Serveur d'exploration COVID et hydrochloroquine

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Rapid Assessment of Price Instability and Paucity of Medicines and Protection for COVID-19 Across Asia: Findings and Public Health Implications for the Future.

Identifieur interne : 000573 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 000572; suivant : 000574

Rapid Assessment of Price Instability and Paucity of Medicines and Protection for COVID-19 Across Asia: Findings and Public Health Implications for the Future.

Auteurs : Brian Godman [Royaume-Uni, Suède, Afrique du Sud, Malaisie] ; Mainul Haque [Malaisie] ; Salequl Islam [Bangladesh] ; Samiul Iqbal [Bangladesh] ; Umme Laila Urmi [Bangladesh] ; Zubair Mahmood Kamal [États-Unis] ; Shahriar Ahmed Shuvo [Bangladesh] ; Aminur Rahman [Bangladesh] ; Mustafa Kamal [Bangladesh] ; Monami Haque [Bangladesh] ; Iffat Jahan [Bangladesh] ; Md Zakirul Islam [Bangladesh] ; Mohammad Monir Hossain [Bangladesh] ; Munzur-E-Murshid [Bangladesh] ; Santosh Kumar [Inde] ; Jaykaran Charan [Inde] ; Rohan Bhatt [Inde] ; Siddhartha Dutta [Inde] ; Jha Pallavi Abhayanand [Inde] ; Yesh Sharma [Inde] ; Zikria Saleem [Pakistan] ; Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong [Viêt Nam] ; Hye-Young Kwon [Royaume-Uni, Corée du Sud] ; Amanj Kurdi [Royaume-Uni, Iraq] ; Janney Wale [Australie] ; Israel Sefah [Ghana]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:33381485

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English descriptors

Abstract

Background: Countries have introduced a variety of measures to prevent and treat COVID-19 with medicines and personal protective equipment (PPE), with some countries adopting preventative strategies earlier than others. However, there has been considerable controversy surrounding some treatments. This includes hydroxychloroquine where the initial hype and misinformation lead to shortages, price rises and suicides. Price rises and shortages have also been seen for PPE. Such activities can have catastrophic effects on patients where there are high co-payment levels and issues of affordability. Consequently, there is a need to investigate this further. Objective: Assess changes in the availability, utilization and prices of relevant medicines and PPE during the pandemic among a range of Asian countries. Our approach: Narrative literature review combined with interviews among community pharmacists to assess changes in consumption, prices and shortages of medicines and PPE from the beginning of March 2020 until end of May 2020. In addition, suggestions on ways to reduce misinformation. Results: 308 pharmacists took part from five Asian countries. There was an appreciable increase in the utilization of antimicrobials in Pakistan (in over 88% of pharmacies), with lower increases or no change in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and Vietnam. Encouragingly, there was increased use of vitamins/immune boosters and PPE across the countries, as well as limited price rises for antimicrobials in India, Malaysia and Vietnam, although greater price rises seen for analgesics and vitamin C/immune boosters. Appreciable price increases were also seen for PPE across some countries. Conclusion: Encouraging to see increases in utilization of vitamins/immune boosters and PPE. However, increases in the utilization and prices of antimicrobials is a concern that needs addressing alongside misinformation and any unintended consequences from the pandemic. Community pharmacists can play a key role in providing evidence-based advice, helping to moderate prices, as well as helping address some of the unintended consequences of the pandemic.

DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.585832
PubMed: 33381485
PubMed Central: PMC7767884

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<name sortKey="Islam, Salequl" sort="Islam, Salequl" uniqKey="Islam S" first="Salequl" last="Islam">Salequl Islam</name>
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<name sortKey="Urmi, Umme Laila" sort="Urmi, Umme Laila" uniqKey="Urmi U" first="Umme Laila" last="Urmi">Umme Laila Urmi</name>
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<name sortKey="Kamal, Zubair Mahmood" sort="Kamal, Zubair Mahmood" uniqKey="Kamal Z" first="Zubair Mahmood" last="Kamal">Zubair Mahmood Kamal</name>
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<name sortKey="Shuvo, Shahriar Ahmed" sort="Shuvo, Shahriar Ahmed" uniqKey="Shuvo S" first="Shahriar Ahmed" last="Shuvo">Shahriar Ahmed Shuvo</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>RMC Hospital & Diagnostic Complex Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Rahman, Aminur" sort="Rahman, Aminur" uniqKey="Rahman A" first="Aminur" last="Rahman">Aminur Rahman</name>
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<name sortKey="Kamal, Mustafa" sort="Kamal, Mustafa" uniqKey="Kamal M" first="Mustafa" last="Kamal">Mustafa Kamal</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Al-Manar Hospital Ltd., Modern Hospital Cumilla Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Haque, Monami" sort="Haque, Monami" uniqKey="Haque M" first="Monami" last="Haque">Monami Haque</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Human Resource Department, Square Toiletries Limited, Rupayan Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Jahan, Iffat" sort="Jahan, Iffat" uniqKey="Jahan I" first="Iffat" last="Jahan">Iffat Jahan</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Physiology, Eastern Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Eastern Medical College, Comilla</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Islam, Md Zakirul" sort="Islam, Md Zakirul" uniqKey="Islam M" first="Md Zakirul" last="Islam">Md Zakirul Islam</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Medical College, Comilla</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Hossain, Mohammad Monir" sort="Hossain, Mohammad Monir" uniqKey="Hossain M" first="Mohammad Monir" last="Hossain">Mohammad Monir Hossain</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Eastern Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Munzur E Murshid" sort="Munzur E Murshid" uniqKey="Munzur E Murshid" last="Munzur-E-Murshid">Munzur-E-Murshid</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>WISH2ACTION Project, Handicap International, Kurigram, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>WISH2ACTION Project, Handicap International, Kurigram</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Kumar, Santosh" sort="Kumar, Santosh" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Santosh" last="Kumar">Santosh Kumar</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Charan, Jaykaran" sort="Charan, Jaykaran" uniqKey="Charan J" first="Jaykaran" last="Charan">Jaykaran Charan</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Bhatt, Rohan" sort="Bhatt, Rohan" uniqKey="Bhatt R" first="Rohan" last="Bhatt">Rohan Bhatt</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Dutta, Siddhartha" sort="Dutta, Siddhartha" uniqKey="Dutta S" first="Siddhartha" last="Dutta">Siddhartha Dutta</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Abhayanand, Jha Pallavi" sort="Abhayanand, Jha Pallavi" uniqKey="Abhayanand J" first="Jha Pallavi" last="Abhayanand">Jha Pallavi Abhayanand</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Sharma, Yesh" sort="Sharma, Yesh" uniqKey="Sharma Y" first="Yesh" last="Sharma">Yesh Sharma</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Saleem, Zikria" sort="Saleem, Zikria" uniqKey="Saleem Z" first="Zikria" last="Saleem">Zikria Saleem</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore</wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Phuong, Thuy Nguyen Thi" sort="Phuong, Thuy Nguyen Thi" uniqKey="Phuong T" first="Thuy Nguyen Thi" last="Phuong">Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Kwon, Hye Young" sort="Kwon, Hye Young" uniqKey="Kwon H" first="Hye-Young" last="Kwon">Hye-Young Kwon</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow</wicri:regionArea>
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<nlm:affiliation>College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Kurdi, Amanj" sort="Kurdi, Amanj" uniqKey="Kurdi A" first="Amanj" last="Kurdi">Amanj Kurdi</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iraq</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<name sortKey="Wale, Janney" sort="Wale, Janney" uniqKey="Wale J" first="Janney" last="Wale">Janney Wale</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Sefah, Israel" sort="Sefah, Israel" uniqKey="Sefah I" first="Israel" last="Sefah">Israel Sefah</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Ghana Health Service, Keta Municipal Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Keta, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ghana Health Service, Keta Municipal Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Keta</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, Volta Region, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, Volta Region</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Godman, Brian" sort="Godman, Brian" uniqKey="Godman B" first="Brian" last="Godman">Brian Godman</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow</wicri:regionArea>
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<nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria</wicri:regionArea>
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<nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Haque, Mainul" sort="Haque, Mainul" uniqKey="Haque M" first="Mainul" last="Haque">Mainul Haque</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Islam, Salequl" sort="Islam, Salequl" uniqKey="Islam S" first="Salequl" last="Islam">Salequl Islam</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Iqbal, Samiul" sort="Iqbal, Samiul" uniqKey="Iqbal S" first="Samiul" last="Iqbal">Samiul Iqbal</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Urmi, Umme Laila" sort="Urmi, Umme Laila" uniqKey="Urmi U" first="Umme Laila" last="Urmi">Umme Laila Urmi</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Kamal, Zubair Mahmood" sort="Kamal, Zubair Mahmood" uniqKey="Kamal Z" first="Zubair Mahmood" last="Kamal">Zubair Mahmood Kamal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Integrated Sleep Disorders Center, McGuire VAMC/VCU Health, Richmond, VA, United States.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Integrated Sleep Disorders Center, McGuire VAMC/VCU Health, Richmond, VA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shuvo, Shahriar Ahmed" sort="Shuvo, Shahriar Ahmed" uniqKey="Shuvo S" first="Shahriar Ahmed" last="Shuvo">Shahriar Ahmed Shuvo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>RMC Hospital & Diagnostic Complex Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>RMC Hospital & Diagnostic Complex Ltd., Dhaka</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rahman, Aminur" sort="Rahman, Aminur" uniqKey="Rahman A" first="Aminur" last="Rahman">Aminur Rahman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Finance & Account Division, Grameen Euglena, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finance & Account Division, Grameen Euglena, Dhaka</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kamal, Mustafa" sort="Kamal, Mustafa" uniqKey="Kamal M" first="Mustafa" last="Kamal">Mustafa Kamal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Al-Manar Hospital Ltd., Modern Hospital Cumilla Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Al-Manar Hospital Ltd., Modern Hospital Cumilla Ltd., Dhaka</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Physiology, Eastern Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
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</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Islam, Md Zakirul" sort="Islam, Md Zakirul" uniqKey="Islam M" first="Md Zakirul" last="Islam">Md Zakirul Islam</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Medical College, Comilla</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hossain, Mohammad Monir" sort="Hossain, Mohammad Monir" uniqKey="Hossain M" first="Mohammad Monir" last="Hossain">Mohammad Monir Hossain</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Eastern Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Eastern Medical College, Comilla</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Munzur E Murshid" sort="Munzur E Murshid" uniqKey="Munzur E Murshid" last="Munzur-E-Murshid">Munzur-E-Murshid</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>WISH2ACTION Project, Handicap International, Kurigram, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country>
<wicri:regionArea>WISH2ACTION Project, Handicap International, Kurigram</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kumar, Santosh" sort="Kumar, Santosh" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Santosh" last="Kumar">Santosh Kumar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Charan, Jaykaran" sort="Charan, Jaykaran" uniqKey="Charan J" first="Jaykaran" last="Charan">Jaykaran Charan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bhatt, Rohan" sort="Bhatt, Rohan" uniqKey="Bhatt R" first="Rohan" last="Bhatt">Rohan Bhatt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dutta, Siddhartha" sort="Dutta, Siddhartha" uniqKey="Dutta S" first="Siddhartha" last="Dutta">Siddhartha Dutta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Abhayanand, Jha Pallavi" sort="Abhayanand, Jha Pallavi" uniqKey="Abhayanand J" first="Jha Pallavi" last="Abhayanand">Jha Pallavi Abhayanand</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sharma, Yesh" sort="Sharma, Yesh" uniqKey="Sharma Y" first="Yesh" last="Sharma">Yesh Sharma</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, India.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saleem, Zikria" sort="Saleem, Zikria" uniqKey="Saleem Z" first="Zikria" last="Saleem">Zikria Saleem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Phuong, Thuy Nguyen Thi" sort="Phuong, Thuy Nguyen Thi" uniqKey="Phuong T" first="Thuy Nguyen Thi" last="Phuong">Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kwon, Hye Young" sort="Kwon, Hye Young" uniqKey="Kwon H" first="Hye-Young" last="Kwon">Hye-Young Kwon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kurdi, Amanj" sort="Kurdi, Amanj" uniqKey="Kurdi A" first="Amanj" last="Kurdi">Amanj Kurdi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iraq</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wale, Janney" sort="Wale, Janney" uniqKey="Wale J" first="Janney" last="Wale">Janney Wale</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sefah, Israel" sort="Sefah, Israel" uniqKey="Sefah I" first="Israel" last="Sefah">Israel Sefah</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Ghana Health Service, Keta Municipal Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Keta, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ghana Health Service, Keta Municipal Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Keta</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, Volta Region, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, Volta Region</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<series>
<title level="j">Frontiers in public health</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2296-2565</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
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<term>Asia (MeSH)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (therapy)</term>
<term>Costs and Cost Analysis (MeSH)</term>
<term>Drugs, Essential (economics)</term>
<term>Drugs, Essential (supply & distribution)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (supply & distribution)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Personal Protective Equipment (economics)</term>
<term>Personal Protective Equipment (supply & distribution)</term>
<term>Pharmacies (supply & distribution)</term>
<term>Public Health (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Asie (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coûts et analyse des coûts (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (ressources et distribution)</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Médicaments essentiels (ressources et distribution)</term>
<term>Médicaments essentiels (économie)</term>
<term>Pharmacies (ressources et distribution)</term>
<term>Santé publique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Équipement de protection individuelle (ressources et distribution)</term>
<term>Équipement de protection individuelle (économie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="economics" xml:lang="en">
<term>Drugs, Essential</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="supply & distribution" xml:lang="en">
<term>Drugs, Essential</term>
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en">
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
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<term>Asia</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="economics" xml:lang="en">
<term>Personal Protective Equipment</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="ressources et distribution" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
<term>Médicaments essentiels</term>
<term>Pharmacies</term>
<term>Équipement de protection individuelle</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="supply & distribution" xml:lang="en">
<term>Personal Protective Equipment</term>
<term>Pharmacies</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en">
<term>COVID-19</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Hydroxychloroquine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="économie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Médicaments essentiels</term>
<term>Équipement de protection individuelle</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Costs and Cost Analysis</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Public Health</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Asie</term>
<term>Coûts et analyse des coûts</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Santé publique</term>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<b>Background:</b>
Countries have introduced a variety of measures to prevent and treat COVID-19 with medicines and personal protective equipment (PPE), with some countries adopting preventative strategies earlier than others. However, there has been considerable controversy surrounding some treatments. This includes hydroxychloroquine where the initial hype and misinformation lead to shortages, price rises and suicides. Price rises and shortages have also been seen for PPE. Such activities can have catastrophic effects on patients where there are high co-payment levels and issues of affordability. Consequently, there is a need to investigate this further.
<b>Objective:</b>
Assess changes in the availability, utilization and prices of relevant medicines and PPE during the pandemic among a range of Asian countries.
<b>Our approach:</b>
Narrative literature review combined with interviews among community pharmacists to assess changes in consumption, prices and shortages of medicines and PPE from the beginning of March 2020 until end of May 2020. In addition, suggestions on ways to reduce misinformation.
<b>Results:</b>
308 pharmacists took part from five Asian countries. There was an appreciable increase in the utilization of antimicrobials in Pakistan (in over 88% of pharmacies), with lower increases or no change in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and Vietnam. Encouragingly, there was increased use of vitamins/immune boosters and PPE across the countries, as well as limited price rises for antimicrobials in India, Malaysia and Vietnam, although greater price rises seen for analgesics and vitamin C/immune boosters. Appreciable price increases were also seen for PPE across some countries.
<b>Conclusion:</b>
Encouraging to see increases in utilization of vitamins/immune boosters and PPE. However, increases in the utilization and prices of antimicrobials is a concern that needs addressing alongside misinformation and any unintended consequences from the pandemic. Community pharmacists can play a key role in providing evidence-based advice, helping to moderate prices, as well as helping address some of the unintended consequences of the pandemic.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed>
<MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM">
<PMID Version="1">33381485</PMID>
<DateCompleted>
<Year>2021</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>20</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2021</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>20</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection">
<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2296-2565</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>8</Volume>
<PubDate>
<Year>2020</Year>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Frontiers in public health</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Front Public Health</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Rapid Assessment of Price Instability and Paucity of Medicines and Protection for COVID-19 Across Asia: Findings and Public Health Implications for the Future.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>585832</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fpubh.2020.585832</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText>
<b>Background:</b>
Countries have introduced a variety of measures to prevent and treat COVID-19 with medicines and personal protective equipment (PPE), with some countries adopting preventative strategies earlier than others. However, there has been considerable controversy surrounding some treatments. This includes hydroxychloroquine where the initial hype and misinformation lead to shortages, price rises and suicides. Price rises and shortages have also been seen for PPE. Such activities can have catastrophic effects on patients where there are high co-payment levels and issues of affordability. Consequently, there is a need to investigate this further.
<b>Objective:</b>
Assess changes in the availability, utilization and prices of relevant medicines and PPE during the pandemic among a range of Asian countries.
<b>Our approach:</b>
Narrative literature review combined with interviews among community pharmacists to assess changes in consumption, prices and shortages of medicines and PPE from the beginning of March 2020 until end of May 2020. In addition, suggestions on ways to reduce misinformation.
<b>Results:</b>
308 pharmacists took part from five Asian countries. There was an appreciable increase in the utilization of antimicrobials in Pakistan (in over 88% of pharmacies), with lower increases or no change in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and Vietnam. Encouragingly, there was increased use of vitamins/immune boosters and PPE across the countries, as well as limited price rises for antimicrobials in India, Malaysia and Vietnam, although greater price rises seen for analgesics and vitamin C/immune boosters. Appreciable price increases were also seen for PPE across some countries.
<b>Conclusion:</b>
Encouraging to see increases in utilization of vitamins/immune boosters and PPE. However, increases in the utilization and prices of antimicrobials is a concern that needs addressing alongside misinformation and any unintended consequences from the pandemic. Community pharmacists can play a key role in providing evidence-based advice, helping to moderate prices, as well as helping address some of the unintended consequences of the pandemic.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Godman, Haque, Islam, Iqbal, Urmi, Kamal, Shuvo, Rahman, Kamal, Haque, Jahan, Islam, Hossain, Munzur-E-Murshid, Kumar, Charan, Bhatt, Dutta, Abhayanand, Sharma, Saleem, Phuong, Kwon, Kurdi, Wale and Sefah.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
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<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Godman</LastName>
<ForeName>Brian</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Haque</LastName>
<ForeName>Mainul</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Islam</LastName>
<ForeName>Salequl</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Iqbal</LastName>
<ForeName>Samiul</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Urmi</LastName>
<ForeName>Umme Laila</ForeName>
<Initials>UL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Kamal</LastName>
<ForeName>Zubair Mahmood</ForeName>
<Initials>ZM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Integrated Sleep Disorders Center, McGuire VAMC/VCU Health, Richmond, VA, United States.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Shuvo</LastName>
<ForeName>Shahriar Ahmed</ForeName>
<Initials>SA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>RMC Hospital & Diagnostic Complex Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Rahman</LastName>
<ForeName>Aminur</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
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<Affiliation>Finance & Account Division, Grameen Euglena, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Kamal</LastName>
<ForeName>Mustafa</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Al-Manar Hospital Ltd., Modern Hospital Cumilla Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Haque</LastName>
<ForeName>Monami</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Human Resource Department, Square Toiletries Limited, Rupayan Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Jahan</LastName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Physiology, Eastern Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Islam</LastName>
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<LastName>Hossain</LastName>
<ForeName>Mohammad Monir</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Eastern Medical College, Comilla, Bangladesh.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Munzur-E-Murshid</LastName>
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<LastName>Kumar</LastName>
<ForeName>Santosh</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, India.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Charan</LastName>
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<LastName>Bhatt</LastName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, India.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Dutta</LastName>
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<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Phuong</LastName>
<ForeName>Thuy Nguyen Thi</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Kwon</LastName>
<ForeName>Hye-Young</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation>
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<Affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Wale</LastName>
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