An overview of the safety, clinical application and antiviral research of the COVID-19 therapeutics.
Identifieur interne : 001907 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001906; suivant : 001908An overview of the safety, clinical application and antiviral research of the COVID-19 therapeutics.
Auteurs : Dongyuan Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Zigang Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Yihui Liu [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Journal of infection and public health [ 1876-035X ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- AMP (analogues et dérivés), AMP (usage thérapeutique), Alanine (analogues et dérivés), Alanine (usage thérapeutique), Amides (usage thérapeutique), Antipaludiques (usage thérapeutique), Antiviraux (effets indésirables), Antiviraux (usage thérapeutique), Association médicamenteuse (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Développement de médicament (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (usage thérapeutique), Immunisation passive (MeSH), Indoles (usage thérapeutique), Infections à coronavirus (thérapie), Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux), Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine (usage thérapeutique), Interférons (usage thérapeutique), Lopinavir (usage thérapeutique), Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises (usage thérapeutique), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (thérapie), Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux), Pyrazines (usage thérapeutique), Recherche biomédicale (MeSH), Ribavirine (usage thérapeutique), Ritonavir (usage thérapeutique).
- MESH :
- analogues et dérivés : AMP, Alanine.
- effets indésirables : Antiviraux.
- thérapie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- traitement médicamenteux : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- usage thérapeutique : AMP, Alanine, Amides, Antipaludiques, Antiviraux, Hydroxychloroquine, Indoles, Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine, Interférons, Lopinavir, Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises, Pyrazines, Ribavirine, Ritonavir.
- Association médicamenteuse, Betacoronavirus, Développement de médicament, Humains, Immunisation passive, Pandémies, Recherche biomédicale.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adenosine Monophosphate (analogs & derivatives), Adenosine Monophosphate (therapeutic use), Alanine (analogs & derivatives), Alanine (therapeutic use), Amides (therapeutic use), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (therapeutic use), Antimalarials (therapeutic use), Antiviral Agents (adverse effects), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Biomedical Research (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (therapy), Drug Combinations (MeSH), Drug Development (MeSH), Drugs, Chinese Herbal (therapeutic use), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Immunization, Passive (MeSH), Indoles (therapeutic use), Interferons (therapeutic use), Lopinavir (therapeutic use), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (therapy), Pyrazines (therapeutic use), Ribavirin (therapeutic use), Ritonavir (therapeutic use), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Antiviral Agents.
- chemical , analogs & derivatives : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine, Amides, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Drugs, Chinese Herbal, Hydroxychloroquine, Indoles, Interferons, Lopinavir, Pyrazines, Ribavirin, Ritonavir.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Betacoronavirus, Biomedical Research, COVID-19, Drug Combinations, Drug Development, Humans, Immunization, Passive, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract
Since a novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in late December 2019, coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19) epidemic has gradually spread worldwide, becoming a major public health event. No specific antivirals are currently available for COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The treatments for COVID-19 are mainly based on the experiences of similar virus such SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HIV and influenza viruses. Scientists have taken great efforts to investigate the effective methods for the treatment of COVID-19. Up to now, there are over 1000 clinical studies for COVID-19 all over the world. In this article, we reviewed the current options for COVID-19 therapy including small molecules such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir etc, peptide inhibitors of ACE2, Traditional Chinese Medicines and Biologics such as SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies, mesenchymal stem cells and vaccines etc. Meanwhile, we systematically reviewed their clinical safety, clinical applications and progress of antiviral researches. The therapeutic effect of these antiviral drugs is summarized and compared, hoping to provide some ideas for clinical options of COVID-19 treatment and also provide experiences for the life-threatening virus diseases in the future.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.004
PubMed: 32684351
PubMed Central: PMC7357519
Affiliations:
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Electronic address: kafkaliu@163.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Wuhan</settlement><region type="région">Hubei</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32684351</idno><idno type="pmid">32684351</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.004</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7357519</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001106</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001106</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001106</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">001106</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001106</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">An overview of the safety, clinical application and antiviral research of the COVID-19 therapeutics.</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Dongyuan" sort="Wang, Dongyuan" uniqKey="Wang D" first="Dongyuan" last="Wang">Dongyuan Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Wuhan</settlement><region type="région">Hubei</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Zigang" sort="Li, Zigang" uniqKey="Li Z" first="Zigang" last="Li">Zigang Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, PR China; Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China. Electronic address: lizg@pkusz.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, PR China; Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Shenzhen</settlement><region type="province">Guangdong</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Yihui" sort="Liu, Yihui" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yihui" last="Liu">Yihui Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China. Electronic address: kafkaliu@163.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Wuhan</settlement><region type="région">Hubei</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of infection and public health</title><idno type="eISSN">1876-035X</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate (analogs & derivatives)</term><term>Adenosine Monophosphate (therapeutic use)</term><term>Alanine (analogs & derivatives)</term><term>Alanine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Amides (therapeutic use)</term><term>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antimalarials (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (adverse effects)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Biomedical Research (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (therapy)</term><term>Drug Combinations (MeSH)</term><term>Drug Development (MeSH)</term><term>Drugs, Chinese Herbal (therapeutic use)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Immunization, Passive (MeSH)</term><term>Indoles (therapeutic use)</term><term>Interferons (therapeutic use)</term><term>Lopinavir (therapeutic use)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (therapy)</term><term>Pyrazines (therapeutic use)</term><term>Ribavirin (therapeutic use)</term><term>Ritonavir (therapeutic use)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>AMP (analogues et dérivés)</term><term>AMP (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Alanine (analogues et dérivés)</term><term>Alanine (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Amides (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Antipaludiques (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Antiviraux (effets indésirables)</term><term>Antiviraux (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Association médicamenteuse (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Développement de médicament (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Immunisation passive (MeSH)</term><term>Indoles (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (thérapie)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Interférons (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Lopinavir (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (thérapie)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Pyrazines (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Recherche biomédicale (MeSH)</term><term>Ribavirine (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Ritonavir (usage thérapeutique)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analogs & derivatives" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate</term><term>Alanine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate</term><term>Alanine</term><term>Amides</term><term>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</term><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Drugs, Chinese Herbal</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Indoles</term><term>Interferons</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Pyrazines</term><term>Ribavirin</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analogues et dérivés" xml:lang="fr"><term>AMP</term><term>Alanine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets indésirables" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antiviraux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="thérapie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>AMP</term><term>Alanine</term><term>Amides</term><term>Antipaludiques</term><term>Antiviraux</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Indoles</term><term>Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine</term><term>Interférons</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises</term><term>Pyrazines</term><term>Ribavirine</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Biomedical Research</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Drug Combinations</term><term>Drug Development</term><term>Humans</term><term>Immunization, Passive</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Association médicamenteuse</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Développement de médicament</term><term>Humains</term><term>Immunisation passive</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Recherche biomédicale</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Since a novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in late December 2019, coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19) epidemic has gradually spread worldwide, becoming a major public health event. No specific antivirals are currently available for COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The treatments for COVID-19 are mainly based on the experiences of similar virus such SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HIV and influenza viruses. Scientists have taken great efforts to investigate the effective methods for the treatment of COVID-19. Up to now, there are over 1000 clinical studies for COVID-19 all over the world. In this article, we reviewed the current options for COVID-19 therapy including small molecules such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir etc, peptide inhibitors of ACE2, Traditional Chinese Medicines and Biologics such as SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies, mesenchymal stem cells and vaccines etc. Meanwhile, we systematically reviewed their clinical safety, clinical applications and progress of antiviral researches. The therapeutic effect of these antiviral drugs is summarized and compared, hoping to provide some ideas for clinical options of COVID-19 treatment and also provide experiences for the life-threatening virus diseases in the future.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32684351</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>13</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>07</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1876-035X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>13</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Oct</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of infection and public health</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Infect Public Health</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>An overview of the safety, clinical application and antiviral research of the COVID-19 therapeutics.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1405-1414</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1876-0341(20)30570-0</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.004</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Since a novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in late December 2019, coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19) epidemic has gradually spread worldwide, becoming a major public health event. No specific antivirals are currently available for COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The treatments for COVID-19 are mainly based on the experiences of similar virus such SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HIV and influenza viruses. Scientists have taken great efforts to investigate the effective methods for the treatment of COVID-19. Up to now, there are over 1000 clinical studies for COVID-19 all over the world. In this article, we reviewed the current options for COVID-19 therapy including small molecules such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir etc, peptide inhibitors of ACE2, Traditional Chinese Medicines and Biologics such as SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies, mesenchymal stem cells and vaccines etc. Meanwhile, we systematically reviewed their clinical safety, clinical applications and progress of antiviral researches. The therapeutic effect of these antiviral drugs is summarized and compared, hoping to provide some ideas for clinical options of COVID-19 treatment and also provide experiences for the life-threatening virus diseases in the future.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Dongyuan</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Zigang</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, PR China; Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China. Electronic address: lizg@pkusz.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Yihui</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China. Electronic address: kafkaliu@163.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D000078182">Systematic Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>13</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Infect Public Health</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101487384</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1876-0341</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000577">Amides</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000806">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000962">Antimalarials</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D004338">Drug Combinations</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D004365">Drugs, Chinese Herbal</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007211">Indoles</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011719">Pyrazines</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C000588632">lianhuaqingwen</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C558899">lopinavir-ritonavir drug combination</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>2494G1JF75</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D061466">Lopinavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3QKI37EEHE</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C000606551">remdesivir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>415SHH325A</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000249">Adenosine Monophosphate</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>49717AWG6K</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012254">Ribavirin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>9008-11-1</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007372">Interferons</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>93M09WW4RU</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C086979">umifenovir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EW5GL2X7E0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C462182">favipiravir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>O3J8G9O825</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019438">Ritonavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>OF5P57N2ZX</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000409">Alanine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705128">COVID-19 serotherapy</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000249" MajorTopicYN="N">Adenosine Monophosphate</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000031" MajorTopicYN="N">analogs & derivatives</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000409" MajorTopicYN="N">Alanine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000031" MajorTopicYN="N">analogs & derivatives</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000577" MajorTopicYN="N">Amides</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000806" MajorTopicYN="N">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000962" MajorTopicYN="N">Antimalarials</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D035843" MajorTopicYN="N">Biomedical Research</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" 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