Early experimental COVID-19 therapies: associations with length of hospital stay, mortality and related costs.
Identifieur interne : 000572 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000571; suivant : 000573Early experimental COVID-19 therapies: associations with length of hospital stay, mortality and related costs.
Auteurs : Nathalie Vernaz ; Thomas Agoritsas ; Alexandra Calmy ; Angèle Gayet-Ageron ; Gabriel Gold ; Arnaud Perrier ; Fabienne Picard ; Virginie Prendki ; Jean-Luc Reny ; Caroline Samer ; Jérôme Stirnemann ; Pauline Vetter ; Marie-Céline Zanella ; Dina Zekry ; Stéphanie BaggioSource :
- Swiss medical weekly [ 1424-3997 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adult (MeSH), Age Factors (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage), Antiviral Agents (adverse effects), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), COVID-19 (drug therapy), COVID-19 (epidemiology), COVID-19 (mortality), Child (MeSH), Child, Preschool (MeSH), Comorbidity (MeSH), Drug Combinations (MeSH), Drug Therapy, Combination (MeSH), Health Expenditures (MeSH), Hospital Mortality (trends), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (administration & dosage), Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Infant (MeSH), Length of Stay (statistics & numerical data), Lopinavir (administration & dosage), Lopinavir (adverse effects), Lopinavir (therapeutic use), Middle Aged (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), Ritonavir (administration & dosage), Ritonavir (adverse effects), Ritonavir (therapeutic use), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Severity of Illness Index (MeSH), Sex Factors (MeSH), Socioeconomic Factors (MeSH), Therapies, Investigational (methods), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Antiviral Agents, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir, Ritonavir.
- chemical , adverse effects : Antiviral Agents, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir, Ritonavir.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antiviral Agents, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir, Ritonavir.
- drug therapy : COVID-19.
- epidemiology : COVID-19.
- methods : Therapies, Investigational.
- mortality : COVID-19.
- statistics & numerical data : Length of Stay.
- trends : Hospital Mortality.
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Comorbidity, Drug Combinations, Drug Therapy, Combination, Health Expenditures, Humans, Infant, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult.
Abstract
AIMS OF THE STUDY
Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir have been used as experimental therapies to treat COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. Randomised controlled trials have recently shown that there are no meaningful benefits of these two therapies in hospitalised patients. Uncertainty remains regarding the potential harmful impact of these therapies as very early treatments and their burden to the health care system. The present study investigated the length of hospital stay (LOS), mortality, and costs of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir or their combination in comparison with standard of care among patients hospitalised for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
METHODS
This retrospective observational cohort study took place in the Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland (n = 840) between 26 February and 31 May 2020. Demographics, treatment regimens, comorbidities, the modified National Early Warning Score (mNEWS) on admission, and contraindications to COVID-19 treatment options were assessed. Outcomes included LOS, in-hospital mortality, and drug and LOS costs.
RESULTS
After successful propensity score matching, patients treated with (1) hydroxychloroquine, (2) lopinavir/ritonavir or (3) their combination had on average 3.75 additional hospitalisation days (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37–6.12, p = 0.002), 1.23 additional hospitalisation days (95% CI −1.24 – 3.51, p = 0.319), and 4.19 additional hospitalisation days (95% CI 1.52–5.31, p <0.001), respectively, compared with patients treated with the standard of care. Neither experimental therapy was significantly associated with mortality. These additional hospital days amounted to 1010.77 additional days for hydroxychloroquine and hydroxychloroquine combined with lopinavir/ritonavir, resulting in an additional cost of US$ 2,492,214 (95%CI US$ 916,839–3,450,619).
CONCLUSIONS
Prescribing experimental therapies for COVID-19 was not associated with a reduced LOS and might have increased the pressure put on healthcare systems.
DOI: 10.4414/smw.2020.20446
PubMed: 33382449
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33382449Le document en format XML
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uniqKey="Calmy A" first="Alexandra" last="Calmy">Alexandra Calmy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gayet Ageron, Angele" sort="Gayet Ageron, Angele" uniqKey="Gayet Ageron A" first="Angèle" last="Gayet-Ageron">Angèle Gayet-Ageron</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CRC and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health and Community Medicine, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gold, Gabriel" sort="Gold, Gabriel" uniqKey="Gold G" first="Gabriel" last="Gold">Gabriel Gold</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Service of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perrier, Arnaud" sort="Perrier, Arnaud" uniqKey="Perrier A" first="Arnaud" last="Perrier">Arnaud Perrier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Directorate, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland / Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Picard, Fabienne" sort="Picard, Fabienne" uniqKey="Picard F" first="Fabienne" last="Picard">Fabienne Picard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prendki, Virginie" sort="Prendki, Virginie" uniqKey="Prendki V" first="Virginie" last="Prendki">Virginie Prendki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Internal Medicine for the Aged, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reny, Jean Luc" sort="Reny, Jean Luc" uniqKey="Reny J" first="Jean-Luc" last="Reny">Jean-Luc Reny</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samer, Caroline" sort="Samer, Caroline" uniqKey="Samer C" first="Caroline" last="Samer">Caroline Samer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stirnemann, Jerome" sort="Stirnemann, Jerome" uniqKey="Stirnemann J" first="Jérôme" last="Stirnemann">Jérôme Stirnemann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vetter, Pauline" sort="Vetter, Pauline" uniqKey="Vetter P" first="Pauline" last="Vetter">Pauline Vetter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zanella, Marie Celine" sort="Zanella, Marie Celine" uniqKey="Zanella M" first="Marie-Céline" last="Zanella">Marie-Céline Zanella</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zekry, Dina" sort="Zekry, Dina" uniqKey="Zekry D" first="Dina" last="Zekry">Dina Zekry</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Internal Medicine for the Aged, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baggio, Stephanie" sort="Baggio, Stephanie" uniqKey="Baggio S" first="Stéphanie" last="Baggio">Stéphanie Baggio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Prison Health, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland / Office of Corrections, Department of Justice and Home Affairs of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33382449</idno><idno type="pmid">33382449</idno><idno type="doi">10.4414/smw.2020.20446</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000572</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000572</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Early experimental COVID-19 therapies: associations with length of hospital stay, mortality and related costs.</title><author><name sortKey="Vernaz, Nathalie" sort="Vernaz, Nathalie" uniqKey="Vernaz N" first="Nathalie" last="Vernaz">Nathalie Vernaz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Directorate, Finance Directorate, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva University, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agoritsas, Thomas" sort="Agoritsas, Thomas" uniqKey="Agoritsas T" first="Thomas" last="Agoritsas">Thomas Agoritsas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of General Internal Medicine and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland / Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calmy, Alexandra" sort="Calmy, Alexandra" uniqKey="Calmy A" first="Alexandra" last="Calmy">Alexandra Calmy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gayet Ageron, Angele" sort="Gayet Ageron, Angele" uniqKey="Gayet Ageron A" first="Angèle" last="Gayet-Ageron">Angèle Gayet-Ageron</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CRC and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health and Community Medicine, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gold, Gabriel" sort="Gold, Gabriel" uniqKey="Gold G" first="Gabriel" last="Gold">Gabriel Gold</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Service of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perrier, Arnaud" sort="Perrier, Arnaud" uniqKey="Perrier A" first="Arnaud" last="Perrier">Arnaud Perrier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Directorate, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland / Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Picard, Fabienne" sort="Picard, Fabienne" uniqKey="Picard F" first="Fabienne" last="Picard">Fabienne Picard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prendki, Virginie" sort="Prendki, Virginie" uniqKey="Prendki V" first="Virginie" last="Prendki">Virginie Prendki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Internal Medicine for the Aged, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reny, Jean Luc" sort="Reny, Jean Luc" uniqKey="Reny J" first="Jean-Luc" last="Reny">Jean-Luc Reny</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samer, Caroline" sort="Samer, Caroline" uniqKey="Samer C" first="Caroline" last="Samer">Caroline Samer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stirnemann, Jerome" sort="Stirnemann, Jerome" uniqKey="Stirnemann J" first="Jérôme" last="Stirnemann">Jérôme Stirnemann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vetter, Pauline" sort="Vetter, Pauline" uniqKey="Vetter P" first="Pauline" last="Vetter">Pauline Vetter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zanella, Marie Celine" sort="Zanella, Marie Celine" uniqKey="Zanella M" first="Marie-Céline" last="Zanella">Marie-Céline Zanella</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zekry, Dina" sort="Zekry, Dina" uniqKey="Zekry D" first="Dina" last="Zekry">Dina Zekry</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Internal Medicine for the Aged, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baggio, Stephanie" sort="Baggio, Stephanie" uniqKey="Baggio S" first="Stéphanie" last="Baggio">Stéphanie Baggio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Prison Health, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland / Office of Corrections, Department of Justice and Home Affairs of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Swiss medical weekly</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-3997</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Age Factors (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (adverse effects)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>COVID-19 (drug therapy)</term><term>COVID-19 (epidemiology)</term><term>COVID-19 (mortality)</term><term>Child (MeSH)</term><term>Child, Preschool (MeSH)</term><term>Comorbidity (MeSH)</term><term>Drug Combinations (MeSH)</term><term>Drug Therapy, Combination (MeSH)</term><term>Health Expenditures (MeSH)</term><term>Hospital Mortality (trends)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (administration & dosage)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Infant (MeSH)</term><term>Length of Stay (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Lopinavir (administration & dosage)</term><term>Lopinavir (adverse effects)</term><term>Lopinavir (therapeutic use)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Ritonavir (administration & dosage)</term><term>Ritonavir (adverse effects)</term><term>Ritonavir (therapeutic use)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Severity of Illness Index (MeSH)</term><term>Sex Factors (MeSH)</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors (MeSH)</term><term>Therapies, Investigational (methods)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Therapies, Investigational</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Length of Stay</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="trends" xml:lang="en"><term>Hospital Mortality</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Age Factors</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Comorbidity</term><term>Drug Combinations</term><term>Drug Therapy, Combination</term><term>Health Expenditures</term><term>Humans</term><term>Infant</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Severity of Illness Index</term><term>Sex Factors</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>AIMS OF THE STUDY</b></p><p>Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir have been used as experimental therapies to treat COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. Randomised controlled trials have recently shown that there are no meaningful benefits of these two therapies in hospitalised patients. Uncertainty remains regarding the potential harmful impact of these therapies as very early treatments and their burden to the health care system. The present study investigated the length of hospital stay (LOS), mortality, and costs of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir or their combination in comparison with standard of care among patients hospitalised for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>This retrospective observational cohort study took place in the Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland (n = 840) between 26 February and 31 May 2020. Demographics, treatment regimens, comorbidities, the modified National Early Warning Score (mNEWS) on admission, and contraindications to COVID-19 treatment options were assessed. Outcomes included LOS, in-hospital mortality, and drug and LOS costs.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>After successful propensity score matching, patients treated with (1) hydroxychloroquine, (2) lopinavir/ritonavir or (3) their combination had on average 3.75 additional hospitalisation days (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37–6.12, p = 0.002), 1.23 additional hospitalisation days (95% CI −1.24 – 3.51, p = 0.319), and 4.19 additional hospitalisation days (95% CI 1.52–5.31, p <0.001), respectively, compared with patients treated with the standard of care. Neither experimental therapy was significantly associated with mortality. These additional hospital days amounted to 1010.77 additional days for hydroxychloroquine and hydroxychloroquine combined with lopinavir/ritonavir, resulting in an additional cost of US$ 2,492,214 (95%CI US$ 916,839–3,450,619).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Prescribing experimental therapies for COVID-19 was not associated with a reduced LOS and might have increased the pressure put on healthcare systems.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33382449</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>19</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>19</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1424-3997</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>150</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>14</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Swiss medical weekly</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Swiss Med Wkly</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Early experimental COVID-19 therapies: associations with length of hospital stay, mortality and related costs.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>w20446</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.4414/smw.2020.20446</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">Swiss Med Wkly. 2020;150:w20446</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="AIMS OF THE STUDY">Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir have been used as experimental therapies to treat COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. Randomised controlled trials have recently shown that there are no meaningful benefits of these two therapies in hospitalised patients. Uncertainty remains regarding the potential harmful impact of these therapies as very early treatments and their burden to the health care system. The present study investigated the length of hospital stay (LOS), mortality, and costs of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir or their combination in comparison with standard of care among patients hospitalised for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">This retrospective observational cohort study took place in the Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland (n = 840) between 26 February and 31 May 2020. Demographics, treatment regimens, comorbidities, the modified National Early Warning Score (mNEWS) on admission, and contraindications to COVID-19 treatment options were assessed. Outcomes included LOS, in-hospital mortality, and drug and LOS costs.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">After successful propensity score matching, patients treated with (1) hydroxychloroquine, (2) lopinavir/ritonavir or (3) their combination had on average 3.75 additional hospitalisation days (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37–6.12, p = 0.002), 1.23 additional hospitalisation days (95% CI −1.24 – 3.51, p = 0.319), and 4.19 additional hospitalisation days (95% CI 1.52–5.31, p <0.001), respectively, compared with patients treated with the standard of care. Neither experimental therapy was significantly associated with mortality. These additional hospital days amounted to 1010.77 additional days for hydroxychloroquine and hydroxychloroquine combined with lopinavir/ritonavir, resulting in an additional cost of US$ 2,492,214 (95%CI US$ 916,839–3,450,619).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">Prescribing experimental therapies for COVID-19 was not associated with a reduced LOS and might have increased the pressure put on healthcare systems.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vernaz</LastName><ForeName>Nathalie</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical Directorate, Finance Directorate, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva University, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Agoritsas</LastName><ForeName>Thomas</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of General Internal Medicine and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland / Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Calmy</LastName><ForeName>Alexandra</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gayet-Ageron</LastName><ForeName>Angèle</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CRC and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health and Community Medicine, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gold</LastName><ForeName>Gabriel</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Service of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Perrier</LastName><ForeName>Arnaud</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical Directorate, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland / Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Picard</LastName><ForeName>Fabienne</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Prendki</LastName><ForeName>Virginie</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Internal Medicine for the Aged, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reny</LastName><ForeName>Jean-Luc</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Samer</LastName><ForeName>Caroline</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stirnemann</LastName><ForeName>Jérôme</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vetter</LastName><ForeName>Pauline</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zanella</LastName><ForeName>Marie-Céline</ForeName><Initials>MC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zekry</LastName><ForeName>Dina</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Internal Medicine for the Aged, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baggio</LastName><ForeName>Stéphanie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Prison Health, University of Geneva and University Hospitals of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland / Office of Corrections, Department of Justice and Home Affairs of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D064888">Observational Study</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>31</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Swiss Med Wkly</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100970884</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0036-7672</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D004338">Drug Combinations</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C558899">lopinavir-ritonavir drug 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