Efficacy and safety of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 from evidence in studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Identifieur interne : 001510 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 001509; suivant : 001511Efficacy and safety of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 from evidence in studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Auteurs : Wei Liu ; Pengxiang Zhou ; Ken Chen ; Zhikang Ye ; Fang Liu ; Xiaotong Li ; Na He ; Ziyang Wu ; Qi Zhang ; Xuepeng Gong ; Qiyu Tang ; Xin Du ; Yingqiu Ying ; Xiaohan Xu ; Yahui Zhang ; Jinyu Liu ; Yun Li ; Ning Shen ; Rachel J. Couban ; Quazi I. Ibrahim ; Gordon Guyatt ; Suodi ZhaiSource :
- CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne [ 1488-2329 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Amides (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Betacoronavirus (drug effects), COVID-19 (MeSH), Chloroquine (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Evidence-Based Medicine (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (MeSH), Indoles (MeSH), Influenza, Human (drug therapy), Lopinavir (pharmacology), Observational Studies as Topic (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pyrazines (MeSH), Ribavirin (MeSH), Ritonavir (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , pharmacology : Antiviral Agents, Lopinavir.
- chemical : Amides, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Indoles, Pyrazines, Ribavirin, Ritonavir.
- drug effects : Betacoronavirus.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Influenza, Human, Pneumonia, Viral.
- COVID-19, Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans, Observational Studies as Topic, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Antiviral medications are being given empirically to some patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To support the development of a COVID-19 management guideline, we conducted a systematic review that addressed the benefits and harms of 7 antiviral treatments for COVID-19.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed and 3 Chinese databases (CNKI, WANFANG and SinoMed) through Apr. 19, medRxiv and Chinaxiv through Apr. 27, and Chongqing VIP through Apr. 30, 2020. We included studies of ribavirin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, umifenovir (arbidol), favipravir, interferon and lopinavir/ritonavir. If direct evidence from COVID-19 studies was not available, we included indirect evidence from studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) for efficacy outcomes and other acute respiratory viral infections for safety outcomes.
RESULTS
In patients with nonsevere COVID-19 illness, the death rate was extremely low, precluding an important effect on mortality. We found only very low-quality evidence with little or no suggestion of benefit for most treatments and outcomes in both nonsevere and severe COVID-19. An exception was treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir, for which we found low-quality evidence for a decrease in length of stay in the intensive care unit (risk difference 5 d shorter, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0 to 9 d) and hospital stay (risk difference 1 d shorter, 95% CI 0 to 2 d). For safety outcomes, evidence was of low or very low quality, with the exception of treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir for which moderate-quality evidence suggested likely increases in diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
INTERPRETATION
To date, persuasive evidence of important benefit in COVID-19 does not exist for any antiviral treatments, although for each treatment evidence has not excluded important benefit. Additional randomized controlled trials involving patients with COVID-19 will be needed before such treatments can be administered with confidence.
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.200647
PubMed: 32493740
PubMed Central: PMC7828899
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pubmed:32493740Le document en format XML
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Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Pengxiang" sort="Zhou, Pengxiang" uniqKey="Zhou P" first="Pengxiang" last="Zhou">Pengxiang Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Ken" sort="Chen, Ken" uniqKey="Chen K" first="Ken" last="Chen">Ken Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Zhikang" sort="Ye, Zhikang" uniqKey="Ye Z" first="Zhikang" last="Ye">Zhikang Ye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Fang" sort="Liu, Fang" uniqKey="Liu F" first="Fang" last="Liu">Fang Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xiaotong" sort="Li, Xiaotong" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiaotong" last="Li">Xiaotong Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="He, Na" sort="He, Na" uniqKey="He N" first="Na" last="He">Na He</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ziyang" sort="Wu, Ziyang" uniqKey="Wu Z" first="Ziyang" last="Wu">Ziyang Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Qi" sort="Zhang, Qi" uniqKey="Zhang Q" first="Qi" last="Zhang">Qi Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Xuepeng" sort="Gong, Xuepeng" uniqKey="Gong X" first="Xuepeng" last="Gong">Xuepeng Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Qiyu" sort="Tang, Qiyu" uniqKey="Tang Q" first="Qiyu" last="Tang">Qiyu Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Du, Xin" sort="Du, Xin" uniqKey="Du X" first="Xin" last="Du">Xin Du</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ying, Yingqiu" sort="Ying, Yingqiu" uniqKey="Ying Y" first="Yingqiu" last="Ying">Yingqiu Ying</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Xiaohan" sort="Xu, Xiaohan" uniqKey="Xu X" first="Xiaohan" last="Xu">Xiaohan Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yahui" sort="Zhang, Yahui" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yahui" last="Zhang">Yahui Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jinyu" sort="Liu, Jinyu" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jinyu" last="Liu">Jinyu Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yun" sort="Li, Yun" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yun" last="Li">Yun Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Ning" sort="Shen, Ning" uniqKey="Shen N" first="Ning" last="Shen">Ning Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Couban, Rachel J" sort="Couban, Rachel J" uniqKey="Couban R" first="Rachel J" last="Couban">Rachel J. Couban</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ibrahim, Quazi I" sort="Ibrahim, Quazi I" uniqKey="Ibrahim Q" first="Quazi I" last="Ibrahim">Quazi I. Ibrahim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guyatt, Gordon" sort="Guyatt, Gordon" uniqKey="Guyatt G" first="Gordon" last="Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhai, Suodi" sort="Zhai, Suodi" uniqKey="Zhai S" first="Suodi" last="Zhai">Suodi Zhai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China zhaisuodi@163.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32493740</idno><idno type="pmid">32493740</idno><idno type="doi">10.1503/cmaj.200647</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7828899</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001510</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001510</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Efficacy and safety of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 from evidence in studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Wei" sort="Liu, Wei" uniqKey="Liu W" first="Wei" last="Liu">Wei Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Pengxiang" sort="Zhou, Pengxiang" uniqKey="Zhou P" first="Pengxiang" last="Zhou">Pengxiang Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Ken" sort="Chen, Ken" uniqKey="Chen K" first="Ken" last="Chen">Ken Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Zhikang" sort="Ye, Zhikang" uniqKey="Ye Z" first="Zhikang" last="Ye">Zhikang Ye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Fang" sort="Liu, Fang" uniqKey="Liu F" first="Fang" last="Liu">Fang Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xiaotong" sort="Li, Xiaotong" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xiaotong" last="Li">Xiaotong Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="He, Na" sort="He, Na" uniqKey="He N" first="Na" last="He">Na He</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ziyang" sort="Wu, Ziyang" uniqKey="Wu Z" first="Ziyang" last="Wu">Ziyang Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Qi" sort="Zhang, Qi" uniqKey="Zhang Q" first="Qi" last="Zhang">Qi Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Xuepeng" sort="Gong, Xuepeng" uniqKey="Gong X" first="Xuepeng" last="Gong">Xuepeng Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Qiyu" sort="Tang, Qiyu" uniqKey="Tang Q" first="Qiyu" last="Tang">Qiyu Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Du, Xin" sort="Du, Xin" uniqKey="Du X" first="Xin" last="Du">Xin Du</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ying, Yingqiu" sort="Ying, Yingqiu" uniqKey="Ying Y" first="Yingqiu" last="Ying">Yingqiu Ying</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Xiaohan" sort="Xu, Xiaohan" uniqKey="Xu X" first="Xiaohan" last="Xu">Xiaohan Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yahui" sort="Zhang, Yahui" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yahui" last="Zhang">Yahui Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jinyu" sort="Liu, Jinyu" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jinyu" last="Liu">Jinyu Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yun" sort="Li, Yun" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yun" last="Li">Yun Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Ning" sort="Shen, Ning" uniqKey="Shen N" first="Ning" last="Shen">Ning Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Couban, Rachel J" sort="Couban, Rachel J" uniqKey="Couban R" first="Rachel J" last="Couban">Rachel J. Couban</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ibrahim, Quazi I" sort="Ibrahim, Quazi I" uniqKey="Ibrahim Q" first="Quazi I" last="Ibrahim">Quazi I. Ibrahim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guyatt, Gordon" sort="Guyatt, Gordon" uniqKey="Guyatt G" first="Gordon" last="Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhai, Suodi" sort="Zhai, Suodi" uniqKey="Zhai S" first="Suodi" last="Zhai">Suodi Zhai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China zhaisuodi@163.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne</title><idno type="eISSN">1488-2329</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Amides (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (drug effects)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Chloroquine (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Evidence-Based Medicine (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (MeSH)</term><term>Indoles (MeSH)</term><term>Influenza, Human (drug therapy)</term><term>Lopinavir (pharmacology)</term><term>Observational Studies as Topic (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>Pyrazines (MeSH)</term><term>Ribavirin (MeSH)</term><term>Ritonavir (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Lopinavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Amides</term><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Indoles</term><term>Pyrazines</term><term>Ribavirin</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Influenza, Human</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term><term>Evidence-Based Medicine</term><term>Humans</term><term>Observational Studies as Topic</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Antiviral medications are being given empirically to some patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To support the development of a COVID-19 management guideline, we conducted a systematic review that addressed the benefits and harms of 7 antiviral treatments for COVID-19.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed and 3 Chinese databases (CNKI, WANFANG and SinoMed) through Apr. 19, medRxiv and Chinaxiv through Apr. 27, and Chongqing VIP through Apr. 30, 2020. We included studies of ribavirin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, umifenovir (arbidol), favipravir, interferon and lopinavir/ritonavir. If direct evidence from COVID-19 studies was not available, we included indirect evidence from studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) for efficacy outcomes and other acute respiratory viral infections for safety outcomes.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>In patients with nonsevere COVID-19 illness, the death rate was extremely low, precluding an important effect on mortality. We found only very low-quality evidence with little or no suggestion of benefit for most treatments and outcomes in both nonsevere and severe COVID-19. An exception was treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir, for which we found low-quality evidence for a decrease in length of stay in the intensive care unit (risk difference 5 d shorter, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0 to 9 d) and hospital stay (risk difference 1 d shorter, 95% CI 0 to 2 d). For safety outcomes, evidence was of low or very low quality, with the exception of treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir for which moderate-quality evidence suggested likely increases in diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>INTERPRETATION</b></p><p>To date, persuasive evidence of important benefit in COVID-19 does not exist for any antiviral treatments, although for each treatment evidence has not excluded important benefit. Additional randomized controlled trials involving patients with COVID-19 will be needed before such treatments can be administered with confidence.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32493740</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>17</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>30</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1488-2329</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>192</Volume><Issue>27</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>06</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne</Title><ISOAbbreviation>CMAJ</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Efficacy and safety of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 from evidence in studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other acute viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>E734-E744</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1503/cmaj.200647</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Antiviral medications are being given empirically to some patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To support the development of a COVID-19 management guideline, we conducted a systematic review that addressed the benefits and harms of 7 antiviral treatments for COVID-19.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed and 3 Chinese databases (CNKI, WANFANG and SinoMed) through Apr. 19, medRxiv and Chinaxiv through Apr. 27, and Chongqing VIP through Apr. 30, 2020. We included studies of ribavirin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, umifenovir (arbidol), favipravir, interferon and lopinavir/ritonavir. If direct evidence from COVID-19 studies was not available, we included indirect evidence from studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) for efficacy outcomes and other acute respiratory viral infections for safety outcomes.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">In patients with nonsevere COVID-19 illness, the death rate was extremely low, precluding an important effect on mortality. We found only very low-quality evidence with little or no suggestion of benefit for most treatments and outcomes in both nonsevere and severe COVID-19. An exception was treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir, for which we found low-quality evidence for a decrease in length of stay in the intensive care unit (risk difference 5 d shorter, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0 to 9 d) and hospital stay (risk difference 1 d shorter, 95% CI 0 to 2 d). For safety outcomes, evidence was of low or very low quality, with the exception of treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir for which moderate-quality evidence suggested likely increases in diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="INTERPRETATION">To date, persuasive evidence of important benefit in COVID-19 does not exist for any antiviral treatments, although for each treatment evidence has not excluded important benefit. Additional randomized controlled trials involving patients with COVID-19 will be needed before such treatments can be administered with confidence.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2020 Joule Inc. or its licensors.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Wei</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Pengxiang</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Ken</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ye</LastName><ForeName>Zhikang</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Fang</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Xiaotong</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>He</LastName><ForeName>Na</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wu</LastName><ForeName>Ziyang</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Qi</ForeName><Initials>Q</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gong</LastName><ForeName>Xuepeng</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName><ForeName>Qiyu</ForeName><Initials>Q</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Du</LastName><ForeName>Xin</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ying</LastName><ForeName>Yingqiu</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xu</LastName><ForeName>Xiaohan</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Yahui</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Jinyu</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Yun</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shen</LastName><ForeName>Ning</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Couban</LastName><ForeName>Rachel J</ForeName><Initials>RJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ibrahim</LastName><ForeName>Quazi I</ForeName><Initials>QI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guyatt</LastName><ForeName>Gordon</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhai</LastName><ForeName>Suodi</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy (W. Liu, Zhou, F. Liu, Li, He, Wu, Q. Zhang, Tang, Du, Ying, Xu, Y. Zhang, Li, Zhai), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute for Drug Evaluation (Zhai, F. Liu), Departments of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (Wu, Du, Y. Zhang), and Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Shen), Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy (Chen), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ye, Ibrahim, Guyatt), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Pharmacy (Gong, J. Liu), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care (Couban), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Pharmacy Department (Y. Li), First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China zhaisuodi@163.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D017418">Meta-Analysis</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D000078182">Systematic Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>03</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Canada</Country><MedlineTA>CMAJ</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9711805</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0820-3946</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000577">Amides</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007211">Indoles</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011719">Pyrazines</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>2494G1JF75</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D061466">Lopinavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>49717AWG6K</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012254">Ribavirin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>886U3H6UFF</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002738">Chloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>93M09WW4RU</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C086979">umifenovir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EW5GL2X7E0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C462182">favipiravir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>O3J8G9O825</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019438">Ritonavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000577" MajorTopicYN="N">Amides</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="Y">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002738" MajorTopicYN="N">Chloroquine</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019317" MajorTopicYN="N">Evidence-Based Medicine</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007211" MajorTopicYN="N">Indoles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007251" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza, Human</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D061466" MajorTopicYN="N">Lopinavir</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D064887" MajorTopicYN="N">Observational Studies as Topic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011719" MajorTopicYN="N">Pyrazines</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012254" MajorTopicYN="N">Ribavirin</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019438" MajorTopicYN="N">Ritonavir</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>Competing interests: Ning Shen is an investigator in a clinical trial evaluating the effect of hydroxychloroquine in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 that is funded by the Peking University Health Science Center. 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