lavigne">Philippe Lavigne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falanga, Chiara" sort="Falanga, Chiara" uniqKey="Falanga C" first="Chiara" last="Falanga">Chiara Falanga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barillari, Maria Rosaria" sort="Barillari, Maria Rosaria" uniqKey="Barillari M" first="Maria Rosaria" last="Barillari">Maria Rosaria Barillari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cammaroto, Giovanni" sort="Cammaroto, Giovanni" uniqKey="Cammaroto G" first="Giovanni" last="Cammaroto">Giovanni Cammaroto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forli, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalife, Mohamad" sort="Khalife, Mohamad" uniqKey="Khalife M" first="Mohamad" last="Khalife">Mohamad Khalife</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leich, Pierre" sort="Leich, Pierre" uniqKey="Leich P" first="Pierre" last="Leich">Pierre Leich</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souchay, Christel" sort="Souchay, Christel" uniqKey="Souchay C" first="Christel" last="Souchay">Christel Souchay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Camelia" sort="Rossi, Camelia" uniqKey="Rossi C" first="Camelia" last="Rossi">Camelia Rossi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Disease, CHU Ambroise-Paré, Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Journe, Fabrice" sort="Journe, Fabrice" uniqKey="Journe F" first="Fabrice" last="Journe">Fabrice Journe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsieh, Julien" sort="Hsieh, Julien" uniqKey="Hsieh J" first="Julien" last="Hsieh">Julien Hsieh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edjlali, Myriam" sort="Edjlali, Myriam" uniqKey="Edjlali M" first="Myriam" last="Edjlali">Myriam Edjlali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neuroradiology, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, IMABRAIN-INSERM-UMR1266, DHU-Neurovasc, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology, APHP, Hôpitaux R. Poincaré-Ambroise Paré, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, U 1179 UVSQ/Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carlier, Robert" sort="Carlier, Robert" uniqKey="Carlier R" first="Robert" last="Carlier">Robert Carlier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology, APHP, Hôpitaux R. Poincaré-Ambroise Paré, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, U 1179 UVSQ/Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ris, Laurence" sort="Ris, Laurence" uniqKey="Ris L" first="Laurence" last="Ris">Laurence Ris</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovato, Andrea" sort="Lovato, Andrea" uniqKey="Lovato A" first="Andrea" last="Lovato">Andrea Lovato</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neuroscience, Audiology Unit, Padova University, Treviso, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Filippis, Cosimo" sort="De Filippis, Cosimo" uniqKey="De Filippis C" first="Cosimo" last="De Filippis">Cosimo De Filippis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neuroscience, Audiology Unit, Padova University, Treviso, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coppee, Frederique" sort="Coppee, Frederique" uniqKey="Coppee F" first="Frederique" last="Coppee">Frederique Coppee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakhry, Nicolas" sort="Fakhry, Nicolas" uniqKey="Fakhry N" first="Nicolas" last="Fakhry">Nicolas Fakhry</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, APHM, Aix Marseille University, La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayad, Tareck" sort="Ayad, Tareck" uniqKey="Ayad T" first="Tareck" last="Ayad">Tareck Ayad</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saussez, Sven" sort="Saussez, Sven" uniqKey="Saussez S" first="Sven" last="Saussez">Sven Saussez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery</title><idno type="eISSN">1434-4726</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Ageusia (epidemiology)</term><term>Ageusia (etiology)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus (isolation & purification)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (complications)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>Cough (epidemiology)</term><term>Cough (etiology)</term><term>Europe (epidemiology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Myalgia (epidemiology)</term><term>Myalgia (etiology)</term><term>Nutrition Surveys (MeSH)</term><term>Olfaction Disorders (epidemiology)</term><term>Olfaction Disorders (etiology)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (complications)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (epidemiology)</term><term>Prevalence (MeSH)</term><term>Smell (MeSH)</term><term>Taste (MeSH)</term><term>Taste Disorders (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Europe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ageusia</term><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Cough</term><term>Myalgia</term><term>Olfaction Disorders</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ageusia</term><term>Cough</term><term>Myalgia</term><term>Olfaction Disorders</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Nutrition Surveys</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Smell</term><term>Taste</term><term>Taste Disorders</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>To investigate the occurrence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection were recruited from 12 European hospitals. The following epidemiological and clinical outcomes have been studied: age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities, and general and otolaryngological symptoms. Patients completed olfactory and gustatory questionnaires based on the smell and taste component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the short version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (sQOD-NS).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>A total of 417 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients completed the study (263 females). The most prevalent general symptoms consisted of cough, myalgia, and loss of appetite. Face pain and nasal obstruction were the most disease-related otolaryngological symptoms. 85.6% and 88.0% of patients reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, respectively. There was a significant association between both disorders (p < 0.001). Olfactory dysfunction (OD) appeared before the other symptoms in 11.8% of cases. The sQO-NS scores were significantly lower in patients with anosmia compared with normosmic or hyposmic individuals (p = 0.001). Among the 18.2% of patients without nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea, 79.7% were hyposmic or anosmic. The early olfactory recovery rate was 44.0%. Females were significantly more affected by olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions than males (p = 0.001).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>Olfactory and gustatory disorders are prevalent symptoms in European COVID-19 patients, who may not have nasal symptoms. The sudden anosmia or ageusia need to be recognized by the international scientific community as important symptoms of the COVID-19 infection.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32253535</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>14</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>23</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1434-4726</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>277</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Aug</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>2251-2261</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">To investigate the occurrence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection were recruited from 12 European hospitals. The following epidemiological and clinical outcomes have been studied: age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities, and general and otolaryngological symptoms. Patients completed olfactory and gustatory questionnaires based on the smell and taste component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the short version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (sQOD-NS).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">A total of 417 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients completed the study (263 females). The most prevalent general symptoms consisted of cough, myalgia, and loss of appetite. Face pain and nasal obstruction were the most disease-related otolaryngological symptoms. 85.6% and 88.0% of patients reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, respectively. There was a significant association between both disorders (p < 0.001). Olfactory dysfunction (OD) appeared before the other symptoms in 11.8% of cases. The sQO-NS scores were significantly lower in patients with anosmia compared with normosmic or hyposmic individuals (p = 0.001). Among the 18.2% of patients without nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea, 79.7% were hyposmic or anosmic. The early olfactory recovery rate was 44.0%. Females were significantly more affected by olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions than males (p = 0.001).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Olfactory and gustatory disorders are prevalent symptoms in European COVID-19 patients, who may not have nasal symptoms. The sudden anosmia or ageusia need to be recognized by the international scientific community as important symptoms of the COVID-19 infection.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lechien</LastName><ForeName>Jerome R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. Jerome.Lechien@umons.ac.be.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chiesa-Estomba</LastName><ForeName>Carlos M</ForeName><Initials>CM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Siati</LastName><ForeName>Daniele R</ForeName><Initials>DR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Horoi</LastName><ForeName>Mihaela</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Le Bon</LastName><ForeName>Serge D</ForeName><Initials>SD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rodriguez</LastName><ForeName>Alexandra</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dequanter</LastName><ForeName>Didier</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Blecic</LastName><ForeName>Serge</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurology, EpiCURA Hospital, Ath, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>El Afia</LastName><ForeName>Fahd</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Distinguin</LastName><ForeName>Lea</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chekkoury-Idrissi</LastName><ForeName>Younes</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hans</LastName><ForeName>Stéphane</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Delgado</LastName><ForeName>Irene Lopez</ForeName><Initials>IL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Valencia, Valencia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Calvo-Henriquez</LastName><ForeName>Christian</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lavigne</LastName><ForeName>Philippe</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Falanga</LastName><ForeName>Chiara</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barillari</LastName><ForeName>Maria Rosaria</ForeName><Initials>MR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cammaroto</LastName><ForeName>Giovanni</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forli, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khalife</LastName><ForeName>Mohamad</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leich</LastName><ForeName>Pierre</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Souchay</LastName><ForeName>Christel</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rossi</LastName><ForeName>Camelia</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Disease, CHU Ambroise-Paré, Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Journe</LastName><ForeName>Fabrice</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hsieh</LastName><ForeName>Julien</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Edjlali</LastName><ForeName>Myriam</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neuroradiology, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, IMABRAIN-INSERM-UMR1266, DHU-Neurovasc, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology, APHP, Hôpitaux R. Poincaré-Ambroise Paré, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, U 1179 UVSQ/Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carlier</LastName><ForeName>Robert</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Radiology, APHP, Hôpitaux R. Poincaré-Ambroise Paré, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, U 1179 UVSQ/Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ris</LastName><ForeName>Laurence</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lovato</LastName><ForeName>Andrea</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neuroscience, Audiology Unit, Padova University, Treviso, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Filippis</LastName><ForeName>Cosimo</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neuroscience, Audiology Unit, Padova University, Treviso, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Coppee</LastName><ForeName>Frederique</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fakhry</LastName><ForeName>Nicolas</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, APHM, Aix Marseille University, La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ayad</LastName><ForeName>Tareck</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saussez</LastName><ForeName>Sven</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016448">Multicenter Study</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>06</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9002937</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0937-4477</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 Aug;277(8):2389-2390</RefSource><PMID Version="1">32328771</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 Aug;277(8):2391-2392</RefSource><PMID Version="1">32383095</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 Aug;277(8):2395</RefSource><PMID Version="1">32435852</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020 Sep;130(3):344-346</RefSource><PMID Version="1">32703719</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>South Med J. 2020 Aug;113(8):399-400</RefSource><PMID Version="1">32747969</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000370" MajorTopicYN="N">Ageusia</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="Y">etiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017934" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="Y">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="Y">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003371" MajorTopicYN="N">Cough</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="Y">etiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005060" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Europe</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D063806" MajorTopicYN="N">Myalgia</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="Y">etiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009749" MajorTopicYN="N">Nutrition Surveys</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000857" MajorTopicYN="N">Olfaction Disorders</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="Y">etiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="Y">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015995" MajorTopicYN="N">Prevalence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012903" MajorTopicYN="Y">Smell</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013649" MajorTopicYN="Y">Taste</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013651" MajorTopicYN="N">Taste Disorders</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Anosmia</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Dysgeusia</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ENT</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Gustatory</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Hyposmia</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Infection</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Loss</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Olfaction</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Olfactory</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Smell</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Taste</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>30</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32253535</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1</ArticleId><ArticleId 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