A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19.
Identifieur interne : 000C90 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000C89; suivant : 000C91A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19.
Auteurs : Bram Rochwerg ; Reed Ac Siemieniuk ; Thomas Agoritsas ; François Lamontagne ; Lisa Askie ; Lyubov Lytvyn ; Arnav Agarwal ; Yee-Sin Leo ; Helen Macdonald ; Linan Zeng ; Wagdy Amin ; Erlina Burhan ; Frederique Jacquerioz Bausch ; Carolyn S. Calfee ; Maurizio Cecconi ; Duncan Chanda ; Bin Du ; Heike Geduld ; Patrick Gee ; Nerina Harley ; Madiha Hashimi ; Beverly Hunt ; Sushil K. Kabra ; Seema Kanda ; Leticia Kawano-Dourado ; Yae-Jean Kim ; Niranjan Kissoon ; Arthur Kwizera ; Imelda Mahaka ; Hela Manai ; Greta Mino ; Emmanuel Nsutebu ; Natalia Pshenichnaya ; Nida Qadir ; Saniya Sabzwari ; Rohit Sarin ; Manu Shankar-Hari ; Michael Sharland ; Yinzhong Shen ; Shalini Sri Ranganathan ; Joao P. Souza ; Miriam Stegemann ; An De Sutter ; Sebastian Ugarte ; Sridhar Venkatapuram ; Vu Quoc Dat ; Dubula Vuyiseka ; Ananda Wijewickrama ; Brittany Maguire ; Dena Zeraatkar ; Jessica J. Bartoszko ; Long Ge ; Romina Brignardello-Petersen ; Andrew Owen ; Gordon Guyatt ; Janet Diaz ; Michael Jacobs ; Per Olav VandvikSource :
- BMJ (Clinical research ed.) [ 1756-1833 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Adrenal Cortex Hormones.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, World Health Organization.
Abstract
CLINICAL QUESTION
What is the role of drug interventions in the treatment and prevention of covid-19?
NEW RECOMMENDATION
The latest version of this WHO living guidance provides strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with covid-19 regardless of disease severity. These recommendations follow the publication of results from the WHO SOLIDARITY trial
RECOMMENDATIONS
This guidance adds to recommendations for corticosteroids and remdesivir published in the previous versions, with no changes made in this update: (a) a strong recommendation for systemic corticosteroids in patients with severe and critical covid-19, (b) a conditional recommendation against systemic corticosteroids in patients with non-severe covid-19, (c) a conditional recommendation against remdesivir in hospitalised patients with covid-19.
HOW THIS GUIDELINE WAS CREATED
WHO has partnered with the non-profit Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (MAGIC) for methodologic support, to develop and disseminate living guidance for covid-19 drug treatments, based on a living systematic review and network analysis. An international standing Guideline Development Group (GDG) of content experts, clinicians, patients, and methodologists produced recommendations following standards for trustworthy guideline development using the GRADE approach. No competing interests were identified for any panel member.
UNDERSTANDING THE NEW RECOMMENDATION
When moving from the to the strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with covid-19, the panel was informed by a living systematic review and network meta-analysis of 30 trials with 10 921 participants for hydroxychloroquine and seven trials with 7429 participants for lopinavir-ritonavir. The trials for both drugs included inpatients and outpatients. Moderate certainty evidence for both drugs demonstrated no reduction in mortality or need for mechanical ventilation. There was also low certainty of evidence for harm with both drugs, including diarrhoea and nausea/vomiting. The panel did not anticipate important variability when it comes to patient values and preferences. In addition, the panel decided that contextual factors such as resources, feasibility, acceptability, and equity for countries and health care systems did not alter the recommendation.
UPDATES
This is a living guideline. It replaces earlier versions (4 September and 20 November 2020) and supersedes the BMJ Rapid Recommendations on remdesivir published on 2 July 2020. The previous versions can be found as data supplements. New recommendations will be published as updates to this guideline.
READERS' NOTE
This is the third version (update 2) of the living guideline (BMJ 2020;370:m3379). When citing this article, please consider adding the update number and date of access for clarity.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3379
PubMed: 32887691
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32887691Le document en format XML
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Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agoritsas, Thomas" sort="Agoritsas, Thomas" uniqKey="Agoritsas T" first="Thomas" last="Agoritsas">Thomas Agoritsas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of General Internal Medicine & Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamontagne, Francois" sort="Lamontagne, Francois" uniqKey="Lamontagne F" first="François" last="Lamontagne">François Lamontagne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche due CHU de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Askie, Lisa" sort="Askie, Lisa" uniqKey="Askie L" first="Lisa" last="Askie">Lisa Askie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lytvyn, Lyubov" sort="Lytvyn, Lyubov" uniqKey="Lytvyn L" first="Lyubov" last="Lytvyn">Lyubov Lytvyn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, Arnav" sort="Agarwal, Arnav" uniqKey="Agarwal A" first="Arnav" last="Agarwal">Arnav Agarwal</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leo, Yee Sin" sort="Leo, Yee Sin" uniqKey="Leo Y" first="Yee-Sin" last="Leo">Yee-Sin Leo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, Helen" sort="Macdonald, Helen" uniqKey="Macdonald H" first="Helen" last="Macdonald">Helen Macdonald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The BMJ, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Linan" sort="Zeng, Linan" uniqKey="Zeng L" first="Linan" last="Zeng">Linan Zeng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Wagdy" sort="Amin, Wagdy" uniqKey="Amin W" first="Wagdy" last="Amin">Wagdy Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burhan, Erlina" sort="Burhan, Erlina" uniqKey="Burhan E" first="Erlina" last="Burhan">Erlina Burhan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infection Division, Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bausch, Frederique Jacquerioz" sort="Bausch, Frederique Jacquerioz" uniqKey="Bausch F" first="Frederique Jacquerioz" last="Bausch">Frederique Jacquerioz Bausch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calfee, Carolyn S" sort="Calfee, Carolyn S" uniqKey="Calfee C" first="Carolyn S" last="Calfee">Carolyn S. Calfee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of California, San Francisco, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cecconi, Maurizio" sort="Cecconi, Maurizio" uniqKey="Cecconi M" first="Maurizio" last="Cecconi">Maurizio Cecconi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chanda, Duncan" sort="Chanda, Duncan" uniqKey="Chanda D" first="Duncan" last="Chanda">Duncan Chanda</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Adult Infectious Disease Centre, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Du, Bin" sort="Du, Bin" uniqKey="Du B" first="Bin" last="Du">Bin Du</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geduld, Heike" sort="Geduld, Heike" uniqKey="Geduld H" first="Heike" last="Geduld">Heike Geduld</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gee, Patrick" sort="Gee, Patrick" uniqKey="Gee P" first="Patrick" last="Gee">Patrick Gee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harley, Nerina" sort="Harley, Nerina" uniqKey="Harley N" first="Nerina" last="Harley">Nerina Harley</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Royal Melbourne Hospital and Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimi, Madiha" sort="Hashimi, Madiha" uniqKey="Hashimi M" first="Madiha" last="Hashimi">Madiha Hashimi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Beverly" sort="Hunt, Beverly" uniqKey="Hunt B" first="Beverly" last="Hunt">Beverly Hunt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kabra, Sushil K" sort="Kabra, Sushil K" uniqKey="Kabra S" first="Sushil K" last="Kabra">Sushil K. Kabra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanda, Seema" sort="Kanda, Seema" uniqKey="Kanda S" first="Seema" last="Kanda">Seema Kanda</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>McMaster University (alumnus).</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawano Dourado, Leticia" sort="Kawano Dourado, Leticia" uniqKey="Kawano Dourado L" first="Leticia" last="Kawano-Dourado">Leticia Kawano-Dourado</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor)- HCFMUSP, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Research Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Yae Jean" sort="Kim, Yae Jean" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yae-Jean" last="Kim">Yae-Jean Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kissoon, Niranjan" sort="Kissoon, Niranjan" uniqKey="Kissoon N" first="Niranjan" last="Kissoon">Niranjan Kissoon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwizera, Arthur" sort="Kwizera, Arthur" uniqKey="Kwizera A" first="Arthur" last="Kwizera">Arthur Kwizera</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahaka, Imelda" sort="Mahaka, Imelda" uniqKey="Mahaka I" first="Imelda" last="Mahaka">Imelda Mahaka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manai, Hela" sort="Manai, Hela" uniqKey="Manai H" first="Hela" last="Manai">Hela Manai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mino, Greta" sort="Mino, Greta" uniqKey="Mino G" first="Greta" last="Mino">Greta Mino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Alcivar Hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nsutebu, Emmanuel" sort="Nsutebu, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Nsutebu E" first="Emmanuel" last="Nsutebu">Emmanuel Nsutebu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pshenichnaya, Natalia" sort="Pshenichnaya, Natalia" uniqKey="Pshenichnaya N" first="Natalia" last="Pshenichnaya">Natalia Pshenichnaya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, Russia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qadir, Nida" sort="Qadir, Nida" uniqKey="Qadir N" first="Nida" last="Qadir">Nida Qadir</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabzwari, Saniya" sort="Sabzwari, Saniya" uniqKey="Sabzwari S" first="Saniya" last="Sabzwari">Saniya Sabzwari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarin, Rohit" sort="Sarin, Rohit" uniqKey="Sarin R" first="Rohit" last="Sarin">Rohit Sarin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shankar Hari, Manu" sort="Shankar Hari, Manu" uniqKey="Shankar Hari M" first="Manu" last="Shankar-Hari">Manu Shankar-Hari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharland, Michael" sort="Sharland, Michael" uniqKey="Sharland M" first="Michael" last="Sharland">Michael Sharland</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>St. George's University Hospital, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Yinzhong" sort="Shen, Yinzhong" uniqKey="Shen Y" first="Yinzhong" last="Shen">Yinzhong Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ranganathan, Shalini Sri" sort="Ranganathan, Shalini Sri" uniqKey="Ranganathan S" first="Shalini Sri" last="Ranganathan">Shalini Sri Ranganathan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souza, Joao P" sort="Souza, Joao P" uniqKey="Souza J" first="Joao P" last="Souza">Joao P. Souza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stegemann, Miriam" sort="Stegemann, Miriam" uniqKey="Stegemann M" first="Miriam" last="Stegemann">Miriam Stegemann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Sutter, An" sort="De Sutter, An" uniqKey="De Sutter A" first="An" last="De Sutter">An De Sutter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Gent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ugarte, Sebastian" sort="Ugarte, Sebastian" uniqKey="Ugarte S" first="Sebastian" last="Ugarte">Sebastian Ugarte</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine Andres Bello University, Indisa Clinic, Santiago, Chile).</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatapuram, Sridhar" sort="Venkatapuram, Sridhar" uniqKey="Venkatapuram S" first="Sridhar" last="Venkatapuram">Sridhar Venkatapuram</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>King's College, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dat, Vu Quoc" sort="Dat, Vu Quoc" uniqKey="Dat V" first="Vu Quoc" last="Dat">Vu Quoc Dat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuyiseka, Dubula" sort="Vuyiseka, Dubula" uniqKey="Vuyiseka D" first="Dubula" last="Vuyiseka">Dubula Vuyiseka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijewickrama, Ananda" sort="Wijewickrama, Ananda" uniqKey="Wijewickrama A" first="Ananda" last="Wijewickrama">Ananda Wijewickrama</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maguire, Brittany" sort="Maguire, Brittany" uniqKey="Maguire B" first="Brittany" last="Maguire">Brittany Maguire</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeraatkar, Dena" sort="Zeraatkar, Dena" uniqKey="Zeraatkar D" first="Dena" last="Zeraatkar">Dena Zeraatkar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bartoszko, Jessica J" sort="Bartoszko, Jessica J" uniqKey="Bartoszko J" first="Jessica J" last="Bartoszko">Jessica J. Bartoszko</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ge, Long" sort="Ge, Long" uniqKey="Ge L" first="Long" last="Ge">Long Ge</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evidence Based Social Science Research Centre, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China and the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brignardello Petersen, Romina" sort="Brignardello Petersen, Romina" uniqKey="Brignardello Petersen R" first="Romina" last="Brignardello-Petersen">Romina Brignardello-Petersen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owen, Andrew" sort="Owen, Andrew" uniqKey="Owen A" first="Andrew" last="Owen">Andrew Owen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guyatt, Gordon" sort="Guyatt, Gordon" uniqKey="Guyatt G" first="Gordon" last="Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Janet" sort="Diaz, Janet" uniqKey="Diaz J" first="Janet" last="Diaz">Janet Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Michael" sort="Jacobs, Michael" uniqKey="Jacobs M" first="Michael" last="Jacobs">Michael Jacobs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust rochwerg@mcmaster.ca michael.jacobs@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandvik, Per Olav" sort="Vandvik, Per Olav" uniqKey="Vandvik P" first="Per Olav" last="Vandvik">Per Olav Vandvik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32887691</idno><idno type="pmid">32887691</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/bmj.m3379</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000C90</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000C90</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19.</title><author><name sortKey="Rochwerg, Bram" sort="Rochwerg, Bram" uniqKey="Rochwerg B" first="Bram" last="Rochwerg">Bram Rochwerg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada rochwerg@mcmaster.ca michael.jacobs@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siemieniuk, Reed Ac" sort="Siemieniuk, Reed Ac" uniqKey="Siemieniuk R" first="Reed Ac" last="Siemieniuk">Reed Ac Siemieniuk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agoritsas, Thomas" sort="Agoritsas, Thomas" uniqKey="Agoritsas T" first="Thomas" last="Agoritsas">Thomas Agoritsas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of General Internal Medicine & Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamontagne, Francois" sort="Lamontagne, Francois" uniqKey="Lamontagne F" first="François" last="Lamontagne">François Lamontagne</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche due CHU de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Askie, Lisa" sort="Askie, Lisa" uniqKey="Askie L" first="Lisa" last="Askie">Lisa Askie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lytvyn, Lyubov" sort="Lytvyn, Lyubov" uniqKey="Lytvyn L" first="Lyubov" last="Lytvyn">Lyubov Lytvyn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, Arnav" sort="Agarwal, Arnav" uniqKey="Agarwal A" first="Arnav" last="Agarwal">Arnav Agarwal</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leo, Yee Sin" sort="Leo, Yee Sin" uniqKey="Leo Y" first="Yee-Sin" last="Leo">Yee-Sin Leo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, Helen" sort="Macdonald, Helen" uniqKey="Macdonald H" first="Helen" last="Macdonald">Helen Macdonald</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The BMJ, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Linan" sort="Zeng, Linan" uniqKey="Zeng L" first="Linan" last="Zeng">Linan Zeng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, Wagdy" sort="Amin, Wagdy" uniqKey="Amin W" first="Wagdy" last="Amin">Wagdy Amin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burhan, Erlina" sort="Burhan, Erlina" uniqKey="Burhan E" first="Erlina" last="Burhan">Erlina Burhan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infection Division, Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bausch, Frederique Jacquerioz" sort="Bausch, Frederique Jacquerioz" uniqKey="Bausch F" first="Frederique Jacquerioz" last="Bausch">Frederique Jacquerioz Bausch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calfee, Carolyn S" sort="Calfee, Carolyn S" uniqKey="Calfee C" first="Carolyn S" last="Calfee">Carolyn S. Calfee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of California, San Francisco, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cecconi, Maurizio" sort="Cecconi, Maurizio" uniqKey="Cecconi M" first="Maurizio" last="Cecconi">Maurizio Cecconi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chanda, Duncan" sort="Chanda, Duncan" uniqKey="Chanda D" first="Duncan" last="Chanda">Duncan Chanda</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Adult Infectious Disease Centre, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Du, Bin" sort="Du, Bin" uniqKey="Du B" first="Bin" last="Du">Bin Du</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geduld, Heike" sort="Geduld, Heike" uniqKey="Geduld H" first="Heike" last="Geduld">Heike Geduld</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gee, Patrick" sort="Gee, Patrick" uniqKey="Gee P" first="Patrick" last="Gee">Patrick Gee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harley, Nerina" sort="Harley, Nerina" uniqKey="Harley N" first="Nerina" last="Harley">Nerina Harley</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Royal Melbourne Hospital and Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne , Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimi, Madiha" sort="Hashimi, Madiha" uniqKey="Hashimi M" first="Madiha" last="Hashimi">Madiha Hashimi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Beverly" sort="Hunt, Beverly" uniqKey="Hunt B" first="Beverly" last="Hunt">Beverly Hunt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kabra, Sushil K" sort="Kabra, Sushil K" uniqKey="Kabra S" first="Sushil K" last="Kabra">Sushil K. Kabra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanda, Seema" sort="Kanda, Seema" uniqKey="Kanda S" first="Seema" last="Kanda">Seema Kanda</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>McMaster University (alumnus).</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawano Dourado, Leticia" sort="Kawano Dourado, Leticia" uniqKey="Kawano Dourado L" first="Leticia" last="Kawano-Dourado">Leticia Kawano-Dourado</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor)- HCFMUSP, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Research Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Yae Jean" sort="Kim, Yae Jean" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yae-Jean" last="Kim">Yae-Jean Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kissoon, Niranjan" sort="Kissoon, Niranjan" uniqKey="Kissoon N" first="Niranjan" last="Kissoon">Niranjan Kissoon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwizera, Arthur" sort="Kwizera, Arthur" uniqKey="Kwizera A" first="Arthur" last="Kwizera">Arthur Kwizera</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahaka, Imelda" sort="Mahaka, Imelda" uniqKey="Mahaka I" first="Imelda" last="Mahaka">Imelda Mahaka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manai, Hela" sort="Manai, Hela" uniqKey="Manai H" first="Hela" last="Manai">Hela Manai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mino, Greta" sort="Mino, Greta" uniqKey="Mino G" first="Greta" last="Mino">Greta Mino</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Alcivar Hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nsutebu, Emmanuel" sort="Nsutebu, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Nsutebu E" first="Emmanuel" last="Nsutebu">Emmanuel Nsutebu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pshenichnaya, Natalia" sort="Pshenichnaya, Natalia" uniqKey="Pshenichnaya N" first="Natalia" last="Pshenichnaya">Natalia Pshenichnaya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, Russia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qadir, Nida" sort="Qadir, Nida" uniqKey="Qadir N" first="Nida" last="Qadir">Nida Qadir</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabzwari, Saniya" sort="Sabzwari, Saniya" uniqKey="Sabzwari S" first="Saniya" last="Sabzwari">Saniya Sabzwari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarin, Rohit" sort="Sarin, Rohit" uniqKey="Sarin R" first="Rohit" last="Sarin">Rohit Sarin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shankar Hari, Manu" sort="Shankar Hari, Manu" uniqKey="Shankar Hari M" first="Manu" last="Shankar-Hari">Manu Shankar-Hari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharland, Michael" sort="Sharland, Michael" uniqKey="Sharland M" first="Michael" last="Sharland">Michael Sharland</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>St. George's University Hospital, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Yinzhong" sort="Shen, Yinzhong" uniqKey="Shen Y" first="Yinzhong" last="Shen">Yinzhong Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ranganathan, Shalini Sri" sort="Ranganathan, Shalini Sri" uniqKey="Ranganathan S" first="Shalini Sri" last="Ranganathan">Shalini Sri Ranganathan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souza, Joao P" sort="Souza, Joao P" uniqKey="Souza J" first="Joao P" last="Souza">Joao P. Souza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stegemann, Miriam" sort="Stegemann, Miriam" uniqKey="Stegemann M" first="Miriam" last="Stegemann">Miriam Stegemann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Sutter, An" sort="De Sutter, An" uniqKey="De Sutter A" first="An" last="De Sutter">An De Sutter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Gent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ugarte, Sebastian" sort="Ugarte, Sebastian" uniqKey="Ugarte S" first="Sebastian" last="Ugarte">Sebastian Ugarte</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine Andres Bello University, Indisa Clinic, Santiago, Chile).</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatapuram, Sridhar" sort="Venkatapuram, Sridhar" uniqKey="Venkatapuram S" first="Sridhar" last="Venkatapuram">Sridhar Venkatapuram</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>King's College, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dat, Vu Quoc" sort="Dat, Vu Quoc" uniqKey="Dat V" first="Vu Quoc" last="Dat">Vu Quoc Dat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuyiseka, Dubula" sort="Vuyiseka, Dubula" uniqKey="Vuyiseka D" first="Dubula" last="Vuyiseka">Dubula Vuyiseka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wijewickrama, Ananda" sort="Wijewickrama, Ananda" uniqKey="Wijewickrama A" first="Ananda" last="Wijewickrama">Ananda Wijewickrama</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maguire, Brittany" sort="Maguire, Brittany" uniqKey="Maguire B" first="Brittany" last="Maguire">Brittany Maguire</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeraatkar, Dena" sort="Zeraatkar, Dena" uniqKey="Zeraatkar D" first="Dena" last="Zeraatkar">Dena Zeraatkar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bartoszko, Jessica J" sort="Bartoszko, Jessica J" uniqKey="Bartoszko J" first="Jessica J" last="Bartoszko">Jessica J. Bartoszko</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ge, Long" sort="Ge, Long" uniqKey="Ge L" first="Long" last="Ge">Long Ge</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Evidence Based Social Science Research Centre, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China and the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brignardello Petersen, Romina" sort="Brignardello Petersen, Romina" uniqKey="Brignardello Petersen R" first="Romina" last="Brignardello-Petersen">Romina Brignardello-Petersen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owen, Andrew" sort="Owen, Andrew" uniqKey="Owen A" first="Andrew" last="Owen">Andrew Owen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guyatt, Gordon" sort="Guyatt, Gordon" uniqKey="Guyatt G" first="Gordon" last="Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Janet" sort="Diaz, Janet" uniqKey="Diaz J" first="Janet" last="Diaz">Janet Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Michael" sort="Jacobs, Michael" uniqKey="Jacobs M" first="Michael" last="Jacobs">Michael Jacobs</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust rochwerg@mcmaster.ca michael.jacobs@ucl.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandvik, Per Olav" sort="Vandvik, Per Olav" uniqKey="Vandvik P" first="Per Olav" last="Vandvik">Per Olav Vandvik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>co-senior author.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMJ (Clinical research ed.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1756-1833</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adrenal Cortex Hormones (therapeutic use)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>World Health Organization (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Adrenal Cortex Hormones</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Humans</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>World Health Organization</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CLINICAL QUESTION</b></p><p>What is the role of drug interventions in the treatment and prevention of covid-19?</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>NEW RECOMMENDATION</b></p><p>The latest version of this WHO living guidance provides strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with covid-19 regardless of disease severity. These recommendations follow the publication of results from the WHO SOLIDARITY trial</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RECOMMENDATIONS</b></p><p>This guidance adds to recommendations for corticosteroids and remdesivir published in the previous versions, with no changes made in this update: (a) a strong recommendation for systemic corticosteroids in patients with severe and critical covid-19, (b) a conditional recommendation against systemic corticosteroids in patients with non-severe covid-19, (c) a conditional recommendation against remdesivir in hospitalised patients with covid-19.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>HOW THIS GUIDELINE WAS CREATED</b></p><p>WHO has partnered with the non-profit Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (MAGIC) for methodologic support, to develop and disseminate living guidance for covid-19 drug treatments, based on a living systematic review and network analysis. An international standing Guideline Development Group (GDG) of content experts, clinicians, patients, and methodologists produced recommendations following standards for trustworthy guideline development using the GRADE approach. No competing interests were identified for any panel member.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>UNDERSTANDING THE NEW RECOMMENDATION</b></p><p>When moving from the to the strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with covid-19, the panel was informed by a living systematic review and network meta-analysis of 30 trials with 10 921 participants for hydroxychloroquine and seven trials with 7429 participants for lopinavir-ritonavir. The trials for both drugs included inpatients and outpatients. Moderate certainty evidence for both drugs demonstrated no reduction in mortality or need for mechanical ventilation. There was also low certainty of evidence for harm with both drugs, including diarrhoea and nausea/vomiting. The panel did not anticipate important variability when it comes to patient values and preferences. In addition, the panel decided that contextual factors such as resources, feasibility, acceptability, and equity for countries and health care systems did not alter the recommendation.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>UPDATES</b></p><p>This is a living guideline. It replaces earlier versions (4 September and 20 November 2020) and supersedes the BMJ Rapid Recommendations on remdesivir published on 2 July 2020. The previous versions can be found as data supplements. New recommendations will be published as updates to this guideline.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>READERS' NOTE</b></p><p>This is the third version (update 2) of the living guideline (BMJ 2020;370:m3379). When citing this article, please consider adding the update number and date of access for clarity.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32887691</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>16</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>05</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1756-1833</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>370</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>04</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMJ (Clinical research ed.)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMJ</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>m3379</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1136/bmj.m3379</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="CLINICAL QUESTION">What is the role of drug interventions in the treatment and prevention of covid-19?</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="NEW RECOMMENDATION">The latest version of this WHO living guidance provides strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with covid-19 regardless of disease severity. These recommendations follow the publication of results from the WHO SOLIDARITY trial</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RECOMMENDATIONS">This guidance adds to recommendations for corticosteroids and remdesivir published in the previous versions, with no changes made in this update: (a) a strong recommendation for systemic corticosteroids in patients with severe and critical covid-19, (b) a conditional recommendation against systemic corticosteroids in patients with non-severe covid-19, (c) a conditional recommendation against remdesivir in hospitalised patients with covid-19.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="HOW THIS GUIDELINE WAS CREATED">WHO has partnered with the non-profit Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (MAGIC) for methodologic support, to develop and disseminate living guidance for covid-19 drug treatments, based on a living systematic review and network analysis. An international standing Guideline Development Group (GDG) of content experts, clinicians, patients, and methodologists produced recommendations following standards for trustworthy guideline development using the GRADE approach. No competing interests were identified for any panel member.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="UNDERSTANDING THE NEW RECOMMENDATION">When moving from the to the strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with covid-19, the panel was informed by a living systematic review and network meta-analysis of 30 trials with 10 921 participants for hydroxychloroquine and seven trials with 7429 participants for lopinavir-ritonavir. The trials for both drugs included inpatients and outpatients. Moderate certainty evidence for both drugs demonstrated no reduction in mortality or need for mechanical ventilation. There was also low certainty of evidence for harm with both drugs, including diarrhoea and nausea/vomiting. The panel did not anticipate important variability when it comes to patient values and preferences. In addition, the panel decided that contextual factors such as resources, feasibility, acceptability, and equity for countries and health care systems did not alter the recommendation.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="UPDATES">This is a living guideline. It replaces earlier versions (4 September and 20 November 2020) and supersedes the BMJ Rapid Recommendations on remdesivir published on 2 July 2020. The previous versions can be found as data supplements. New recommendations will be published as updates to this guideline.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="READERS' NOTE">This is the third version (update 2) of the living guideline (BMJ 2020;370:m3379). When citing this article, please consider adding the update number and date of access for clarity.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rochwerg</LastName><ForeName>Bram</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada rochwerg@mcmaster.ca michael.jacobs@ucl.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Siemieniuk</LastName><ForeName>Reed Ac</ForeName><Initials>RA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Agoritsas</LastName><ForeName>Thomas</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of General Internal Medicine & Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lamontagne</LastName><ForeName>François</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche due CHU de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Askie</LastName><ForeName>Lisa</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lytvyn</LastName><ForeName>Lyubov</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Agarwal</LastName><ForeName>Arnav</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leo</LastName><ForeName>Yee-Sin</ForeName><Initials>YS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Macdonald</LastName><ForeName>Helen</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The BMJ, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zeng</LastName><ForeName>Linan</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amin</LastName><ForeName>Wagdy</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Burhan</LastName><ForeName>Erlina</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infection Division, Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bausch</LastName><ForeName>Frederique Jacquerioz</ForeName><Initials>FJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Calfee</LastName><ForeName>Carolyn S</ForeName><Initials>CS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of California, San Francisco, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cecconi</LastName><ForeName>Maurizio</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chanda</LastName><ForeName>Duncan</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Adult Infectious Disease Centre, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Du</LastName><ForeName>Bin</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Geduld</LastName><ForeName>Heike</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gee</LastName><ForeName>Patrick</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Harley</LastName><ForeName>Nerina</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Royal Melbourne Hospital and Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne , Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hashimi</LastName><ForeName>Madiha</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hunt</LastName><ForeName>Beverly</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kabra</LastName><ForeName>Sushil K</ForeName><Initials>SK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kanda</LastName><ForeName>Seema</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McMaster University (alumnus).</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kawano-Dourado</LastName><ForeName>Leticia</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor)- HCFMUSP, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil and Research Institute, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kim</LastName><ForeName>Yae-Jean</ForeName><Initials>YJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kissoon</LastName><ForeName>Niranjan</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kwizera</LastName><ForeName>Arthur</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mahaka</LastName><ForeName>Imelda</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zimbabwe.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Manai</LastName><ForeName>Hela</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mino</LastName><ForeName>Greta</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Alcivar Hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nsutebu</LastName><ForeName>Emmanuel</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pshenichnaya</LastName><ForeName>Natalia</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, Russia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Qadir</LastName><ForeName>Nida</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sabzwari</LastName><ForeName>Saniya</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sarin</LastName><ForeName>Rohit</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shankar-Hari</LastName><ForeName>Manu</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sharland</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St. George's University Hospital, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shen</LastName><ForeName>Yinzhong</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Corticosteroid panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ranganathan</LastName><ForeName>Shalini Sri</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Souza</LastName><ForeName>Joao P</ForeName><Initials>JP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stegemann</LastName><ForeName>Miriam</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Sutter</LastName><ForeName>An</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Gent, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ugarte</LastName><ForeName>Sebastian</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine Andres Bello University, Indisa Clinic, Santiago, Chile).</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Venkatapuram</LastName><ForeName>Sridhar</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>King's College, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dat</LastName><ForeName>Vu Quoc</ForeName><Initials>VQ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vuyiseka</LastName><ForeName>Dubula</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wijewickrama</LastName><ForeName>Ananda</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maguire</LastName><ForeName>Brittany</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zeraatkar</LastName><ForeName>Dena</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bartoszko</LastName><ForeName>Jessica J</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ge</LastName><ForeName>Long</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Evidence Based Social Science Research Centre, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China and the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brignardello-Petersen</LastName><ForeName>Romina</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Owen</LastName><ForeName>Andrew</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guyatt</LastName><ForeName>Gordon</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Diaz</LastName><ForeName>Janet</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>co-senior author.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jacobs</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust rochwerg@mcmaster.ca michael.jacobs@ucl.ac.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir-ritonavir panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ivermectin panel member.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>co-senior author.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vandvik</LastName><ForeName>Per Olav</ForeName><Initials>PO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Economics and Health Management, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>. Not panel member; resource for methodology, systematic review, and content support.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>co-senior author.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>001</GrantID><Acronym>WHO_</Acronym><Agency>World Health Organization</Agency><Country>International</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>RP-2016-07-012</GrantID><Acronym>DH_</Acronym><Agency>Department of Health</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D017065">Practice Guideline</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>04</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>BMJ</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8900488</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0959-8138</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000305">Adrenal Cortex Hormones</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="UpdateIn"><RefSource>BMJ. 2020 Nov 19;371:m4475</RefSource><PMID Version="1">33214213</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="UpdateIn"><RefSource>BMJ. 2021 Mar 31;372:n860</RefSource><PMID Version="1">33789884</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000305" MajorTopicYN="N">Adrenal Cortex Hormones</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="Y">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014944" MajorTopicYN="N">World Health Organization</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>Competing interests: All guideline panel members have completed the WHO interest disclosure form. All authors have completed the BMJ Rapid Recommendations interest of disclosure form. The WHO, MAGIC and The BMJ judged that no panel member had any financial conflict of interest. Professional and academic interests are minimised as much as possible, while maintaining necessary expertise on the panel to make fully informed decisions. MAGIC and BMJ assessed declared interests from other co-authors of this publication and found no conflicts of interests.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>15</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32887691</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1136/bmj.m3379</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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