IDentif.AI: Rapidly optimizing combination therapy design against severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) with digital drug development.
Identifieur interne : 000398 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000397; suivant : 000399IDentif.AI: Rapidly optimizing combination therapy design against severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) with digital drug development.
Auteurs : Agata Blasiak ; Jhin Jieh Lim ; Shirley Gek Kheng Seah ; Theodore Kee ; Alexandria Remus ; De Hoe Chye ; Pui San Wong ; Lissa Hooi ; Anh T L. Truong ; Nguyen Le ; Conrad E Z. Chan ; Rishi Desai ; Xianting Ding ; Brendon J. Hanson ; Edward Kai-Hua Chow ; Dean HoSource :
- Bioengineering & translational medicine [ 2380-6761 ] ; 2021.
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to multiple drug repurposing clinical trials that have yielded largely uncertain outcomes. To overcome this challenge, we used IDentif.AI, a platform that pairs experimental validation with artificial intelligence (AI) and digital drug development to rapidly pinpoint unpredictable drug interactions and optimize infectious disease combination therapy design with clinically relevant dosages. IDentif.AI was paired with a 12-drug candidate therapy set representing over 530,000 drug combinations against the SARS-CoV-2 live virus collected from a patient sample. IDentif.AI pinpointed the optimal combination as remdesivir, ritonavir, and lopinavir, which was experimentally validated to mediate a 6.5-fold enhanced efficacy over remdesivir alone. Additionally, it showed hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin to be relatively ineffective. The study was completed within 2 weeks, with a three-order of magnitude reduction in the number of tests needed. IDentif.AI independently mirrored clinical trial outcomes to date without any data from these trials. The robustness of this digital drug development approach paired with in vitro experimentation and AI-driven optimization suggests that IDentif.AI may be clinically actionable toward current and future outbreaks.
DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10196
PubMed: 33532594
PubMed Central: PMC7823122
Links to Exploration step
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">IDentif.AI: Rapidly optimizing combination therapy design against severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) with digital drug development.</title><author><name sortKey="Blasiak, Agata" sort="Blasiak, Agata" uniqKey="Blasiak A" first="Agata" last="Blasiak">Agata Blasiak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Jhin Jieh" sort="Lim, Jhin Jieh" uniqKey="Lim J" first="Jhin Jieh" last="Lim">Jhin Jieh Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seah, Shirley Gek Kheng" sort="Seah, Shirley Gek Kheng" uniqKey="Seah S" first="Shirley Gek Kheng" last="Seah">Shirley Gek Kheng Seah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kee, Theodore" sort="Kee, Theodore" uniqKey="Kee T" first="Theodore" last="Kee">Theodore Kee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Remus, Alexandria" sort="Remus, Alexandria" uniqKey="Remus A" first="Alexandria" last="Remus">Alexandria Remus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chye, De Hoe" sort="Chye, De Hoe" uniqKey="Chye D" first="De Hoe" last="Chye">De Hoe Chye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Pui San" sort="Wong, Pui San" uniqKey="Wong P" first="Pui San" last="Wong">Pui San Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hooi, Lissa" sort="Hooi, Lissa" uniqKey="Hooi L" first="Lissa" last="Hooi">Lissa Hooi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Truong, Anh T L" sort="Truong, Anh T L" uniqKey="Truong A" first="Anh T L" last="Truong">Anh T L. Truong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le, Nguyen" sort="Le, Nguyen" uniqKey="Le N" first="Nguyen" last="Le">Nguyen Le</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Conrad E Z" sort="Chan, Conrad E Z" uniqKey="Chan C" first="Conrad E Z" last="Chan">Conrad E Z. Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desai, Rishi" sort="Desai, Rishi" uniqKey="Desai R" first="Rishi" last="Desai">Rishi Desai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Osmosis Baltimore Maryland USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Xianting" sort="Ding, Xianting" uniqKey="Ding X" first="Xianting" last="Ding">Xianting Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanson, Brendon J" sort="Hanson, Brendon J" uniqKey="Hanson B" first="Brendon J" last="Hanson">Brendon J. Hanson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chow, Edward Kai Hua" sort="Chow, Edward Kai Hua" uniqKey="Chow E" first="Edward Kai-Hua" last="Chow">Edward Kai-Hua Chow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Dean" sort="Ho, Dean" uniqKey="Ho D" first="Dean" last="Ho">Dean Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33532594</idno><idno type="pmid">33532594</idno><idno type="doi">10.1002/btm2.10196</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7823122</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000398</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000398</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">IDentif.AI: Rapidly optimizing combination therapy design against severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) with digital drug development.</title><author><name sortKey="Blasiak, Agata" sort="Blasiak, Agata" uniqKey="Blasiak A" first="Agata" last="Blasiak">Agata Blasiak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Jhin Jieh" sort="Lim, Jhin Jieh" uniqKey="Lim J" first="Jhin Jieh" last="Lim">Jhin Jieh Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seah, Shirley Gek Kheng" sort="Seah, Shirley Gek Kheng" uniqKey="Seah S" first="Shirley Gek Kheng" last="Seah">Shirley Gek Kheng Seah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kee, Theodore" sort="Kee, Theodore" uniqKey="Kee T" first="Theodore" last="Kee">Theodore Kee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Remus, Alexandria" sort="Remus, Alexandria" uniqKey="Remus A" first="Alexandria" last="Remus">Alexandria Remus</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chye, De Hoe" sort="Chye, De Hoe" uniqKey="Chye D" first="De Hoe" last="Chye">De Hoe Chye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Pui San" sort="Wong, Pui San" uniqKey="Wong P" first="Pui San" last="Wong">Pui San Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hooi, Lissa" sort="Hooi, Lissa" uniqKey="Hooi L" first="Lissa" last="Hooi">Lissa Hooi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Truong, Anh T L" sort="Truong, Anh T L" uniqKey="Truong A" first="Anh T L" last="Truong">Anh T L. Truong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le, Nguyen" sort="Le, Nguyen" uniqKey="Le N" first="Nguyen" last="Le">Nguyen Le</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Conrad E Z" sort="Chan, Conrad E Z" uniqKey="Chan C" first="Conrad E Z" last="Chan">Conrad E Z. Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desai, Rishi" sort="Desai, Rishi" uniqKey="Desai R" first="Rishi" last="Desai">Rishi Desai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Osmosis Baltimore Maryland USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Xianting" sort="Ding, Xianting" uniqKey="Ding X" first="Xianting" last="Ding">Xianting Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanson, Brendon J" sort="Hanson, Brendon J" uniqKey="Hanson B" first="Brendon J" last="Hanson">Brendon J. Hanson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chow, Edward Kai Hua" sort="Chow, Edward Kai Hua" uniqKey="Chow E" first="Edward Kai-Hua" last="Chow">Edward Kai-Hua Chow</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Dean" sort="Ho, Dean" uniqKey="Ho D" first="Dean" last="Ho">Dean Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Bioengineering & translational medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">2380-6761</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to multiple drug repurposing clinical trials that have yielded largely uncertain outcomes. To overcome this challenge, we used IDentif.AI, a platform that pairs experimental validation with artificial intelligence (AI) and digital drug development to rapidly pinpoint unpredictable drug interactions and optimize infectious disease combination therapy design with clinically relevant dosages. IDentif.AI was paired with a 12-drug candidate therapy set representing over 530,000 drug combinations against the SARS-CoV-2 live virus collected from a patient sample. IDentif.AI pinpointed the optimal combination as remdesivir, ritonavir, and lopinavir, which was experimentally validated to mediate a 6.5-fold enhanced efficacy over remdesivir alone. Additionally, it showed hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin to be relatively ineffective. The study was completed within 2 weeks, with a three-order of magnitude reduction in the number of tests needed. IDentif.AI independently mirrored clinical trial outcomes to date without any data from these trials. The robustness of this digital drug development approach paired with in vitro experimentation and AI-driven optimization suggests that IDentif.AI may be clinically actionable toward current and future outbreaks.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33532594</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>06</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2380-6761</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>6</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Jan</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Bioengineering & translational medicine</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Bioeng Transl Med</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>IDentif.AI: Rapidly optimizing combination therapy design against severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) with digital drug development.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e10196</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1002/btm2.10196</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to multiple drug repurposing clinical trials that have yielded largely uncertain outcomes. To overcome this challenge, we used IDentif.AI, a platform that pairs experimental validation with artificial intelligence (AI) and digital drug development to rapidly pinpoint unpredictable drug interactions and optimize infectious disease combination therapy design with clinically relevant dosages. IDentif.AI was paired with a 12-drug candidate therapy set representing over 530,000 drug combinations against the SARS-CoV-2 live virus collected from a patient sample. IDentif.AI pinpointed the optimal combination as remdesivir, ritonavir, and lopinavir, which was experimentally validated to mediate a 6.5-fold enhanced efficacy over remdesivir alone. Additionally, it showed hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin to be relatively ineffective. The study was completed within 2 weeks, with a three-order of magnitude reduction in the number of tests needed. IDentif.AI independently mirrored clinical trial outcomes to date without any data from these trials. The robustness of this digital drug development approach paired with in vitro experimentation and AI-driven optimization suggests that IDentif.AI may be clinically actionable toward current and future outbreaks.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2020 The Authors. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Blasiak</LastName><ForeName>Agata</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0727-7611</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lim</LastName><ForeName>Jhin Jieh</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seah</LastName><ForeName>Shirley Gek Kheng</ForeName><Initials>SGK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kee</LastName><ForeName>Theodore</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-8270</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Remus</LastName><ForeName>Alexandria</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-7933</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chye</LastName><ForeName>De Hoe</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wong</LastName><ForeName>Pui San</ForeName><Initials>PS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hooi</LastName><ForeName>Lissa</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Truong</LastName><ForeName>Anh T L</ForeName><Initials>ATL</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-4437</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Le</LastName><ForeName>Nguyen</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-7793</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chan</LastName><ForeName>Conrad E Z</ForeName><Initials>CEZ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Desai</LastName><ForeName>Rishi</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Osmosis Baltimore Maryland USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ding</LastName><ForeName>Xianting</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hanson</LastName><ForeName>Brendon J</ForeName><Initials>BJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chow</LastName><ForeName>Edward Kai-Hua</ForeName><Initials>EK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ho</LastName><ForeName>Dean</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-296X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1) National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>01</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Bioeng Transl Med</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101689146</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2380-6761</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID‐19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS‐CoV‐2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">artificial intelligence</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">combinatory treatment</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">digital medicine</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">drug development</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">drug interactions</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>A. B., T. K., L. H., X. D., E. K‐.H. C., and D. H. are co‐inventors or previously filed pending patents on artificial intelligence‐based therapy development. T. K. E. K.‐H. C., and D. H. are shareholders of KYAN Therapeutics, which has licensed intellectual property pertaining to AI‐based drug development. No intellectual property rights from this reported work are being pursued.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33532594</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1002/btm2.10196</ArticleId><ArticleId 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