A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab.
Identifieur interne : 001361 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 001360; suivant : 001362A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab.
Auteurs : Shaozhe Cai ; Wei Sun ; Ming Li ; Lingli DongSource :
- Clinical rheumatology [ 1434-9949 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged (MeSH), Anti-Bacterial Agents (therapeutic use), Antifungal Agents (therapeutic use), Antirheumatic Agents (therapeutic use), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Arthritis, Rheumatoid (complications), Arthritis, Rheumatoid (drug therapy), Aspergillosis (MeSH), Aspergillus fumigatus (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (complications), Coronavirus Infections (diagnostic imaging), Coronavirus Infections (physiopathology), Coronavirus Infections (therapy), Cough (etiology), Cytokine Release Syndrome (etiology), Deprescriptions (MeSH), Disease Progression (MeSH), Dyspnea (etiology), Female (MeSH), Glucocorticoids (adverse effects), Glucocorticoids (therapeutic use), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Immunocompromised Host (MeSH), Immunosuppressive Agents (adverse effects), Immunosuppressive Agents (therapeutic use), Interleukin-6 (blood), Leflunomide (adverse effects), Leflunomide (therapeutic use), Lung (diagnostic imaging), Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic (diagnosis), Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic (etiology), Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic (immunology), Methylprednisolone (therapeutic use), Oxygen Inhalation Therapy (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumocystis carinii (MeSH), Pneumonia, Pneumocystis (diagnosis), Pneumonia, Pneumocystis (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Pneumocystis (etiology), Pneumonia, Pneumocystis (immunology), Pneumonia, Viral (complications), Pneumonia, Viral (diagnostic imaging), Pneumonia, Viral (physiopathology), Pneumonia, Viral (therapy), Pulmonary Aspergillosis (diagnosis), Pulmonary Aspergillosis (drug therapy), Pulmonary Aspergillosis (etiology), Pulmonary Aspergillosis (immunology), Recurrence (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Tomography, X-Ray Computed (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Glucocorticoids, Immunosuppressive Agents, Leflunomide.
- chemical , blood : Interleukin-6.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antifungal Agents, Antirheumatic Agents, Antiviral Agents, Glucocorticoids, Hydroxychloroquine, Immunosuppressive Agents, Leflunomide, Methylprednisolone.
- complications : Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- diagnosis : Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis, Pulmonary Aspergillosis.
- diagnostic imaging : Coronavirus Infections, Lung, Pneumonia, Viral.
- drug therapy : Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis, Pulmonary Aspergillosis.
- etiology : Cough, Cytokine Release Syndrome, Dyspnea, Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis, Pulmonary Aspergillosis.
- immunology : Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis, Pulmonary Aspergillosis.
- physiopathology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Aged, Aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Deprescriptions, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Oxygen Inhalation Therapy, Pandemics, Pneumocystis carinii, Recurrence, SARS-CoV-2, Tomography, X-Ray Computed.
Abstract
Recurrences of COVID-19 were observed in a patient with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, and glucocorticoids due to her 30-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tocilizumab was applied and intended to target both COVID-19 and RA. However, disease of this patient aggravated after usage of tocilizumab. After the discussion of a multiple disciplinary team (MDT) including rheumatologists, antimicrobial treatments were applied to target the potential opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus), which were authenticated several days later via high throughput sequencing. As an important cytokine in immune responses, IL-6 can be a double-edged sword: interference in the IL-6-IL-6 receptor signaling may save patients from cytokine release storm (CRS), but can also weaken the anti-infectious immunity, particularly in rheumatic patients, who may have received a long-term treatment with immunosuppressive/modulatory agents. Thus, we suggest careful considerations before and close monitoring in the administration of tocilizumab in rheumatic patients with COVID-19. Besides tocilizumab, several disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can also be applied in the treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, we also reviewed and discussed the application of these DMARDs in COVID-19 condition.
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05234-w
PubMed: 32562070
PubMed Central: PMC7303585
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32562070Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab.</title><author><name sortKey="Cai, Shaozhe" sort="Cai, Shaozhe" uniqKey="Cai S" first="Shaozhe" last="Cai">Shaozhe Cai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Wei" sort="Sun, Wei" uniqKey="Sun W" first="Wei" last="Sun">Wei Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ming" sort="Li, Ming" uniqKey="Li M" first="Ming" last="Li">Ming Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, No. 28 Baofeng Road, Wuhan, China. drliming1992@outlook.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Lingli" sort="Dong, Lingli" uniqKey="Dong L" first="Lingli" last="Dong">Lingli Dong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China. tjhdongll@163.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32562070</idno><idno type="pmid">32562070</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s10067-020-05234-w</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7303585</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001361</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001361</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab.</title><author><name sortKey="Cai, Shaozhe" sort="Cai, Shaozhe" uniqKey="Cai S" first="Shaozhe" last="Cai">Shaozhe Cai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Wei" sort="Sun, Wei" uniqKey="Sun W" first="Wei" last="Sun">Wei Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ming" sort="Li, Ming" uniqKey="Li M" first="Ming" last="Li">Ming Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, No. 28 Baofeng Road, Wuhan, China. drliming1992@outlook.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, Lingli" sort="Dong, Lingli" uniqKey="Dong L" first="Lingli" last="Dong">Lingli Dong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China. tjhdongll@163.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Clinical rheumatology</title><idno type="eISSN">1434-9949</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antifungal Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antirheumatic Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Arthritis, Rheumatoid (complications)</term><term>Arthritis, Rheumatoid (drug therapy)</term><term>Aspergillosis (MeSH)</term><term>Aspergillus fumigatus (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (complications)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (diagnostic imaging)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (physiopathology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (therapy)</term><term>Cough (etiology)</term><term>Cytokine Release Syndrome (etiology)</term><term>Deprescriptions (MeSH)</term><term>Disease Progression (MeSH)</term><term>Dyspnea (etiology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Glucocorticoids (adverse effects)</term><term>Glucocorticoids (therapeutic use)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Immunocompromised Host (MeSH)</term><term>Immunosuppressive Agents (adverse effects)</term><term>Immunosuppressive Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Interleukin-6 (blood)</term><term>Leflunomide (adverse effects)</term><term>Leflunomide (therapeutic use)</term><term>Lung (diagnostic imaging)</term><term>Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic (diagnosis)</term><term>Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic (etiology)</term><term>Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic (immunology)</term><term>Methylprednisolone (therapeutic use)</term><term>Oxygen Inhalation Therapy (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumocystis carinii (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Pneumocystis (diagnosis)</term><term>Pneumonia, Pneumocystis (drug therapy)</term><term>Pneumonia, Pneumocystis (etiology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Pneumocystis (immunology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (complications)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (diagnostic imaging)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (physiopathology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (therapy)</term><term>Pulmonary Aspergillosis (diagnosis)</term><term>Pulmonary Aspergillosis (drug therapy)</term><term>Pulmonary Aspergillosis (etiology)</term><term>Pulmonary Aspergillosis (immunology)</term><term>Recurrence (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Tomography, X-Ray Computed (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Glucocorticoids</term><term>Immunosuppressive Agents</term><term>Leflunomide</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Interleukin-6</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term><term>Antifungal Agents</term><term>Antirheumatic Agents</term><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Glucocorticoids</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Immunosuppressive Agents</term><term>Leflunomide</term><term>Methylprednisolone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Arthritis, Rheumatoid</term><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic</term><term>Pneumonia, Pneumocystis</term><term>Pulmonary Aspergillosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic imaging" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Lung</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Arthritis, Rheumatoid</term><term>Pneumonia, Pneumocystis</term><term>Pulmonary Aspergillosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Cough</term><term>Cytokine Release Syndrome</term><term>Dyspnea</term><term>Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic</term><term>Pneumonia, Pneumocystis</term><term>Pulmonary Aspergillosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic</term><term>Pneumonia, Pneumocystis</term><term>Pulmonary Aspergillosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Aspergillosis</term><term>Aspergillus fumigatus</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Deprescriptions</term><term>Disease Progression</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Immunocompromised Host</term><term>Oxygen Inhalation Therapy</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Pneumocystis carinii</term><term>Recurrence</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Recurrences of COVID-19 were observed in a patient with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, and glucocorticoids due to her 30-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tocilizumab was applied and intended to target both COVID-19 and RA. However, disease of this patient aggravated after usage of tocilizumab. After the discussion of a multiple disciplinary team (MDT) including rheumatologists, antimicrobial treatments were applied to target the potential opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus), which were authenticated several days later via high throughput sequencing. As an important cytokine in immune responses, IL-6 can be a double-edged sword: interference in the IL-6-IL-6 receptor signaling may save patients from cytokine release storm (CRS), but can also weaken the anti-infectious immunity, particularly in rheumatic patients, who may have received a long-term treatment with immunosuppressive/modulatory agents. Thus, we suggest careful considerations before and close monitoring in the administration of tocilizumab in rheumatic patients with COVID-19. Besides tocilizumab, several disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can also be applied in the treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, we also reviewed and discussed the application of these DMARDs in COVID-19 condition.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32562070</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>20</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1434-9949</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>39</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Sep</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Clinical rheumatology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Clin Rheumatol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>2797-2802</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s10067-020-05234-w</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Recurrences of COVID-19 were observed in a patient with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, and glucocorticoids due to her 30-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tocilizumab was applied and intended to target both COVID-19 and RA. However, disease of this patient aggravated after usage of tocilizumab. After the discussion of a multiple disciplinary team (MDT) including rheumatologists, antimicrobial treatments were applied to target the potential opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus), which were authenticated several days later via high throughput sequencing. As an important cytokine in immune responses, IL-6 can be a double-edged sword: interference in the IL-6-IL-6 receptor signaling may save patients from cytokine release storm (CRS), but can also weaken the anti-infectious immunity, particularly in rheumatic patients, who may have received a long-term treatment with immunosuppressive/modulatory agents. Thus, we suggest careful considerations before and close monitoring in the administration of tocilizumab in rheumatic patients with COVID-19. Besides tocilizumab, several disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can also be applied in the treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, we also reviewed and discussed the application of these DMARDs in COVID-19 condition.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cai</LastName><ForeName>Shaozhe</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sun</LastName><ForeName>Wei</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Ming</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, No. 28 Baofeng Road, Wuhan, China. drliming1992@outlook.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dong</LastName><ForeName>Lingli</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2017-1125</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China. tjhdongll@163.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>81771754</GrantID><Agency>National Natural Science Foundation of China</Agency><Country></Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>2019CR206</GrantID><Agency>Tongji Hospital Clinical Research Flagship Program</Agency><Country></Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D002363">Case Reports</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>19</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Clin Rheumatol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8211469</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0770-3198</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000900">Anti-Bacterial Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000935">Antifungal Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D018501">Antirheumatic Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005938">Glucocorticoids</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007166">Immunosuppressive Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D015850">Interleukin-6</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>G162GK9U4W</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000077339">Leflunomide</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>X4W7ZR7023</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008775">Methylprednisolone</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000900" MajorTopicYN="N">Anti-Bacterial Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000935" MajorTopicYN="N">Antifungal Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018501" MajorTopicYN="N">Antirheumatic Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001172" MajorTopicYN="N">Arthritis, Rheumatoid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001228" MajorTopicYN="N">Aspergillosis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001232" MajorTopicYN="N">Aspergillus fumigatus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000628" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003371" MajorTopicYN="N">Cough</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="N">etiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000080424" MajorTopicYN="N">Cytokine Release Syndrome</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="N">etiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000069340" MajorTopicYN="N">Deprescriptions</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018450" MajorTopicYN="N">Disease Progression</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004417" MajorTopicYN="N">Dyspnea</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="N">etiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005938" MajorTopicYN="N">Glucocorticoids</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016867" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunocompromised Host</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007166" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunosuppressive Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015850" MajorTopicYN="N">Interleukin-6</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="N">blood</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000077339" MajorTopicYN="N">Leflunomide</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008168" MajorTopicYN="N">Lung</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D051359" MajorTopicYN="N">Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="N">etiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008775" MajorTopicYN="N">Methylprednisolone</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010102" MajorTopicYN="N">Oxygen Inhalation Therapy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D045363" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumocystis carinii</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011020" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, 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