Methylene blue inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
Identifieur interne : 000999 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000998; suivant : 000A00Methylene blue inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
Auteurs : Mathieu Gendrot ; Julien Andreani ; Isabelle Duflot ; Manon Boxberger ; Marion Le Bideau ; Joel Mosnier ; Priscilla Jardot ; Isabelle Fonta ; Clara Rolland ; Hervé Bogreau ; Sébastien Hutter ; Bernard La Scola ; Bruno PradinesSource :
- International journal of antimicrobial agents [ 1872-7913 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , pharmacology : Methylene Blue.
- drug effects : SARS-CoV-2, Virus Replication.
- drug therapy : COVID-19.
- physiology : SARS-CoV-2.
- Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, Vero Cells.
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. Currently there is no antiviral treatment recommended against SARS-CoV-2. Identifying effective antiviral drugs is urgently required. Methylene blue has already demonstrated in vitro antiviral activity in photodynamic therapy as well as antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities in non-photodynamic assays. In this study. non-photoactivated methylene blue showed in vitro activity at very low micromolar range with an EC50 (median effective concentration) of 0.30 ± 0.03 μM and an EC90 (90% effective concentration) of 0.75 ± 0.21 μM at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.25 against SARS-CoV-2 (strain IHUMI-3). The EC50 and EC90 values for methylene blue are lower than those obtained for hydroxychloroquine (1.5 μM and 3.0 μM) and azithromycin (20.1 μM and 41.9 μM). The ratios Cmax/EC50 and Cmax/EC90 in blood for methylene blue were estimated at 10.1 and 4.0, respectively, following oral administration and 33.3 and 13.3 following intravenous administration. Methylene blue EC50 and EC90 values are consistent with concentrations observed in human blood. We propose that methylene blue is a promising drug for treatment of COVID-19. In vivo evaluation in animal experimental models is now required to confirm its antiviral effects on SARS-CoV-2. The potential interest of methylene blue to treat COVID-19 needs to be confirmed by prospective comparative clinical studies.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106202
PubMed: 33075512
PubMed Central: PMC7566888
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33075512Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Methylene blue inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.</title><author><name sortKey="Gendrot, Mathieu" sort="Gendrot, Mathieu" uniqKey="Gendrot M" first="Mathieu" last="Gendrot">Mathieu Gendrot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andreani, Julien" sort="Andreani, Julien" uniqKey="Andreani J" first="Julien" last="Andreani">Julien Andreani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duflot, Isabelle" sort="Duflot, Isabelle" uniqKey="Duflot I" first="Isabelle" last="Duflot">Isabelle Duflot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boxberger, Manon" sort="Boxberger, Manon" uniqKey="Boxberger M" first="Manon" last="Boxberger">Manon Boxberger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Bideau, Marion" sort="Le Bideau, Marion" uniqKey="Le Bideau M" first="Marion" last="Le Bideau">Marion Le Bideau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mosnier, Joel" sort="Mosnier, Joel" uniqKey="Mosnier J" first="Joel" last="Mosnier">Joel Mosnier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jardot, Priscilla" sort="Jardot, Priscilla" uniqKey="Jardot P" first="Priscilla" last="Jardot">Priscilla Jardot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonta, Isabelle" sort="Fonta, Isabelle" uniqKey="Fonta I" first="Isabelle" last="Fonta">Isabelle Fonta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rolland, Clara" sort="Rolland, Clara" uniqKey="Rolland C" first="Clara" last="Rolland">Clara Rolland</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bogreau, Herve" sort="Bogreau, Herve" uniqKey="Bogreau H" first="Hervé" last="Bogreau">Hervé Bogreau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutter, Sebastien" sort="Hutter, Sebastien" uniqKey="Hutter S" first="Sébastien" last="Hutter">Sébastien Hutter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bernard.la-scola@univ-amu.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pradines, Bruno" sort="Pradines, Bruno" uniqKey="Pradines B" first="Bruno" last="Pradines">Bruno Pradines</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.pradines@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33075512</idno><idno type="pmid">33075512</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106202</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7566888</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000999</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000999</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Methylene blue inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.</title><author><name sortKey="Gendrot, Mathieu" sort="Gendrot, Mathieu" uniqKey="Gendrot M" first="Mathieu" last="Gendrot">Mathieu Gendrot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andreani, Julien" sort="Andreani, Julien" uniqKey="Andreani J" first="Julien" last="Andreani">Julien Andreani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duflot, Isabelle" sort="Duflot, Isabelle" uniqKey="Duflot I" first="Isabelle" last="Duflot">Isabelle Duflot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boxberger, Manon" sort="Boxberger, Manon" uniqKey="Boxberger M" first="Manon" last="Boxberger">Manon Boxberger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le Bideau, Marion" sort="Le Bideau, Marion" uniqKey="Le Bideau M" first="Marion" last="Le Bideau">Marion Le Bideau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mosnier, Joel" sort="Mosnier, Joel" uniqKey="Mosnier J" first="Joel" last="Mosnier">Joel Mosnier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jardot, Priscilla" sort="Jardot, Priscilla" uniqKey="Jardot P" first="Priscilla" last="Jardot">Priscilla Jardot</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonta, Isabelle" sort="Fonta, Isabelle" uniqKey="Fonta I" first="Isabelle" last="Fonta">Isabelle Fonta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rolland, Clara" sort="Rolland, Clara" uniqKey="Rolland C" first="Clara" last="Rolland">Clara Rolland</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bogreau, Herve" sort="Bogreau, Herve" uniqKey="Bogreau H" first="Hervé" last="Bogreau">Hervé Bogreau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutter, Sebastien" sort="Hutter, Sebastien" uniqKey="Hutter S" first="Sébastien" last="Hutter">Sébastien Hutter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bernard.la-scola@univ-amu.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pradines, Bruno" sort="Pradines, Bruno" uniqKey="Pradines B" first="Bruno" last="Pradines">Bruno Pradines</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.pradines@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International journal of antimicrobial agents</title><idno type="eISSN">1872-7913</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (drug therapy)</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops (MeSH)</term><term>Methylene Blue (pharmacology)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (drug effects)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (physiology)</term><term>Vero Cells (MeSH)</term><term>Virus Replication (drug effects)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Methylene Blue</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Virus Replication</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term><term>Vero Cells</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. Currently there is no antiviral treatment recommended against SARS-CoV-2. Identifying effective antiviral drugs is urgently required. Methylene blue has already demonstrated in vitro antiviral activity in photodynamic therapy as well as antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities in non-photodynamic assays. In this study. non-photoactivated methylene blue showed in vitro activity at very low micromolar range with an EC<sub>50</sub> (median effective concentration) of 0.30 ± 0.03 μM and an EC<sub>90</sub> (90% effective concentration) of 0.75 ± 0.21 μM at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.25 against SARS-CoV-2 (strain IHUMI-3). The EC<sub>50</sub> and EC<sub>90</sub> values for methylene blue are lower than those obtained for hydroxychloroquine (1.5 μM and 3.0 μM) and azithromycin (20.1 μM and 41.9 μM). The ratios C<sub>max</sub>/EC<sub>50</sub> and C<sub>max</sub>/EC<sub>90</sub> in blood for methylene blue were estimated at 10.1 and 4.0, respectively, following oral administration and 33.3 and 13.3 following intravenous administration. Methylene blue EC<sub>50</sub> and EC<sub>90</sub> values are consistent with concentrations observed in human blood. We propose that methylene blue is a promising drug for treatment of COVID-19. In vivo evaluation in animal experimental models is now required to confirm its antiviral effects on SARS-CoV-2. The potential interest of methylene blue to treat COVID-19 needs to be confirmed by prospective comparative clinical studies.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33075512</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1872-7913</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>56</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Dec</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>International journal of antimicrobial agents</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Int J Antimicrob Agents</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Methylene blue inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>106202</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0924-8579(20)30408-8</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106202</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. Currently there is no antiviral treatment recommended against SARS-CoV-2. Identifying effective antiviral drugs is urgently required. Methylene blue has already demonstrated in vitro antiviral activity in photodynamic therapy as well as antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities in non-photodynamic assays. In this study. non-photoactivated methylene blue showed in vitro activity at very low micromolar range with an EC<sub>50</sub> (median effective concentration) of 0.30 ± 0.03 μM and an EC<sub>90</sub> (90% effective concentration) of 0.75 ± 0.21 μM at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.25 against SARS-CoV-2 (strain IHUMI-3). The EC<sub>50</sub> and EC<sub>90</sub> values for methylene blue are lower than those obtained for hydroxychloroquine (1.5 μM and 3.0 μM) and azithromycin (20.1 μM and 41.9 μM). The ratios C<sub>max</sub>/EC<sub>50</sub> and C<sub>max</sub>/EC<sub>90</sub> in blood for methylene blue were estimated at 10.1 and 4.0, respectively, following oral administration and 33.3 and 13.3 following intravenous administration. Methylene blue EC<sub>50</sub> and EC<sub>90</sub> values are consistent with concentrations observed in human blood. We propose that methylene blue is a promising drug for treatment of COVID-19. In vivo evaluation in animal experimental models is now required to confirm its antiviral effects on SARS-CoV-2. The potential interest of methylene blue to treat COVID-19 needs to be confirmed by prospective comparative clinical studies.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gendrot</LastName><ForeName>Mathieu</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Andreani</LastName><ForeName>Julien</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duflot</LastName><ForeName>Isabelle</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boxberger</LastName><ForeName>Manon</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Le Bideau</LastName><ForeName>Marion</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mosnier</LastName><ForeName>Joel</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jardot</LastName><ForeName>Priscilla</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fonta</LastName><ForeName>Isabelle</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rolland</LastName><ForeName>Clara</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bogreau</LastName><ForeName>Hervé</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hutter</LastName><ForeName>Sébastien</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>La Scola</LastName><ForeName>Bernard</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bernard.la-scola@univ-amu.fr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pradines</LastName><ForeName>Bruno</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.pradines@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>16</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Int J Antimicrob Agents</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9111860</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0924-8579</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>T42P99266K</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008751">Methylene Blue</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002522" MajorTopicYN="N">Chlorocebus aethiops</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008751" MajorTopicYN="N">Methylene Blue</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014709" MajorTopicYN="N">Vero Cells</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014779" MajorTopicYN="N">Virus Replication</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">In vitro</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Methylene blue</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>11</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>20</Hour><Minute>9</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33075512</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0924-8579(20)30408-8</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106202</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7566888</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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