Time and Covid-19 stress in the lockdown situation: Time free, «Dying» of boredom and sadness.
Identifieur interne : 000655 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000654; suivant : 000656Time and Covid-19 stress in the lockdown situation: Time free, «Dying» of boredom and sadness.
Auteurs : Sylvie Droit-Volet ; Sandrine Gil ; Natalia Martinelli ; Nicolas Andant ; Maélys Clinchamps ; Lénise Parreira ; Karine Rouffiac ; Michael Dambrun ; Pascal Huguet ; Benoît Dubuis ; Bruno Pereira ; Jean-Baptiste Bouillon ; Frédéric DutheilSource :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Anxiety (psychology), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Boredom (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology), Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Fear (psychology), Female (MeSH), France (epidemiology), Humans (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Pandemics (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (epidemiology), Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (virology), Quarantine (methods), Quarantine (psychology), Sadness (psychology), Surveys and Questionnaires (MeSH), Time Factors (MeSH), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : France.
- epidemiology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- methods : Quarantine.
- prevention & control : Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral.
- psychology : Anxiety, Fear, Quarantine, Sadness.
- virology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Betacoronavirus, Boredom, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Young Adult.
Abstract
A lockdown of people has been used as an efficient public health measure to fight against the exponential spread of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) and allows the health system to manage the number of patients. The aim of this study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00430818) was to evaluate the impact of both perceived stress aroused by Covid-19 and of emotions triggered by the lockdown situation on the individual experience of time. A large sample of the French population responded to a survey on their experience of the passage of time during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The perceived stress resulting from Covid-19 and stress at work and home were also assessed, as were the emotions felt. The results showed that people have experienced a slowing down of time during the lockdown. This time experience was not explained by the levels of perceived stress or anxiety, although these were considerable, but rather by the increase in boredom and sadness felt in the lockdown situation. The increased anger and fear of death only explained a small part of variance in the time judgment. The conscious experience of time therefore reflected the psychological difficulties experienced during lockdown and was not related to their perceived level of stress or anxiety.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236465
PubMed: 32776990
PubMed Central: PMC7416923
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32776990Le document en format XML
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Biostatistics, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clinchamps, Maelys" sort="Clinchamps, Maelys" uniqKey="Clinchamps M" first="Maélys" last="Clinchamps">Maélys Clinchamps</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parreira, Lenise" sort="Parreira, Lenise" uniqKey="Parreira L" first="Lénise" last="Parreira">Lénise Parreira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouffiac, Karine" sort="Rouffiac, Karine" uniqKey="Rouffiac K" first="Karine" last="Rouffiac">Karine Rouffiac</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dambrun, Michael" sort="Dambrun, Michael" uniqKey="Dambrun M" first="Michael" last="Dambrun">Michael Dambrun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huguet, Pascal" sort="Huguet, Pascal" uniqKey="Huguet P" first="Pascal" last="Huguet">Pascal Huguet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubuis, Benoit" sort="Dubuis, Benoit" uniqKey="Dubuis B" first="Benoît" last="Dubuis">Benoît Dubuis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université de Genève, UNIGE, Fondation INARTIS, Genève, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Bruno" sort="Pereira, Bruno" uniqKey="Pereira B" first="Bruno" last="Pereira">Bruno Pereira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research and Innovation Direction - 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Biostatistics, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clinchamps, Maelys" sort="Clinchamps, Maelys" uniqKey="Clinchamps M" first="Maélys" last="Clinchamps">Maélys Clinchamps</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parreira, Lenise" sort="Parreira, Lenise" uniqKey="Parreira L" first="Lénise" last="Parreira">Lénise Parreira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouffiac, Karine" sort="Rouffiac, Karine" uniqKey="Rouffiac K" first="Karine" last="Rouffiac">Karine Rouffiac</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dambrun, Michael" sort="Dambrun, Michael" uniqKey="Dambrun M" first="Michael" last="Dambrun">Michael Dambrun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huguet, Pascal" sort="Huguet, Pascal" uniqKey="Huguet P" first="Pascal" last="Huguet">Pascal Huguet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubuis, Benoit" sort="Dubuis, Benoit" uniqKey="Dubuis B" first="Benoît" last="Dubuis">Benoît Dubuis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université de Genève, UNIGE, Fondation INARTIS, Genève, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Bruno" sort="Pereira, Bruno" uniqKey="Pereira B" first="Bruno" last="Pereira">Bruno Pereira</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research and Innovation Direction - Biostatistics, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouillon, Jean Baptiste" sort="Bouillon, Jean Baptiste" uniqKey="Bouillon J" first="Jean-Baptiste" last="Bouillon">Jean-Baptiste Bouillon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Emergency Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutheil, Frederic" sort="Dutheil, Frederic" uniqKey="Dutheil F" first="Frédéric" last="Dutheil">Frédéric Dutheil</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, WittyFit, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term><term>Anxiety (psychology)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Boredom (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term><term>Fear (psychology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>France (epidemiology)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (epidemiology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (virology)</term><term>Quarantine (methods)</term><term>Quarantine (psychology)</term><term>Sadness (psychology)</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires (MeSH)</term><term>Time Factors (MeSH)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>France</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Quarantine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>Anxiety</term><term>Fear</term><term>Quarantine</term><term>Sadness</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Boredom</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires</term><term>Time Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A lockdown of people has been used as an efficient public health measure to fight against the exponential spread of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) and allows the health system to manage the number of patients. The aim of this study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00430818) was to evaluate the impact of both perceived stress aroused by Covid-19 and of emotions triggered by the lockdown situation on the individual experience of time. A large sample of the French population responded to a survey on their experience of the passage of time during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The perceived stress resulting from Covid-19 and stress at work and home were also assessed, as were the emotions felt. The results showed that people have experienced a slowing down of time during the lockdown. This time experience was not explained by the levels of perceived stress or anxiety, although these were considerable, but rather by the increase in boredom and sadness felt in the lockdown situation. The increased anger and fear of death only explained a small part of variance in the time judgment. The conscious experience of time therefore reflected the psychological difficulties experienced during lockdown and was not related to their perceived level of stress or anxiety.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32776990</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>28</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>28</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>15</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS ONE</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Time and Covid-19 stress in the lockdown situation: Time free, «Dying» of boredom and sadness.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0236465</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0236465</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>A lockdown of people has been used as an efficient public health measure to fight against the exponential spread of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) and allows the health system to manage the number of patients. The aim of this study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00430818) was to evaluate the impact of both perceived stress aroused by Covid-19 and of emotions triggered by the lockdown situation on the individual experience of time. A large sample of the French population responded to a survey on their experience of the passage of time during the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. The perceived stress resulting from Covid-19 and stress at work and home were also assessed, as were the emotions felt. The results showed that people have experienced a slowing down of time during the lockdown. This time experience was not explained by the levels of perceived stress or anxiety, although these were considerable, but rather by the increase in boredom and sadness felt in the lockdown situation. The increased anger and fear of death only explained a small part of variance in the time judgment. The conscious experience of time therefore reflected the psychological difficulties experienced during lockdown and was not related to their perceived level of stress or anxiety.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Droit-Volet</LastName><ForeName>Sylvie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1523-952X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gil</LastName><ForeName>Sandrine</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université de Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 7295, Poitiers, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martinelli</LastName><ForeName>Natalia</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Andant</LastName><ForeName>Nicolas</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research and Innovation Direction - Biostatistics, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Clinchamps</LastName><ForeName>Maélys</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Parreira</LastName><ForeName>Lénise</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rouffiac</LastName><ForeName>Karine</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dambrun</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huguet</LastName><ForeName>Pascal</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dubuis</LastName><ForeName>Benoît</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université de Genève, UNIGE, Fondation INARTIS, Genève, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pereira</LastName><ForeName>Bruno</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3778-7161</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Research and Innovation Direction - Biostatistics, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><CollectiveName>COVISTRESS network</CollectiveName></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bouillon</LastName><ForeName>Jean-Baptiste</ForeName><Initials>JB</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6556-4187</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Emergency Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dutheil</LastName><ForeName>Frédéric</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1468-6029</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, WittyFit, Clermont-Ferrand, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>10</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001007" MajorTopicYN="N">Anxiety</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="Y">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001887" MajorTopicYN="Y">Boredom</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005239" MajorTopicYN="N">Fear</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005602" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">France</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011790" MajorTopicYN="N">Quarantine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000078602" MajorTopicYN="N">Sadness</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011795" MajorTopicYN="N">Surveys and Questionnaires</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013997" MajorTopicYN="N">Time Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>No authors have competing interests.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>06</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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