A Bayesian reanalysis of the effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on viral carriage in patients with COVID-19.
Identifieur interne : 000331 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000330; suivant : 000332A Bayesian reanalysis of the effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on viral carriage in patients with COVID-19.
Auteurs : Oliver James Hulme ; Eric-Jan Wagenmakers ; Per Damkier ; Christopher Fugl Madelung ; Hartwig Roman Siebner ; Jannik Helweg-Larsen ; Quentin F. Gronau ; Thomas Lars Benfield ; Kristoffer Hougaard MadsenSource :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage), Azithromycin (administration & dosage), COVID-19 (blood), COVID-19 (drug therapy), Child (MeSH), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (administration & dosage), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (metabolism), Viral Load (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Antiviral Agents, Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine.
- blood : COVID-19.
- drug therapy : COVID-19.
- metabolism : SARS-CoV-2.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Viral Load.
Abstract
Gautret and colleagues reported the results of a non-randomised case series which examined the effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on viral load in the upper respiratory tract of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients. The authors reported that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) had significant virus reducing effects, and that dual treatment of both HCQ and azithromycin further enhanced virus reduction. In light of criticisms regarding how patients were excluded from analyses, we reanalysed the original data to interrogate the main claims of the paper. We applied Bayesian statistics to assess the robustness of the original paper's claims by testing four variants of the data: 1) The original data; 2) Data including patients who deteriorated; 3) Data including patients who deteriorated with exclusion of untested patients in the comparison group; 4) Data that includes patients who deteriorated with the assumption that untested patients were negative. To ask if HCQ monotherapy was effective, we performed an A/B test for a model which assumes a positive effect, compared to a model of no effect. We found that the statistical evidence was highly sensitive to these data variants. Statistical evidence for the positive effect model ranged from strong for the original data (BF+0 ~11), to moderate when including patients who deteriorated (BF+0 ~4.35), to anecdotal when excluding untested patients (BF+0 ~2), and to anecdotal negative evidence if untested patients were assumed positive (BF+0 ~0.6). The fact that the patient inclusions and exclusions are not well justified nor adequately reported raises substantial uncertainty about the interpretation of the evidence obtained from the original paper.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245048
PubMed: 33606702
PubMed Central: PMC7894854
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pubmed:33606702Le document en format XML
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Gronau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benfield, Thomas Lars" sort="Benfield, Thomas Lars" uniqKey="Benfield T" first="Thomas Lars" last="Benfield">Thomas Lars Benfield</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madsen, Kristoffer Hougaard" sort="Madsen, Kristoffer Hougaard" uniqKey="Madsen K" first="Kristoffer Hougaard" last="Madsen">Kristoffer Hougaard Madsen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33606702</idno><idno type="pmid">33606702</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0245048</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7894854</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000331</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000331</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A Bayesian reanalysis of the effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on viral carriage in patients with COVID-19.</title><author><name sortKey="Hulme, Oliver James" sort="Hulme, Oliver James" uniqKey="Hulme O" first="Oliver James" last="Hulme">Oliver James Hulme</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>London Mathematical Laboratory, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagenmakers, Eric Jan" sort="Wagenmakers, Eric Jan" uniqKey="Wagenmakers E" first="Eric-Jan" last="Wagenmakers">Eric-Jan Wagenmakers</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damkier, Per" sort="Damkier, Per" uniqKey="Damkier P" first="Per" last="Damkier">Per Damkier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madelung, Christopher Fugl" sort="Madelung, Christopher Fugl" uniqKey="Madelung C" first="Christopher Fugl" last="Madelung">Christopher Fugl Madelung</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siebner, Hartwig Roman" sort="Siebner, Hartwig Roman" uniqKey="Siebner H" first="Hartwig Roman" last="Siebner">Hartwig Roman Siebner</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Helweg Larsen, Jannik" sort="Helweg Larsen, Jannik" uniqKey="Helweg Larsen J" first="Jannik" last="Helweg-Larsen">Jannik Helweg-Larsen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gronau, Quentin F" sort="Gronau, Quentin F" uniqKey="Gronau Q" first="Quentin F" last="Gronau">Quentin F. Gronau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benfield, Thomas Lars" sort="Benfield, Thomas Lars" uniqKey="Benfield T" first="Thomas Lars" last="Benfield">Thomas Lars Benfield</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madsen, Kristoffer Hougaard" sort="Madsen, Kristoffer Hougaard" uniqKey="Madsen K" first="Kristoffer Hougaard" last="Madsen">Kristoffer Hougaard Madsen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage)</term><term>Azithromycin (administration & dosage)</term><term>COVID-19 (blood)</term><term>COVID-19 (drug therapy)</term><term>Child (MeSH)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (administration & dosage)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (metabolism)</term><term>Viral Load (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Azithromycin</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Child</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Viral Load</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Gautret and colleagues reported the results of a non-randomised case series which examined the effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on viral load in the upper respiratory tract of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients. The authors reported that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) had significant virus reducing effects, and that dual treatment of both HCQ and azithromycin further enhanced virus reduction. In light of criticisms regarding how patients were excluded from analyses, we reanalysed the original data to interrogate the main claims of the paper. We applied Bayesian statistics to assess the robustness of the original paper's claims by testing four variants of the data: 1) The original data; 2) Data including patients who deteriorated; 3) Data including patients who deteriorated with exclusion of untested patients in the comparison group; 4) Data that includes patients who deteriorated with the assumption that untested patients were negative. To ask if HCQ monotherapy was effective, we performed an A/B test for a model which assumes a positive effect, compared to a model of no effect. We found that the statistical evidence was highly sensitive to these data variants. Statistical evidence for the positive effect model ranged from strong for the original data (BF+0 ~11), to moderate when including patients who deteriorated (BF+0 ~4.35), to anecdotal when excluding untested patients (BF+0 ~2), and to anecdotal negative evidence if untested patients were assumed positive (BF+0 ~0.6). The fact that the patient inclusions and exclusions are not well justified nor adequately reported raises substantial uncertainty about the interpretation of the evidence obtained from the original paper.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33606702</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>01</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>03</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>16</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A Bayesian reanalysis of the effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on viral carriage in patients with COVID-19.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0245048</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0245048</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Gautret and colleagues reported the results of a non-randomised case series which examined the effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on viral load in the upper respiratory tract of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients. The authors reported that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) had significant virus reducing effects, and that dual treatment of both HCQ and azithromycin further enhanced virus reduction. In light of criticisms regarding how patients were excluded from analyses, we reanalysed the original data to interrogate the main claims of the paper. We applied Bayesian statistics to assess the robustness of the original paper's claims by testing four variants of the data: 1) The original data; 2) Data including patients who deteriorated; 3) Data including patients who deteriorated with exclusion of untested patients in the comparison group; 4) Data that includes patients who deteriorated with the assumption that untested patients were negative. To ask if HCQ monotherapy was effective, we performed an A/B test for a model which assumes a positive effect, compared to a model of no effect. We found that the statistical evidence was highly sensitive to these data variants. Statistical evidence for the positive effect model ranged from strong for the original data (BF+0 ~11), to moderate when including patients who deteriorated (BF+0 ~4.35), to anecdotal when excluding untested patients (BF+0 ~2), and to anecdotal negative evidence if untested patients were assumed positive (BF+0 ~0.6). The fact that the patient inclusions and exclusions are not well justified nor adequately reported raises substantial uncertainty about the interpretation of the evidence obtained from the original paper.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hulme</LastName><ForeName>Oliver James</ForeName><Initials>OJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3139-4324</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>London Mathematical Laboratory, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wagenmakers</LastName><ForeName>Eric-Jan</ForeName><Initials>EJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Damkier</LastName><ForeName>Per</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Madelung</LastName><ForeName>Christopher Fugl</ForeName><Initials>CF</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-0827-217X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Siebner</LastName><ForeName>Hartwig Roman</ForeName><Initials>HR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Helweg-Larsen</LastName><ForeName>Jannik</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gronau</LastName><ForeName>Quentin F</ForeName><Initials>QF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benfield</LastName><ForeName>Thomas Lars</ForeName><Initials>TL</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-0698-9385</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Madsen</LastName><ForeName>Kristoffer Hougaard</ForeName><Initials>KH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D003160">Comparative Study</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>19</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>83905-01-5</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D017963">Azithromycin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Protocol" UI="C000705127">COVID-19 drug treatment</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="Y">administration & dosage</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017963" MajorTopicYN="N">Azithromycin</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="Y">administration & dosage</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="Y">blood</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002648" MajorTopicYN="N">Child</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000008" MajorTopicYN="Y">administration & dosage</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019562" MajorTopicYN="Y">Viral Load</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>Dr. Benfield reports grants from Pfizer, grants from Novo Nordisk Foundation, grants from Simonsen Foundation, grants and personal fees from GSK, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Gilead, personal fees from MSD, outside the submitted work; Dr. Siebner reports personal fees from Sanofi Genzyme, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Elsevier publishers, other from Springer publishers, outside the submitted work. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>17</Hour><Minute>12</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33606702</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0245048</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">PONE-D-20-11807</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7894854</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Behav Res Methods. 2015 Dec;47(4):913-917</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25271090</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Jul;56(1):105949</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32205204</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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