Retrospective analysis of high flow nasal therapy in COVID-19-related moderate-to-severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure.
Identifieur interne : 000D88 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000D87; suivant : 000D89Retrospective analysis of high flow nasal therapy in COVID-19-related moderate-to-severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure.
Auteurs : Maulin Patel ; Andrew Gangemi ; Robert Marron ; Junad Chowdhury ; Ibraheem Yousef ; Matthew Zheng ; Nicole Mills ; Lauren Tragesser ; Julie Giurintano ; Rohit Gupta ; Matthew Gordon ; Parth Rali ; Gilbert D'Alonso ; David Fleece ; Huaqing Zhao ; Nicole Patlakh ; Gerard CrinerSource :
- BMJ open respiratory research [ 2052-4439 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones (therapeutic use), African Americans (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Anti-Bacterial Agents (therapeutic use), Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized (therapeutic use), Antirheumatic Agents (therapeutic use), Azithromycin (therapeutic use), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Cannula (MeSH), Comorbidity (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology), Coronavirus Infections (therapy), Diabetes Mellitus (epidemiology), European Continental Ancestry Group (MeSH), Female (MeSH), Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (epidemiology), Heart Diseases (epidemiology), Hispanic Americans (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Hypertension (epidemiology), Hypoxia (therapy), Immunoglobulins, Intravenous (therapeutic use), Immunologic Factors (therapeutic use), Intubation, Intratracheal (statistics & numerical data), Lung Diseases (epidemiology), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Oxygen Inhalation Therapy (methods), Pandemics (MeSH), Philadelphia (epidemiology), Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated (epidemiology), Pneumonia, Viral (epidemiology), Pneumonia, Viral (therapy), Pulse Therapy, Drug (MeSH), Renal Insufficiency, Chronic (epidemiology), Respiratory Insufficiency (therapy), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Severity of Illness Index (MeSH), Smoking (epidemiology).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Antirheumatic Agents, Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine, Immunoglobulins, Intravenous, Immunologic Factors.
- geographic , epidemiology : Philadelphia.
- epidemiology : Coronavirus Infections, Diabetes Mellitus, Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia, Heart Diseases, Hypertension, Lung Diseases, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated, Pneumonia, Viral, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Smoking.
- methods : Oxygen Inhalation Therapy.
- statistics & numerical data : Intubation, Intratracheal.
- therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Hypoxia, Pneumonia, Viral, Respiratory Insufficiency.
- African Americans, Aged, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Cannula, Comorbidity, European Continental Ancestry Group, Female, Hispanic Americans, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Pulse Therapy, Drug, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, Severity of Illness Index.
Abstract
Invasive mechanical has been associated with high mortality in COVID-19. Alternative therapy of high flow nasal therapy (HFNT) has been greatly debated around the world for use in COVID-19 pandemic due to concern for increased healthcare worker transmission.This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients admitted to Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 10 March 2020 to 24 April 2020 with moderate-to-severe respiratory failure treated with HFNT. Primary outcome was prevention of intubation. Of the 445 patients with COVID-19, 104 met our inclusion criteria. The average age was 60.66 (+13.50) years, 49 (47.12 %) were female, 53 (50.96%) were African-American, 23 (22.12%) Hispanic. Forty-three patients (43.43%) were smokers. Saturation to fraction ratio and chest X-ray scores had a statistically significant improvement from day 1 to day 7. 67 of 104 (64.42%) were able to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation in our cohort. Incidence of hospital-associated/ventilator-associated pneumonia was 2.9%. Overall, mortality was 14.44% (n=15) in our cohort with 13 (34.4%) in the progressed to intubation group and 2 (2.9%) in the non-intubation group. Mortality and incidence of pneumonia was statistically higher in the progressed to intubation group. CONCLUSION: HFNT use is associated with a reduction in the rate of invasive mechanical ventilation and overall mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection.
DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000650
PubMed: 32847947
PubMed Central: PMC7451488
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USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Alonso, Gilbert" sort="D Alonso, Gilbert" uniqKey="D Alonso G" first="Gilbert" last="D'Alonso">Gilbert D'Alonso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fleece, David" sort="Fleece, David" uniqKey="Fleece D" first="David" last="Fleece">David Fleece</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Huaqing" sort="Zhao, Huaqing" uniqKey="Zhao H" first="Huaqing" last="Zhao">Huaqing Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patlakh, Nicole" sort="Patlakh, Nicole" uniqKey="Patlakh N" first="Nicole" last="Patlakh">Nicole Patlakh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Criner, Gerard" sort="Criner, Gerard" uniqKey="Criner G" first="Gerard" last="Criner">Gerard Criner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32847947</idno><idno type="pmid">32847947</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000650</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7451488</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000D88</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000D88</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Retrospective analysis of high flow nasal therapy in COVID-19-related moderate-to-severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure.</title><author><name sortKey="Patel, Maulin" sort="Patel, Maulin" uniqKey="Patel M" first="Maulin" last="Patel">Maulin Patel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA maulin.patel@tuhs.temple.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gangemi, Andrew" sort="Gangemi, Andrew" uniqKey="Gangemi A" first="Andrew" last="Gangemi">Andrew Gangemi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marron, Robert" sort="Marron, Robert" uniqKey="Marron R" first="Robert" last="Marron">Robert Marron</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhury, Junad" sort="Chowdhury, Junad" uniqKey="Chowdhury J" first="Junad" last="Chowdhury">Junad Chowdhury</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yousef, Ibraheem" sort="Yousef, Ibraheem" uniqKey="Yousef I" first="Ibraheem" last="Yousef">Ibraheem Yousef</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Matthew" sort="Zheng, Matthew" uniqKey="Zheng M" first="Matthew" last="Zheng">Matthew Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mills, Nicole" sort="Mills, Nicole" uniqKey="Mills N" first="Nicole" last="Mills">Nicole Mills</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tragesser, Lauren" sort="Tragesser, Lauren" uniqKey="Tragesser L" first="Lauren" last="Tragesser">Lauren Tragesser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giurintano, Julie" sort="Giurintano, Julie" uniqKey="Giurintano J" first="Julie" last="Giurintano">Julie Giurintano</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Rohit" sort="Gupta, Rohit" uniqKey="Gupta R" first="Rohit" last="Gupta">Rohit Gupta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gordon, Matthew" sort="Gordon, Matthew" uniqKey="Gordon M" first="Matthew" last="Gordon">Matthew Gordon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rali, Parth" sort="Rali, Parth" uniqKey="Rali P" first="Parth" last="Rali">Parth Rali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Alonso, Gilbert" sort="D Alonso, Gilbert" uniqKey="D Alonso G" first="Gilbert" last="D'Alonso">Gilbert D'Alonso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fleece, David" sort="Fleece, David" uniqKey="Fleece D" first="David" last="Fleece">David Fleece</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Huaqing" sort="Zhao, Huaqing" uniqKey="Zhao H" first="Huaqing" last="Zhao">Huaqing Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patlakh, Nicole" sort="Patlakh, Nicole" uniqKey="Patlakh N" first="Nicole" last="Patlakh">Nicole Patlakh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Criner, Gerard" sort="Criner, Gerard" uniqKey="Criner G" first="Gerard" last="Criner">Gerard Criner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMJ open respiratory research</title><idno type="eISSN">2052-4439</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adrenal Cortex Hormones (therapeutic use)</term><term>African Americans (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antirheumatic Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Azithromycin (therapeutic use)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Cannula (MeSH)</term><term>Comorbidity (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (therapy)</term><term>Diabetes Mellitus (epidemiology)</term><term>European Continental Ancestry Group (MeSH)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (epidemiology)</term><term>Heart Diseases (epidemiology)</term><term>Hispanic Americans (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Hypertension (epidemiology)</term><term>Hypoxia (therapy)</term><term>Immunoglobulins, Intravenous (therapeutic use)</term><term>Immunologic Factors (therapeutic use)</term><term>Intubation, Intratracheal (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Lung Diseases (epidemiology)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Oxygen Inhalation Therapy (methods)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Philadelphia (epidemiology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated (epidemiology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (epidemiology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (therapy)</term><term>Pulse Therapy, Drug (MeSH)</term><term>Renal Insufficiency, Chronic (epidemiology)</term><term>Respiratory Insufficiency (therapy)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Severity of Illness Index (MeSH)</term><term>Smoking (epidemiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Adrenal Cortex Hormones</term><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term><term>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized</term><term>Antirheumatic Agents</term><term>Azithromycin</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Immunoglobulins, Intravenous</term><term>Immunologic Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Philadelphia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Diabetes Mellitus</term><term>Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia</term><term>Heart Diseases</term><term>Hypertension</term><term>Lung Diseases</term><term>Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term><term>Renal Insufficiency, Chronic</term><term>Smoking</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Oxygen Inhalation Therapy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Intubation, Intratracheal</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Hypoxia</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term><term>Respiratory Insufficiency</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>African Americans</term><term>Aged</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Cannula</term><term>Comorbidity</term><term>European Continental Ancestry Group</term><term>Female</term><term>Hispanic Americans</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Pulse Therapy, Drug</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Severity of Illness Index</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Invasive mechanical has been associated with high mortality in COVID-19. Alternative therapy of high flow nasal therapy (HFNT) has been greatly debated around the world for use in COVID-19 pandemic due to concern for increased healthcare worker transmission.This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients admitted to Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 10 March 2020 to 24 April 2020 with moderate-to-severe respiratory failure treated with HFNT. Primary outcome was prevention of intubation. Of the 445 patients with COVID-19, 104 met our inclusion criteria. The average age was 60.66 (+13.50) years, 49 (47.12 %) were female, 53 (50.96%) were African-American, 23 (22.12%) Hispanic. Forty-three patients (43.43%) were smokers. Saturation to fraction ratio and chest X-ray scores had a statistically significant improvement from day 1 to day 7. 67 of 104 (64.42%) were able to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation in our cohort. Incidence of hospital-associated/ventilator-associated pneumonia was 2.9%. Overall, mortality was 14.44% (n=15) in our cohort with 13 (34.4%) in the progressed to intubation group and 2 (2.9%) in the non-intubation group. Mortality and incidence of pneumonia was statistically higher in the progressed to intubation group. CONCLUSION: HFNT use is associated with a reduction in the rate of invasive mechanical ventilation and overall mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32847947</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>03</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2052-4439</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>7</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMJ open respiratory research</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMJ Open Respir Res</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Retrospective analysis of high flow nasal therapy in COVID-19-related moderate-to-severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">e000650</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000650</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Invasive mechanical has been associated with high mortality in COVID-19. Alternative therapy of high flow nasal therapy (HFNT) has been greatly debated around the world for use in COVID-19 pandemic due to concern for increased healthcare worker transmission.This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients admitted to Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 10 March 2020 to 24 April 2020 with moderate-to-severe respiratory failure treated with HFNT. Primary outcome was prevention of intubation. Of the 445 patients with COVID-19, 104 met our inclusion criteria. The average age was 60.66 (+13.50) years, 49 (47.12 %) were female, 53 (50.96%) were African-American, 23 (22.12%) Hispanic. Forty-three patients (43.43%) were smokers. Saturation to fraction ratio and chest X-ray scores had a statistically significant improvement from day 1 to day 7. 67 of 104 (64.42%) were able to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation in our cohort. Incidence of hospital-associated/ventilator-associated pneumonia was 2.9%. Overall, mortality was 14.44% (n=15) in our cohort with 13 (34.4%) in the progressed to intubation group and 2 (2.9%) in the non-intubation group. Mortality and incidence of pneumonia was statistically higher in the progressed to intubation group. CONCLUSION: HFNT use is associated with a reduction in the rate of invasive mechanical ventilation and overall mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Patel</LastName><ForeName>Maulin</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA maulin.patel@tuhs.temple.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gangemi</LastName><ForeName>Andrew</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marron</LastName><ForeName>Robert</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chowdhury</LastName><ForeName>Junad</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yousef</LastName><ForeName>Ibraheem</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zheng</LastName><ForeName>Matthew</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mills</LastName><ForeName>Nicole</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tragesser</LastName><ForeName>Lauren</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Giurintano</LastName><ForeName>Julie</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gupta</LastName><ForeName>Rohit</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gordon</LastName><ForeName>Matthew</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2775-2918</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rali</LastName><ForeName>Parth</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>D'Alonso</LastName><ForeName>Gilbert</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fleece</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhao</LastName><ForeName>Huaqing</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Patlakh</LastName><ForeName>Nicole</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Criner</LastName><ForeName>Gerard</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 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