CovidChloroV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 001053

Insights in Chloroquine Action: Perspectives and Implications in Malaria and COVID-19.

Identifieur interne : 001053 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001052; suivant : 001054

Insights in Chloroquine Action: Perspectives and Implications in Malaria and COVID-19.

Auteurs : Micheli Mainardi Pillat [Brésil] ; Arne Krüger [Brésil] ; Lara Mendes Ferreira Guimarães [Brésil] ; Claudiana Lameu [Brésil] ; Edmarcia Elisa De Souza [Brésil] ; Carsten Wrenger [Brésil] ; Henning Ulrich [Brésil]

Source :

Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology [ 1552-4930 ] ; 2020.

RBID : pubmed:32686260

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Animaux (MeSH), Antipaludiques (effets indésirables), Antipaludiques (usage thérapeutique), Antiviraux (effets indésirables), Antiviraux (usage thérapeutique), Betacoronavirus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Betacoronavirus (immunologie), Betacoronavirus (pathogénicité), Chloroquine (effets indésirables), Chloroquine (usage thérapeutique), Cytométrie en flux (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (diagnostic), Infections à coronavirus (immunologie), Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux), Infections à coronavirus (virologie), Interactions hôte-microbes (MeSH), Interactions hôte-parasite (MeSH), Paludisme (diagnostic), Paludisme (immunologie), Paludisme (parasitologie), Paludisme (traitement médicamenteux), Pandémies (MeSH), Plasmodium (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Plasmodium (immunologie), Plasmodium (pathogénicité), Pneumopathie virale (diagnostic), Pneumopathie virale (immunologie), Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux), Pneumopathie virale (virologie), Résultat thérapeutique (MeSH).
MESH :
- diagnostic : Infections à coronavirus, Paludisme, Pneumopathie virale.
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Betacoronavirus, Plasmodium.
- effets indésirables : Antipaludiques, Antiviraux, Chloroquine.
- immunologie : Betacoronavirus, Infections à coronavirus, Paludisme, Plasmodium, Pneumopathie virale.
- parasitologie : Paludisme.
- pathogénicité : Betacoronavirus, Plasmodium.
- traitement médicamenteux : Infections à coronavirus, Paludisme, Pneumopathie virale.
- usage thérapeutique : Antipaludiques, Antiviraux, Chloroquine.
- virologie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- Animaux, Cytométrie en flux, Humains, Interactions hôte-microbes, Interactions hôte-parasite, Pandémies, Résultat thérapeutique.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Animals (MeSH), Antimalarials (adverse effects), Antimalarials (therapeutic use), Antiviral Agents (adverse effects), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Betacoronavirus (drug effects), Betacoronavirus (immunology), Betacoronavirus (pathogenicity), COVID-19 (MeSH), Chloroquine (adverse effects), Chloroquine (therapeutic use), Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (immunology), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Flow Cytometry (MeSH), Host Microbial Interactions (MeSH), Host-Parasite Interactions (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Malaria (diagnosis), Malaria (drug therapy), Malaria (immunology), Malaria (parasitology), Pandemics (MeSH), Plasmodium (drug effects), Plasmodium (immunology), Plasmodium (pathogenicity), Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (immunology), Pneumonia, Viral (virology), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Treatment Outcome (MeSH).
MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Chloroquine.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Chloroquine.
- diagnosis : Coronavirus Infections, Malaria, Pneumonia, Viral.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus, Plasmodium.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Malaria, Pneumonia, Viral.
- immunology : Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Malaria, Plasmodium, Pneumonia, Viral.
- parasitology : Malaria.
- pathogenicity : Betacoronavirus, Plasmodium.
- virology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Animals, COVID-19, Flow Cytometry, Host Microbial Interactions, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Treatment Outcome.

Abstract

Malaria is a threat to human mankind and kills about half a million people every year. On the other hand, COVID-19 resulted in several hundred thousand deaths since December 2019 and remains without an efficient and safe treatment. The antimalarials chloroquine (CQ) and its analog, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), have been tested for COVID-19 treatment, and several conflicting evidence has been obtained. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding action mechanisms of these compounds against Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with cytometry applications. CQ and HCQ act on the renin angiotensin system, with possible implications on the cardiorespiratory system. In this context, flow and image cytometry emerge as powerful technologies to investigate the mechanism of therapeutic candidates, as well as for the identification of the immune response and prognostics of disease severity. Data from the large randomized trials support the conclusion that CQ and HCQ do not provide any clinical improvements in disease severity and progression of SARS-CoV-2 patients, as well as they do not present any solid evidence of increased serious side effects. These drugs are safe and effective antimalarials agents, but in SARS-CoV-2 patients, they need further studies in the context of clinical trials. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24190
PubMed: 32686260
PubMed Central: PMC7404934

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

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Le document en format XML

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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term>
<term>Antimalarials (adverse effects)</term>
<term>Antimalarials (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (adverse effects)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (immunology)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Chloroquine (adverse effects)</term>
<term>Chloroquine (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (immunology)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term>
<term>Flow Cytometry (MeSH)</term>
<term>Host Microbial Interactions (MeSH)</term>
<term>Host-Parasite Interactions (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Malaria (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Malaria (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Malaria (immunology)</term>
<term>Malaria (parasitology)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Plasmodium (drug effects)</term>
<term>Plasmodium (immunology)</term>
<term>Plasmodium (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (immunology)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (virology)</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Treatment Outcome (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux (MeSH)</term>
<term>Antipaludiques (effets indésirables)</term>
<term>Antipaludiques (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Antiviraux (effets indésirables)</term>
<term>Antiviraux (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (immunologie)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Chloroquine (effets indésirables)</term>
<term>Chloroquine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Cytométrie en flux (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (immunologie)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (virologie)</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-microbes (MeSH)</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-parasite (MeSH)</term>
<term>Paludisme (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Paludisme (immunologie)</term>
<term>Paludisme (parasitologie)</term>
<term>Paludisme (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Plasmodium (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Plasmodium (immunologie)</term>
<term>Plasmodium (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (immunologie)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (virologie)</term>
<term>Résultat thérapeutique (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Chloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Chloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Malaria</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Paludisme</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Plasmodium</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Malaria</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Plasmodium</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets indésirables" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antipaludiques</term>
<term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Chloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Paludisme</term>
<term>Plasmodium</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Malaria</term>
<term>Plasmodium</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="parasitologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Paludisme</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="parasitology" xml:lang="en"><term>Malaria</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Plasmodium</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Plasmodium</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Paludisme</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antipaludiques</term>
<term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Chloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>COVID-19</term>
<term>Flow Cytometry</term>
<term>Host Microbial Interactions</term>
<term>Host-Parasite Interactions</term>
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<term>Cytométrie en flux</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-microbes</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-parasite</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
<term>Résultat thérapeutique</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Malaria is a threat to human mankind and kills about half a million people every year. On the other hand, COVID-19 resulted in several hundred thousand deaths since December 2019 and remains without an efficient and safe treatment. The antimalarials chloroquine (CQ) and its analog, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), have been tested for COVID-19 treatment, and several conflicting evidence has been obtained. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding action mechanisms of these compounds against Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with cytometry applications. CQ and HCQ act on the renin angiotensin system, with possible implications on the cardiorespiratory system. In this context, flow and image cytometry emerge as powerful technologies to investigate the mechanism of therapeutic candidates, as well as for the identification of the immune response and prognostics of disease severity. Data from the large randomized trials support the conclusion that CQ and HCQ do not provide any clinical improvements in disease severity and progression of SARS-CoV-2 patients, as well as they do not present any solid evidence of increased serious side effects. These drugs are safe and effective antimalarials agents, but in SARS-CoV-2 patients, they need further studies in the context of clinical trials. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.</div>
</front>
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</JournalIssue>
<Title>Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Cytometry A</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Insights in Chloroquine Action: Perspectives and Implications in Malaria and COVID-19.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>872-881</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1002/cyto.a.24190</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>Malaria is a threat to human mankind and kills about half a million people every year. On the other hand, COVID-19 resulted in several hundred thousand deaths since December 2019 and remains without an efficient and safe treatment. The antimalarials chloroquine (CQ) and its analog, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), have been tested for COVID-19 treatment, and several conflicting evidence has been obtained. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding action mechanisms of these compounds against Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with cytometry applications. CQ and HCQ act on the renin angiotensin system, with possible implications on the cardiorespiratory system. In this context, flow and image cytometry emerge as powerful technologies to investigate the mechanism of therapeutic candidates, as well as for the identification of the immune response and prognostics of disease severity. Data from the large randomized trials support the conclusion that CQ and HCQ do not provide any clinical improvements in disease severity and progression of SARS-CoV-2 patients, as well as they do not present any solid evidence of increased serious side effects. These drugs are safe and effective antimalarials agents, but in SARS-CoV-2 patients, they need further studies in the context of clinical trials. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>© 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Pillat</LastName>
<ForeName>Micheli Mainardi</ForeName>
<Initials>MM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Krüger</LastName>
<ForeName>Arne</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5531-9508</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guimarães</LastName>
<ForeName>Lara Mendes Ferreira</ForeName>
<Initials>LMF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lameu</LastName>
<ForeName>Claudiana</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Souza</LastName>
<ForeName>Edmarcia Elisa</ForeName>
<Initials>EE</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wrenger</LastName>
<ForeName>Carsten</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-5987-1749</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ulrich</LastName>
<ForeName>Henning</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-2114-3815</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><Agency>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><Agency>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><Agency>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><Agency>São Paulo Research Foundation</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>2015/19128-2</GrantID>
<Agency>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>2015/26722-8</GrantID>
<Agency>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>2018/07366-4</GrantID>
<Agency>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>2018/08820-0</GrantID>
<Agency>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</Agency>
<Country>International</Country>
</Grant>
</GrantList>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>08</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country>
<MedlineTA>Cytometry A</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>101235694</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>1552-4922</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D000962">Antimalarials</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>886U3H6UFF</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D002738">Chloroquine</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName>
</SupplMeshList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000962" MajorTopicYN="N">Antimalarials</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002738" MajorTopicYN="N">Chloroquine</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnosis</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005434" MajorTopicYN="N">Flow Cytometry</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000076662" MajorTopicYN="N">Host Microbial Interactions</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006790" MajorTopicYN="N">Host-Parasite Interactions</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008288" MajorTopicYN="N">Malaria</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnosis</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000469" MajorTopicYN="N">parasitology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010961" MajorTopicYN="N">Plasmodium</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnosis</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Plasmodium</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">autophagy</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">clinical trials</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">renin angiotensin system</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">side effect</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">viral invasion</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>01</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>16</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>17</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
</History>
<PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
<ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32686260</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1002/cyto.a.24190</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7404934</ArticleId>
</ArticleIdList>
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Insights in Chloroquine Action: Perspectives and Implications in Malaria and COVID-19.

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