CovidChloroV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 000844

Therapeutic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and other viral infections: A narrative review.

Identifieur interne : 000844 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000843; suivant : 000845

Therapeutic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and other viral infections: A narrative review.

Auteurs : Anwar M. Hashem [Arabie saoudite] ; Badrah S. Alghamdi [Arabie saoudite] ; Abdullah A. Algaissi [Arabie saoudite] ; Fahad S. Alshehri [Arabie saoudite] ; Abdullah Bukhari [Arabie saoudite] ; Mohamed A. Alfaleh [Arabie saoudite] ; Ziad A. Memish [États-Unis]

Source :

Travel medicine and infectious disease [ 1873-0442 ]

RBID : pubmed:32387694

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Animaux (MeSH), Antipaludiques (effets indésirables), Antipaludiques (pharmacocinétique), Antipaludiques (sang), Antipaludiques (usage thérapeutique), Antiviraux (pharmacocinétique), Antiviraux (sang), Antiviraux (usage thérapeutique), Betacoronavirus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Betacoronavirus (physiologie), Biodisponibilité (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (effets indésirables), Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacocinétique), Hydroxychloroquine (sang), Hydroxychloroquine (usage thérapeutique), Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux), Infections à coronavirus (virologie), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux), Pneumopathie virale (virologie), Pénétration virale (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Période (MeSH), Réplication virale (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Résultat thérapeutique (MeSH).
MESH :
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Betacoronavirus, Pénétration virale, Réplication virale.
- effets indésirables : Antipaludiques, Hydroxychloroquine.
- pharmacocinétique : Antipaludiques, Antiviraux, Hydroxychloroquine.
- physiologie : Betacoronavirus.
- sang : Antipaludiques, Antiviraux, Hydroxychloroquine.
- traitement médicamenteux : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- usage thérapeutique : Antipaludiques, Antiviraux, Hydroxychloroquine.
- virologie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- Animaux, Biodisponibilité, Humains, Pandémies, Période, Résultat thérapeutique.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Animals (MeSH), Antimalarials (adverse effects), Antimalarials (blood), Antimalarials (pharmacokinetics), Antimalarials (therapeutic use), Antiviral Agents (blood), Antiviral Agents (pharmacokinetics), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Betacoronavirus (drug effects), Betacoronavirus (physiology), Biological Availability (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (virology), Half-Life (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects), Hydroxychloroquine (blood), Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacokinetics), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (virology), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Treatment Outcome (MeSH), Virus Internalization (drug effects), Virus Replication (drug effects).
MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Antimalarials, Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical , blood : Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical , pharmacokinetics : Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Hydroxychloroquine.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus, Virus Internalization, Virus Replication.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- physiology : Betacoronavirus.
- virology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Animals, Biological Availability, COVID-19, Half-Life, Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Treatment Outcome.

Abstract

The rapidly spreading Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented serious challenge to the global public health community. The extremely rapid international spread of the disease with significant morbidity and mortality made finding possible therapeutic interventions a global priority. While approved specific antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking, a large number of existing drugs are being explored as a possible treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. Recent publications have re-examined the use of Chloroquine (CQ) and/or Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a potential therapeutic option for these patients. In an attempt to explore the evidence that supports their use in COVID-19 patients, we comprehensively reviewed the previous studies which used CQ or HCQ as an antiviral treatment. Both CQ and HCQ demonstrated promising in vitro results, however, such data have not yet been translated into meaningful in vivo studies. While few clinical trials have suggested some beneficial effects of CQ and HCQ in COVID-19 patients, most of the reported data are still preliminary. Given the current uncertainty, it is worth being mindful of the potential risks and strictly rationalise the use of these drugs in COVID-19 patients until further high quality randomized clinical trials are available to clarify their role in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101735
PubMed: 32387694
PubMed Central: PMC7202851

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

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Le document en format XML

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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term>
<term>Antimalarials (adverse effects)</term>
<term>Antimalarials (blood)</term>
<term>Antimalarials (pharmacokinetics)</term>
<term>Antimalarials (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (blood)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacokinetics)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (physiology)</term>
<term>Biological Availability (MeSH)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (virology)</term>
<term>Half-Life (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (blood)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacokinetics)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (virology)</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Treatment Outcome (MeSH)</term>
<term>Virus Internalization (drug effects)</term>
<term>Virus Replication (drug effects)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux (MeSH)</term>
<term>Antipaludiques (effets indésirables)</term>
<term>Antipaludiques (pharmacocinétique)</term>
<term>Antipaludiques (sang)</term>
<term>Antipaludiques (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Antiviraux (pharmacocinétique)</term>
<term>Antiviraux (sang)</term>
<term>Antiviraux (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (physiologie)</term>
<term>Biodisponibilité (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (effets indésirables)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacocinétique)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (sang)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (virologie)</term>
<term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (virologie)</term>
<term>Pénétration virale (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Période (MeSH)</term>
<term>Réplication virale (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Résultat thérapeutique (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacokinetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Virus Internalization</term>
<term>Virus Replication</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Pénétration virale</term>
<term>Réplication virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets indésirables" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antipaludiques</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacocinétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antipaludiques</term>
<term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antipaludiques</term>
<term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antipaludiques</term>
<term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Biological Availability</term>
<term>COVID-19</term>
<term>Half-Life</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2</term>
<term>Treatment Outcome</term>
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<term>Biodisponibilité</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
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<term>Résultat thérapeutique</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The rapidly spreading Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented serious challenge to the global public health community. The extremely rapid international spread of the disease with significant morbidity and mortality made finding possible therapeutic interventions a global priority. While approved specific antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking, a large number of existing drugs are being explored as a possible treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. Recent publications have re-examined the use of Chloroquine (CQ) and/or Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a potential therapeutic option for these patients. In an attempt to explore the evidence that supports their use in COVID-19 patients, we comprehensively reviewed the previous studies which used CQ or HCQ as an antiviral treatment. Both CQ and HCQ demonstrated promising in vitro results, however, such data have not yet been translated into meaningful in vivo studies. While few clinical trials have suggested some beneficial effects of CQ and HCQ in COVID-19 patients, most of the reported data are still preliminary. Given the current uncertainty, it is worth being mindful of the potential risks and strictly rationalise the use of these drugs in COVID-19 patients until further high quality randomized clinical trials are available to clarify their role in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.</div>
</front>
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<Day>10</Day>
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<Day>10</Day>
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<Title>Travel medicine and infectious disease</Title>
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<ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1477-8939(20)30214-3</ELocationID>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101735</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>The rapidly spreading Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented serious challenge to the global public health community. The extremely rapid international spread of the disease with significant morbidity and mortality made finding possible therapeutic interventions a global priority. While approved specific antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking, a large number of existing drugs are being explored as a possible treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. Recent publications have re-examined the use of Chloroquine (CQ) and/or Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a potential therapeutic option for these patients. In an attempt to explore the evidence that supports their use in COVID-19 patients, we comprehensively reviewed the previous studies which used CQ or HCQ as an antiviral treatment. Both CQ and HCQ demonstrated promising in vitro results, however, such data have not yet been translated into meaningful in vivo studies. While few clinical trials have suggested some beneficial effects of CQ and HCQ in COVID-19 patients, most of the reported data are still preliminary. Given the current uncertainty, it is worth being mindful of the potential risks and strictly rationalise the use of these drugs in COVID-19 patients until further high quality randomized clinical trials are available to clarify their role in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hashem</LastName>
<ForeName>Anwar M</ForeName>
<Initials>AM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Vaccines and Immunnotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: amhashem@kau.edu.sa.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alghamdi</LastName>
<ForeName>Badrah S</ForeName>
<Initials>BS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: basalghamdi@kau.edu.sa.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Algaissi</LastName>
<ForeName>Abdullah A</ForeName>
<Initials>AA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: AAlgaissi@jazanu.edu.sa.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alshehri</LastName>
<ForeName>Fahad S</ForeName>
<Initials>FS</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: fsshehri@uqu.edu.sa.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bukhari</LastName>
<ForeName>Abdullah</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: aibukhari@imamu.edu.sa.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alfaleh</LastName>
<ForeName>Mohamed A</ForeName>
<Initials>MA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vaccines and Immunnotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Pharmacy; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: maalfaleh@kau.edu.sa.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Memish</LastName>
<ForeName>Ziad A</ForeName>
<Initials>ZA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>King Saud Medical City, Research & Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia; Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: zmemish@yahoo.com.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>06</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country>
<MedlineTA>Travel Med Infect Dis</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>101230758</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>1477-8939</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D000962">Antimalarials</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName>
</SupplMeshList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000962" MajorTopicYN="N">Antimalarials</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000493" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacokinetics</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000493" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacokinetics</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001682" MajorTopicYN="N">Biological Availability</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006207" MajorTopicYN="N">Half-Life</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000493" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacokinetics</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053586" MajorTopicYN="N">Virus Internalization</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014779" MajorTopicYN="N">Virus Replication</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Chloroquine</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Hydroxychloroquine</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<CoiStatement>Declaration of competing interest None declared.</CoiStatement>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>28</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>29</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>5</Month>
<Day>11</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
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<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>11</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
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<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year>
<Month>5</Month>
<Day>11</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
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</History>
<PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
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Therapeutic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and other viral infections: A narrative review.

Therapeutic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and other viral infections: A narrative review.

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