Objective Olfactory Findings in Hospitalized Severe COVID-19 Patients.
Identifieur interne : 000733 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000732; suivant : 000734Objective Olfactory Findings in Hospitalized Severe COVID-19 Patients.
Auteurs : Jerome R. Lechien ; Morgane Ducarme ; Sammy Place ; Carlos M. Chiesa-Estomba ; Mohamad Khalife ; Giacomo De Riu ; Luigi Angelo Vaira ; Christophe De Terwangne ; Shahram Machayekhi ; Arnaud Marchant ; Fabrice Journe ; Sven SaussezSource :
- Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) [ 2076-0817 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
We investigate the prevalence of the self-reported and objective sudden loss of smell (SLS) in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
METHODS
Severe COVID-19 patients with self-reported SLS were recruited at hospitalization discharge. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. The Sino-nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) was used to evaluate rhinological complaints. Subjective olfactory and gustatory functions were assessed with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES). Objective SLS was evaluated using psychophysical tests. Potential associations between olfactory evaluation and the clinical outcomes (duration of hospitalization; admission biology; one month serology (IgG), and chest computed tomography findings) were studied.
RESULTS
Forty-seven patients completed the study (25 females). Subjectively, eighteen (38.3%) individuals self-reported subjective partial or total SLS. Among them, only three and four were anosmic and hyposmic, respectively (38.9%). Considering the objective evaluation in the entire cohort, the prevalence of SLS was 21.3%. Elderly patients and those with diabetes had lower objective olfactory evaluation results than young and non-diabetic individuals.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of SLS in severe COVID-19 patients appears to be lower than previously estimated in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 forms. Future comparative studies are needed to explore the predictive value of SLS for COVID-19 severity.
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080627
PubMed: 32752123
PubMed Central: PMC7460289
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32752123Le document en format XML
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Lechien</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ducarme, Morgane" sort="Ducarme, Morgane" uniqKey="Ducarme M" first="Morgane" last="Ducarme">Morgane Ducarme</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Place, Sammy" sort="Place, Sammy" uniqKey="Place S" first="Sammy" last="Place">Sammy Place</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos M" sort="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos M" uniqKey="Chiesa Estomba C" first="Carlos M" last="Chiesa-Estomba">Carlos M. Chiesa-Estomba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 00685 San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalife, Mohamad" sort="Khalife, Mohamad" uniqKey="Khalife M" first="Mohamad" last="Khalife">Mohamad Khalife</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Riu, Giacomo" sort="De Riu, Giacomo" uniqKey="De Riu G" first="Giacomo" last="De Riu">Giacomo De Riu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaira, Luigi Angelo" sort="Vaira, Luigi Angelo" uniqKey="Vaira L" first="Luigi Angelo" last="Vaira">Luigi Angelo Vaira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Terwangne, Christophe" sort="De Terwangne, Christophe" uniqKey="De Terwangne C" first="Christophe" last="De Terwangne">Christophe De Terwangne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machayekhi, Shahram" sort="Machayekhi, Shahram" uniqKey="Machayekhi S" first="Shahram" last="Machayekhi">Shahram Machayekhi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marchant, Arnaud" sort="Marchant, Arnaud" uniqKey="Marchant A" first="Arnaud" last="Marchant">Arnaud Marchant</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Journe, Fabrice" sort="Journe, Fabrice" uniqKey="Journe F" first="Fabrice" last="Journe">Fabrice Journe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saussez, Sven" sort="Saussez, Sven" uniqKey="Saussez S" first="Sven" last="Saussez">Sven Saussez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32752123</idno><idno type="pmid">32752123</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/pathogens9080627</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7460289</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000733</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000733</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Objective Olfactory Findings in Hospitalized Severe COVID-19 Patients.</title><author><name sortKey="Lechien, Jerome R" sort="Lechien, Jerome R" uniqKey="Lechien J" first="Jerome R" last="Lechien">Jerome R. Lechien</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ducarme, Morgane" sort="Ducarme, Morgane" uniqKey="Ducarme M" first="Morgane" last="Ducarme">Morgane Ducarme</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Place, Sammy" sort="Place, Sammy" uniqKey="Place S" first="Sammy" last="Place">Sammy Place</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos M" sort="Chiesa Estomba, Carlos M" uniqKey="Chiesa Estomba C" first="Carlos M" last="Chiesa-Estomba">Carlos M. Chiesa-Estomba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 00685 San Sebastian, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalife, Mohamad" sort="Khalife, Mohamad" uniqKey="Khalife M" first="Mohamad" last="Khalife">Mohamad Khalife</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Riu, Giacomo" sort="De Riu, Giacomo" uniqKey="De Riu G" first="Giacomo" last="De Riu">Giacomo De Riu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaira, Luigi Angelo" sort="Vaira, Luigi Angelo" uniqKey="Vaira L" first="Luigi Angelo" last="Vaira">Luigi Angelo Vaira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Terwangne, Christophe" sort="De Terwangne, Christophe" uniqKey="De Terwangne C" first="Christophe" last="De Terwangne">Christophe De Terwangne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machayekhi, Shahram" sort="Machayekhi, Shahram" uniqKey="Machayekhi S" first="Shahram" last="Machayekhi">Shahram Machayekhi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marchant, Arnaud" sort="Marchant, Arnaud" uniqKey="Marchant A" first="Arnaud" last="Marchant">Arnaud Marchant</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Journe, Fabrice" sort="Journe, Fabrice" uniqKey="Journe F" first="Fabrice" last="Journe">Fabrice Journe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saussez, Sven" sort="Saussez, Sven" uniqKey="Saussez S" first="Sven" last="Saussez">Sven Saussez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="ISSN">2076-0817</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>We investigate the prevalence of the self-reported and objective sudden loss of smell (SLS) in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>Severe COVID-19 patients with self-reported SLS were recruited at hospitalization discharge. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. The Sino-nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) was used to evaluate rhinological complaints. Subjective olfactory and gustatory functions were assessed with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES). Objective SLS was evaluated using psychophysical tests. Potential associations between olfactory evaluation and the clinical outcomes (duration of hospitalization; admission biology; one month serology (IgG), and chest computed tomography findings) were studied.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Forty-seven patients completed the study (25 females). Subjectively, eighteen (38.3%) individuals self-reported subjective partial or total SLS. Among them, only three and four were anosmic and hyposmic, respectively (38.9%). Considering the objective evaluation in the entire cohort, the prevalence of SLS was 21.3%. Elderly patients and those with diabetes had lower objective olfactory evaluation results than young and non-diabetic individuals.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>The prevalence of SLS in severe COVID-19 patients appears to be lower than previously estimated in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 forms. Future comparative studies are needed to explore the predictive value of SLS for COVID-19 severity.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32752123</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>03</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2076-0817</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Jul</Month><Day>31</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Pathogens</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Objective Olfactory Findings in Hospitalized Severe COVID-19 Patients.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">E627</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3390/pathogens9080627</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">We investigate the prevalence of the self-reported and objective sudden loss of smell (SLS) in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Severe COVID-19 patients with self-reported SLS were recruited at hospitalization discharge. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. The Sino-nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) was used to evaluate rhinological complaints. Subjective olfactory and gustatory functions were assessed with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES). Objective SLS was evaluated using psychophysical tests. Potential associations between olfactory evaluation and the clinical outcomes (duration of hospitalization; admission biology; one month serology (IgG), and chest computed tomography findings) were studied.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Forty-seven patients completed the study (25 females). Subjectively, eighteen (38.3%) individuals self-reported subjective partial or total SLS. Among them, only three and four were anosmic and hyposmic, respectively (38.9%). Considering the objective evaluation in the entire cohort, the prevalence of SLS was 21.3%. Elderly patients and those with diabetes had lower objective olfactory evaluation results than young and non-diabetic individuals.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">The prevalence of SLS in severe COVID-19 patients appears to be lower than previously estimated in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 forms. Future comparative studies are needed to explore the predictive value of SLS for COVID-19 severity.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lechien</LastName><ForeName>Jerome R</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-0845-0845</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), F92150 Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ducarme</LastName><ForeName>Morgane</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Place</LastName><ForeName>Sammy</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chiesa-Estomba</LastName><ForeName>Carlos M</ForeName><Initials>CM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-9454-9464</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 00685 San Sebastian, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khalife</LastName><ForeName>Mohamad</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Riu</LastName><ForeName>Giacomo</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vaira</LastName><ForeName>Luigi Angelo</ForeName><Initials>LA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Terwangne</LastName><ForeName>Christophe</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Machayekhi</LastName><ForeName>Shahram</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marchant</LastName><ForeName>Arnaud</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Journe</LastName><ForeName>Fabrice</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saussez</LastName><ForeName>Sven</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>31</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Pathogens</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101596317</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2076-0817</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">anosmia</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">coronavirus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">olfactory</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">severe</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">smell</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>29</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32752123</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">pathogens9080627</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3390/pathogens9080627</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7460289</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Ann 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