Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: the never-ending story.
Identifieur interne : 000423 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000422; suivant : 000424Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: the never-ending story.
Auteurs : Amin Gasmi ; Massimiliano Peana ; Sadaf Noor ; Roman Lysiuk ; Alain Menzel ; Asma Gasmi Benahmed ; Geir Bj RklundSource :
- Applied microbiology and biotechnology [ 1432-0614 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Antimalarials (chemistry), Antimalarials (therapeutic use), Antiviral Agents (chemistry), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), COVID-19 (drug therapy), Chloroquine (chemistry), Chloroquine (therapeutic use), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (chemistry), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antimalarials, Antiviral Agents, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine.
- drug therapy : COVID-19.
- Humans, SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract
The anti-malarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been suggested as promising agents against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that induces COVID-19 and as a possible therapy for shortening the duration of the viral disease. The antiviral effects of CQ and HCQ have been demonstrated in vitro due to their ability to block viruses like coronavirus SARS in cell culture. CQ and HCQ have been proposed to reduce immune reactions to infectious agents, inhibit pneumonia exacerbation, and improve lung imaging investigations. CQ analogs have also revealed the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in treating viral infections and related ailments. There was, moreover, convincing evidence from early trials in China about the efficacy of CQ and HCQ in the anti-COVID-19 procedure. Since then, research and studies have been massive to ascertain these drugs' efficacy and safety in treating the viral disease. In the present review, we construct a synopsis of the main properties and current data concerning the metabolism of CQ/HCQ, which were the basis of assessing their potential therapeutic roles against the new coronavirus infection. The effective role of QC and HCQ in the prophylaxis and therapy of COVID-19 infection is discussed in light of the latest international medical-scientific research results. KEY POINTS: • Data concerning metabolism and properties of CQ/HCQ are discussed. • The efficacy of CQ/HCQ against COVID-19 has been the subject of contradictory results. • CQ/HCQ has little or no effect in reducing mortality in SARS-CoV-2-affected patients.
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11094-4
PubMed: 33515285
PubMed Central: PMC7847229
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33515285Le document en format XML
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Multan, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lysiuk, Roman" sort="Lysiuk, Roman" uniqKey="Lysiuk R" first="Roman" last="Lysiuk">Roman Lysiuk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzel, Alain" sort="Menzel, Alain" uniqKey="Menzel A" first="Alain" last="Menzel">Alain Menzel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoires Réunis, Junglinster, Luxembourg.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gasmi Benahmed, Asma" sort="Gasmi Benahmed, Asma" uniqKey="Gasmi Benahmed A" first="Asma" last="Gasmi Benahmed">Asma Gasmi Benahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bj Rklund, Geir" sort="Bj Rklund, Geir" uniqKey="Bj Rklund G" first="Geir" last="Bj Rklund">Geir Bj Rklund</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway. bjorklund@conem.org.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33515285</idno><idno type="pmid">33515285</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s00253-021-11094-4</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7847229</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000423</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000423</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: the never-ending story.</title><author><name sortKey="Gasmi, Amin" sort="Gasmi, Amin" uniqKey="Gasmi A" first="Amin" last="Gasmi">Amin Gasmi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peana, Massimiliano" sort="Peana, Massimiliano" uniqKey="Peana M" first="Massimiliano" last="Peana">Massimiliano Peana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy. peana@uniss.it.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noor, Sadaf" sort="Noor, Sadaf" uniqKey="Noor S" first="Sadaf" last="Noor">Sadaf Noor</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lysiuk, Roman" sort="Lysiuk, Roman" uniqKey="Lysiuk R" first="Roman" last="Lysiuk">Roman Lysiuk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzel, Alain" sort="Menzel, Alain" uniqKey="Menzel A" first="Alain" last="Menzel">Alain Menzel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoires Réunis, Junglinster, Luxembourg.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gasmi Benahmed, Asma" sort="Gasmi Benahmed, Asma" uniqKey="Gasmi Benahmed A" first="Asma" last="Gasmi Benahmed">Asma Gasmi Benahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bj Rklund, Geir" sort="Bj Rklund, Geir" uniqKey="Bj Rklund G" first="Geir" last="Bj Rklund">Geir Bj Rklund</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway. bjorklund@conem.org.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Applied microbiology and biotechnology</title><idno type="eISSN">1432-0614</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials (chemistry)</term><term>Antimalarials (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (chemistry)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>COVID-19 (drug therapy)</term><term>Chloroquine (chemistry)</term><term>Chloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (chemistry)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The anti-malarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been suggested as promising agents against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that induces COVID-19 and as a possible therapy for shortening the duration of the viral disease. The antiviral effects of CQ and HCQ have been demonstrated in vitro due to their ability to block viruses like coronavirus SARS in cell culture. CQ and HCQ have been proposed to reduce immune reactions to infectious agents, inhibit pneumonia exacerbation, and improve lung imaging investigations. CQ analogs have also revealed the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in treating viral infections and related ailments. There was, moreover, convincing evidence from early trials in China about the efficacy of CQ and HCQ in the anti-COVID-19 procedure. Since then, research and studies have been massive to ascertain these drugs' efficacy and safety in treating the viral disease. In the present review, we construct a synopsis of the main properties and current data concerning the metabolism of CQ/HCQ, which were the basis of assessing their potential therapeutic roles against the new coronavirus infection. The effective role of QC and HCQ in the prophylaxis and therapy of COVID-19 infection is discussed in light of the latest international medical-scientific research results. KEY POINTS: • Data concerning metabolism and properties of CQ/HCQ are discussed. • The efficacy of CQ/HCQ against COVID-19 has been the subject of contradictory results. • CQ/HCQ has little or no effect in reducing mortality in SARS-CoV-2-affected patients.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33515285</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>22</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1432-0614</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>105</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Feb</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Applied microbiology and biotechnology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: the never-ending story.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1333-1343</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s00253-021-11094-4</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The anti-malarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been suggested as promising agents against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that induces COVID-19 and as a possible therapy for shortening the duration of the viral disease. The antiviral effects of CQ and HCQ have been demonstrated in vitro due to their ability to block viruses like coronavirus SARS in cell culture. CQ and HCQ have been proposed to reduce immune reactions to infectious agents, inhibit pneumonia exacerbation, and improve lung imaging investigations. CQ analogs have also revealed the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in treating viral infections and related ailments. There was, moreover, convincing evidence from early trials in China about the efficacy of CQ and HCQ in the anti-COVID-19 procedure. Since then, research and studies have been massive to ascertain these drugs' efficacy and safety in treating the viral disease. In the present review, we construct a synopsis of the main properties and current data concerning the metabolism of CQ/HCQ, which were the basis of assessing their potential therapeutic roles against the new coronavirus infection. The effective role of QC and HCQ in the prophylaxis and therapy of COVID-19 infection is discussed in light of the latest international medical-scientific research results. KEY POINTS: • Data concerning metabolism and properties of CQ/HCQ are discussed. • The efficacy of CQ/HCQ against COVID-19 has been the subject of contradictory results. • CQ/HCQ has little or no effect in reducing mortality in SARS-CoV-2-affected patients.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gasmi</LastName><ForeName>Amin</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peana</LastName><ForeName>Massimiliano</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy. peana@uniss.it.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Noor</LastName><ForeName>Sadaf</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lysiuk</LastName><ForeName>Roman</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Menzel</LastName><ForeName>Alain</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoires Réunis, Junglinster, Luxembourg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gasmi Benahmed</LastName><ForeName>Asma</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author 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MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Chloroquine</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Metabolism</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>31</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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