Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Patients Treated With Antimalarials: A Population-Based Study in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.
Identifieur interne : 000F47 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000F46; suivant : 000F48Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Patients Treated With Antimalarials: A Population-Based Study in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.
Auteurs : Carlo Salvarani ; Pamela Mancuso ; Federica Gradellini ; Nilla Viani ; Paolo Pandolfi ; Massimo Reta ; Giuliano Carrozzi ; Gilda Sandri ; Gianluigi Bajocchi ; Elena Galli ; Francesco Muratore ; Luigi Boiardi ; Nicol Pipitone ; Giulia Cassone ; Stefania Croci ; Anna Maria Marata ; Massimo Costantini ; Paolo Giorgi RossiSource :
- Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) [ 2326-5205 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Antimalarials (therapeutic use), Antirheumatic Agents (therapeutic use), Arthritis, Juvenile (drug therapy), Arthritis, Rheumatoid (drug therapy), Autoimmune Diseases (drug therapy), COVID-19 (epidemiology), COVID-19 (prevention & control), Chloroquine (therapeutic use), Disease Susceptibility (MeSH), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Italy (epidemiology), Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid (drug therapy), Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic (drug therapy), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Odds Ratio (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antimalarials, Antirheumatic Agents, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine.
- geographic , epidemiology : Italy.
- drug therapy : Arthritis, Juvenile, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Autoimmune Diseases, Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic.
- epidemiology : COVID-19.
- prevention & control : COVID-19.
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with autoimmune conditions treated with antimalarials in a population-based study.
METHODS
All residents treated with chloroquine (CQ)/hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) from July through December 2019 and living in 3 provinces of Regione Emilia-Romagna were identified by drug prescription registries and matched with the registry containing all residents living in the same areas who have had swabs and tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.
RESULTS
A total of 4,408 patients were identified. The prevalence of patients receiving antimalarials was 0.85 per 1,000 men and 3.3 per 1,000 women. The cumulative incidence of testing during the study period was 2.7% in the general population and 3.8% among those receiving CQ or HCQ, while the cumulative incidence of testing positive was 0.55% in the general population and 0.70% among those receiving CQ/HCQ. Multivariate models showed that those receiving CQ/HCQ had a slightly higher probability of being tested compared to the general population (OR 1.09 [95% CI 0.94-1.28]), the same probability of being diagnosed as having COVID-19 (OR 0.94 [95% CI 0.66-1.34]), and a slightly lower probability of being positive once tested (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.56-1.23]). None of the differences were significant.
CONCLUSION
Our findings do not support the use of antimalarials as a prophylactic treatment of COVID-19.
DOI: 10.1002/art.41475
PubMed: 32767527
PubMed Central: PMC7436811
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32767527Le document en format XML
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Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sandri, Gilda" sort="Sandri, Gilda" uniqKey="Sandri G" first="Gilda" last="Sandri">Gilda Sandri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bajocchi, Gianluigi" sort="Bajocchi, Gianluigi" uniqKey="Bajocchi G" first="Gianluigi" last="Bajocchi">Gianluigi Bajocchi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galli, Elena" sort="Galli, Elena" uniqKey="Galli E" first="Elena" last="Galli">Elena Galli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muratore, Francesco" sort="Muratore, Francesco" uniqKey="Muratore F" first="Francesco" last="Muratore">Francesco Muratore</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boiardi, Luigi" sort="Boiardi, Luigi" uniqKey="Boiardi L" first="Luigi" last="Boiardi">Luigi Boiardi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pipitone, Nicol" sort="Pipitone, Nicol" uniqKey="Pipitone N" first="Nicol" last="Pipitone">Nicol Pipitone</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cassone, Giulia" sort="Cassone, Giulia" uniqKey="Cassone G" first="Giulia" last="Cassone">Giulia Cassone</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Croci, Stefania" sort="Croci, Stefania" uniqKey="Croci S" first="Stefania" last="Croci">Stefania Croci</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marata, Anna Maria" sort="Marata, Anna Maria" uniqKey="Marata A" first="Anna Maria" last="Marata">Anna Maria Marata</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Regione Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costantini, Massimo" sort="Costantini, Massimo" uniqKey="Costantini M" first="Massimo" last="Costantini">Massimo Costantini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giorgi Rossi, Paolo" sort="Giorgi Rossi, Paolo" uniqKey="Giorgi Rossi P" first="Paolo" last="Giorgi Rossi">Paolo Giorgi Rossi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32767527</idno><idno type="pmid">32767527</idno><idno type="doi">10.1002/art.41475</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7436811</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000F47</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000F47</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Patients Treated With Antimalarials: A Population-Based Study in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.</title><author><name sortKey="Salvarani, Carlo" sort="Salvarani, Carlo" uniqKey="Salvarani C" first="Carlo" last="Salvarani">Carlo Salvarani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia and Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mancuso, Pamela" sort="Mancuso, Pamela" uniqKey="Mancuso P" first="Pamela" last="Mancuso">Pamela Mancuso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gradellini, Federica" sort="Gradellini, Federica" uniqKey="Gradellini F" first="Federica" last="Gradellini">Federica Gradellini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viani, Nilla" sort="Viani, Nilla" uniqKey="Viani N" first="Nilla" last="Viani">Nilla Viani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL di Modena and Azienda OU di Modena, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandolfi, Paolo" sort="Pandolfi, Paolo" uniqKey="Pandolfi P" first="Paolo" last="Pandolfi">Paolo Pandolfi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reta, Massimo" sort="Reta, Massimo" uniqKey="Reta M" first="Massimo" last="Reta">Massimo Reta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrozzi, Giuliano" sort="Carrozzi, Giuliano" uniqKey="Carrozzi G" first="Giuliano" last="Carrozzi">Giuliano Carrozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL di Modena, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sandri, Gilda" sort="Sandri, Gilda" uniqKey="Sandri G" first="Gilda" last="Sandri">Gilda Sandri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bajocchi, Gianluigi" sort="Bajocchi, Gianluigi" uniqKey="Bajocchi G" first="Gianluigi" last="Bajocchi">Gianluigi Bajocchi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galli, Elena" sort="Galli, Elena" uniqKey="Galli E" first="Elena" last="Galli">Elena Galli</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muratore, Francesco" sort="Muratore, Francesco" uniqKey="Muratore F" first="Francesco" last="Muratore">Francesco Muratore</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boiardi, Luigi" sort="Boiardi, Luigi" uniqKey="Boiardi L" first="Luigi" last="Boiardi">Luigi Boiardi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pipitone, Nicol" sort="Pipitone, Nicol" uniqKey="Pipitone N" first="Nicol" last="Pipitone">Nicol Pipitone</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cassone, Giulia" sort="Cassone, Giulia" uniqKey="Cassone G" first="Giulia" last="Cassone">Giulia Cassone</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Croci, Stefania" sort="Croci, Stefania" uniqKey="Croci S" first="Stefania" last="Croci">Stefania Croci</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marata, Anna Maria" sort="Marata, Anna Maria" uniqKey="Marata A" first="Anna Maria" last="Marata">Anna Maria Marata</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Regione Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costantini, Massimo" sort="Costantini, Massimo" uniqKey="Costantini M" first="Massimo" last="Costantini">Massimo Costantini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giorgi Rossi, Paolo" sort="Giorgi Rossi, Paolo" uniqKey="Giorgi Rossi P" first="Paolo" last="Giorgi Rossi">Paolo Giorgi Rossi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)</title><idno type="eISSN">2326-5205</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term><term>Antimalarials (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antirheumatic Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Arthritis, Juvenile (drug therapy)</term><term>Arthritis, Rheumatoid (drug therapy)</term><term>Autoimmune Diseases (drug therapy)</term><term>COVID-19 (epidemiology)</term><term>COVID-19 (prevention & control)</term><term>Chloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Disease Susceptibility (MeSH)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Italy (epidemiology)</term><term>Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid (drug therapy)</term><term>Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic (drug therapy)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Odds Ratio (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Antirheumatic Agents</term><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Italy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Arthritis, Juvenile</term><term>Arthritis, Rheumatoid</term><term>Autoimmune Diseases</term><term>Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid</term><term>Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Disease Susceptibility</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Odds Ratio</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>To evaluate the susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with autoimmune conditions treated with antimalarials in a population-based study.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>All residents treated with chloroquine (CQ)/hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) from July through December 2019 and living in 3 provinces of Regione Emilia-Romagna were identified by drug prescription registries and matched with the registry containing all residents living in the same areas who have had swabs and tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>A total of 4,408 patients were identified. The prevalence of patients receiving antimalarials was 0.85 per 1,000 men and 3.3 per 1,000 women. The cumulative incidence of testing during the study period was 2.7% in the general population and 3.8% among those receiving CQ or HCQ, while the cumulative incidence of testing positive was 0.55% in the general population and 0.70% among those receiving CQ/HCQ. Multivariate models showed that those receiving CQ/HCQ had a slightly higher probability of being tested compared to the general population (OR 1.09 [95% CI 0.94-1.28]), the same probability of being diagnosed as having COVID-19 (OR 0.94 [95% CI 0.66-1.34]), and a slightly lower probability of being positive once tested (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.56-1.23]). None of the differences were significant.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>Our findings do not support the use of antimalarials as a prophylactic treatment of COVID-19.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32767527</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>11</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>11</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2326-5205</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>73</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Arthritis Rheumatol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Patients Treated With Antimalarials: A Population-Based Study in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>48-52</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1002/art.41475</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE">To evaluate the susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with autoimmune conditions treated with antimalarials in a population-based study.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">All residents treated with chloroquine (CQ)/hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) from July through December 2019 and living in 3 provinces of Regione Emilia-Romagna were identified by drug prescription registries and matched with the registry containing all residents living in the same areas who have had swabs and tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">A total of 4,408 patients were identified. The prevalence of patients receiving antimalarials was 0.85 per 1,000 men and 3.3 per 1,000 women. The cumulative incidence of testing during the study period was 2.7% in the general population and 3.8% among those receiving CQ or HCQ, while the cumulative incidence of testing positive was 0.55% in the general population and 0.70% among those receiving CQ/HCQ. Multivariate models showed that those receiving CQ/HCQ had a slightly higher probability of being tested compared to the general population (OR 1.09 [95% CI 0.94-1.28]), the same probability of being diagnosed as having COVID-19 (OR 0.94 [95% CI 0.66-1.34]), and a slightly lower probability of being positive once tested (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.56-1.23]). None of the differences were significant.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION">Our findings do not support the use of antimalarials as a prophylactic treatment of COVID-19.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2020, American College of Rheumatology.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Salvarani</LastName><ForeName>Carlo</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3708-3148</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia and Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mancuso</LastName><ForeName>Pamela</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gradellini</LastName><ForeName>Federica</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Viani</LastName><ForeName>Nilla</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL di Modena and Azienda OU di Modena, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pandolfi</LastName><ForeName>Paolo</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reta</LastName><ForeName>Massimo</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carrozzi</LastName><ForeName>Giuliano</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL di Modena, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sandri</LastName><ForeName>Gilda</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bajocchi</LastName><ForeName>Gianluigi</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Galli</LastName><ForeName>Elena</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Muratore</LastName><ForeName>Francesco</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boiardi</LastName><ForeName>Luigi</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pipitone</LastName><ForeName>Nicolò</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cassone</LastName><ForeName>Giulia</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Croci</LastName><ForeName>Stefania</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marata</LastName><ForeName>Anna Maria</ForeName><Initials>AM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Regione Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Costantini</LastName><ForeName>Massimo</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Giorgi Rossi</LastName><ForeName>Paolo</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>27</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Arthritis Rheumatol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101623795</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2326-5191</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000962">Antimalarials</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D018501">Antirheumatic Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>886U3H6UFF</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002738">Chloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000962" MajorTopicYN="N">Antimalarials</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018501" MajorTopicYN="N">Antirheumatic Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001171" MajorTopicYN="N">Arthritis, Juvenile</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001172" MajorTopicYN="N">Arthritis, Rheumatoid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001327" MajorTopicYN="N">Autoimmune Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002738" MajorTopicYN="N">Chloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004198" MajorTopicYN="N">Disease Susceptibility</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007558" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Italy</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008179" MajorTopicYN="N">Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008180" MajorTopicYN="N">Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016017" MajorTopicYN="N">Odds Ratio</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32767527</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1002/art.41475</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7436811</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Title>References</Title><Reference><Citation>Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. 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