Mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Identifieur interne : 000329 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000328; suivant : 000330Mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Auteurs : Zakariya Kashour ; Tarek Kashour ; Danielle Gerberi ; Imad M. TleyjehSource :
- Clinical and translational science [ 1752-8062 ] ; 2021.
Abstract
Many meta-analyses have been published about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most of them included observational studies, and few have assessed HCQ as a prophylaxis or evaluated its safety profile. We searched multiple databases and preprint servers for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed HCQ for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. We summarized the effect of HCQ on mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes. Out of 768 papers screened, 21 RCTs with a total of 14,138 patients were included. A total of 9 inpatient and 3 outpatient RCTs assessed mortality in 8596 patients with a pooled risk difference of 0.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00-0.03, I2 = 1%, p = 0.07). Six studies assessed viral clearance at 7 days with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.11 (95% CI 0.86-1.42, I2 = 61%, p = 0.44) and 5 studies at 14 days with a pooled RR of 0.96 (95% CI 0.89-1.04, I2 = 0%, p = 0.34). Several trials showed no significant effect of HCQ on other clinical outcomes and. Five prevention RCTs with 5012 patients found no effect of HCQ on the risk of acquiring COVID-19. Thirteen trials showed that HCQ was associated with increased risk of adverse events. We observed, with high level of certainty of evidence, that HCQ is not effective in reducing mortality in patients with COVID-19. Lower certainty evidence also suggests that HCQ neither improves viral clearance and other clinical outcomes, nor prevents COVID-19 infection in patients with high-risk exposure. HCQ is associated with an increased rate of adverse events.
DOI: 10.1111/cts.13001
PubMed: 33606894
PubMed Central: PMC8013604
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33606894Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</title><author><name sortKey="Kashour, Zakariya" sort="Kashour, Zakariya" uniqKey="Kashour Z" first="Zakariya" last="Kashour">Zakariya Kashour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kashour, Tarek" sort="Kashour, Tarek" uniqKey="Kashour T" first="Tarek" last="Kashour">Tarek Kashour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gerberi, Danielle" sort="Gerberi, Danielle" uniqKey="Gerberi D" first="Danielle" last="Gerberi">Danielle Gerberi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mayo Clinic Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tleyjeh, Imad M" sort="Tleyjeh, Imad M" uniqKey="Tleyjeh I" first="Imad M" last="Tleyjeh">Imad M. Tleyjeh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medical Specialties King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33606894</idno><idno type="pmid">33606894</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/cts.13001</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC8013604</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000329</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000329</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</title><author><name sortKey="Kashour, Zakariya" sort="Kashour, Zakariya" uniqKey="Kashour Z" first="Zakariya" last="Kashour">Zakariya Kashour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kashour, Tarek" sort="Kashour, Tarek" uniqKey="Kashour T" first="Tarek" last="Kashour">Tarek Kashour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gerberi, Danielle" sort="Gerberi, Danielle" uniqKey="Gerberi D" first="Danielle" last="Gerberi">Danielle Gerberi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mayo Clinic Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tleyjeh, Imad M" sort="Tleyjeh, Imad M" uniqKey="Tleyjeh I" first="Imad M" last="Tleyjeh">Imad M. Tleyjeh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medical Specialties King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Clinical and translational science</title><idno type="eISSN">1752-8062</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Many meta-analyses have been published about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most of them included observational studies, and few have assessed HCQ as a prophylaxis or evaluated its safety profile. We searched multiple databases and preprint servers for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed HCQ for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. We summarized the effect of HCQ on mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes. Out of 768 papers screened, 21 RCTs with a total of 14,138 patients were included. A total of 9 inpatient and 3 outpatient RCTs assessed mortality in 8596 patients with a pooled risk difference of 0.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00-0.03, I<sup>2</sup> = 1%, p = 0.07). Six studies assessed viral clearance at 7 days with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.11 (95% CI 0.86-1.42, I<sup>2</sup> = 61%, p = 0.44) and 5 studies at 14 days with a pooled RR of 0.96 (95% CI 0.89-1.04, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%, p = 0.34). Several trials showed no significant effect of HCQ on other clinical outcomes and. Five prevention RCTs with 5012 patients found no effect of HCQ on the risk of acquiring COVID-19. Thirteen trials showed that HCQ was associated with increased risk of adverse events. We observed, with high level of certainty of evidence, that HCQ is not effective in reducing mortality in patients with COVID-19. Lower certainty evidence also suggests that HCQ neither improves viral clearance and other clinical outcomes, nor prevents COVID-19 infection in patients with high-risk exposure. HCQ is associated with an increased rate of adverse events.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33606894</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1752-8062</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>19</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Clinical and translational science</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Clin Transl Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1111/cts.13001</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Many meta-analyses have been published about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most of them included observational studies, and few have assessed HCQ as a prophylaxis or evaluated its safety profile. We searched multiple databases and preprint servers for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed HCQ for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. We summarized the effect of HCQ on mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes. Out of 768 papers screened, 21 RCTs with a total of 14,138 patients were included. A total of 9 inpatient and 3 outpatient RCTs assessed mortality in 8596 patients with a pooled risk difference of 0.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00-0.03, I<sup>2</sup> = 1%, p = 0.07). Six studies assessed viral clearance at 7 days with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.11 (95% CI 0.86-1.42, I<sup>2</sup> = 61%, p = 0.44) and 5 studies at 14 days with a pooled RR of 0.96 (95% CI 0.89-1.04, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%, p = 0.34). Several trials showed no significant effect of HCQ on other clinical outcomes and. Five prevention RCTs with 5012 patients found no effect of HCQ on the risk of acquiring COVID-19. Thirteen trials showed that HCQ was associated with increased risk of adverse events. We observed, with high level of certainty of evidence, that HCQ is not effective in reducing mortality in patients with COVID-19. Lower certainty evidence also suggests that HCQ neither improves viral clearance and other clinical outcomes, nor prevents COVID-19 infection in patients with high-risk exposure. HCQ is associated with an increased rate of adverse events.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2021 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kashour</LastName><ForeName>Zakariya</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kashour</LastName><ForeName>Tarek</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gerberi</LastName><ForeName>Danielle</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mayo Clinic Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tleyjeh</LastName><ForeName>Imad M</ForeName><Initials>IM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medical Specialties King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>19</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Clin Transl Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101474067</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1752-8054</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>04</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>08</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>10</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>17</Hour><Minute>13</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33606894</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/cts.13001</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8013604</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Title>REFERENCES</Title><Reference><Citation>Tripathy S, Dassarma B, Roy S, Chabalala H, Matsabisa MG. A review on possible modes of action of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine: repurposing against SAR-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56:106028.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci Trends. 2020;14:72-73.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(1):105949.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924-926.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Murad MH. Clinical practice guidelines: a primer on development and dissemination. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92:423-433.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Deeks J, Higgins J, Altman D, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Chapter 10: analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. 2020.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cavalcanti AB, Zampieri FG, Rosa RG, et al. Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin in mild-to-moderate COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(21):2041-2052.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Chen CP, Lin YC, Chen TC, et al. A multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of hydroxychloroquine and a retrospective study in adult patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0242763.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Chen J, Liu D, Liu L, et al. A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020;49:215-219.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Chen L, Zhang Z, Fu J, et al. Efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in moderate type of COVID-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled study. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.20136093</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Chen Z, Hu J, Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary results from a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.20151852</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Kamran SM, Mirza Z, Naseem A, Azam R. Clearing the fog: is HCQ effective in reducing COVID-19 progression: a randomized controlled trial. medRxiv. https://doi.org/2020.07.30.20165365.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mitjà O, Corbacho-Monné M, Ubals M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine for early treatment of adults with mild covid-19: a randomized-controlled trial [published online ahead of print July 16, 2020]. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cud.cuaa1009</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Skipper CP, Pastick KA, Engen NW, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(8):623-631.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients mainly with mild to moderate COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial. BMJ. 2020;369:m1849.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Davoodi L, Abedi SM, Salehifar E, et al. Febuxostat therapy in outpatients with suspected COVID-19: A clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(11):e13600.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, et al. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:517-525.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mitjà O, Corbacho-Monné M, Ubals M, et al. A cluster-randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as prevention of COVID-19 transmission and disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;384(5)417-427.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Abd-Elsalam S, Esmail ES, Khalaf M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19: a multicenter randomized controlled study. Am J Trop Med Hygiene. 2020;103:1635-1639.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Abella BS, Jolkovsky EL, Biney BT, et al. Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine vs placebo for pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis among health care workers. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(2):195.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Dabbous H, El-Sayed M, El Assal G, et al. A randomized controlled study of favipiravir vs hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 management: what have we learned so far?. Research Square. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-83677/v1</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ulrich RJ, Troxel AB, Carmody E, et al. Treating COVID-19 with hydroxychloroquine (TEACH): a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial in hospitalized patients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(10):ofaa446.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Rajasingham R, Bangdiwala AS, Nicol MR, et al. Hydroxychloroquine as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare workers: a randomized trial [published online ahead of print October 17, 2020]. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1571</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Grau-Pujol B, Camprubí D, Marti-Soler H, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: initial results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Research Square. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-72132/v1</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lyngbakken MN, Berdal J-E, Eskesen A, et al. A pragmatic randomized controlled trial reports the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine on coronavirus disease 2019 viral kinetics. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5284.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Pan H, Peto R, et al. Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 -interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. N Eng J Med. 2020;384(6):497-511.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Fiolet T, Guihur A, Rebeaud ME, Mulot M, Peiffer-Smadja N, Mahamat-Saleh Y. Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(1):19-27.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ullah W, Zahid S, Nadeem N, et al. Meta-analysis comparing culprit-only versus complete multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2021;139:34-39.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Kashour Z, Riaz M, Garbati MA, et al. Efficacy of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(1):30-42.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Elavarasi A, Prasad M, Seth T, et al. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(11):3308-3314.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Putman M, Chock YPE, Tam H, et al. Antirheumatic disease therapies for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(1):36-47.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Pathak DSK, Salunke AA, Thivari P, et al. No benefit of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: results of systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14:1673-1680.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Hussain N, Chung E, Heyl J, et al. A meta-analysis on the effects of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19. Cureus. 2020;12:e10005.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lewis K, Chaudhuri D, Alshamsi F, et al. The efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0244778.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Chowdhury MS, Rathod J, Gernsheimer J. A rapid systematic review of clinical trials utilizing chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19. Acad Emerg Med. 2020;27:493-504.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, et al. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol J. 2005;2:69.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Gendelman O, Amital H, Bragazzi NL, Watad A, Chodick G. Continuous hydroxychloroquine or colchicine therapy does not prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2: Insights from a large healthcare database analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102566.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, et al. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):732-739.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Perinel S, Launay M, Botelho-Nevers É, et al. Towards optimization of hydroxychloroquine dosing in intensive care unit COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2227-2229.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cutler DJ. Possible mechanisms of action of antimalarials in rheumatic disease. Agents Actions Suppl. 1993;44:139-143.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Fan J, Zhang X, Liu J, et al. Connecting hydroxychloroquine in vitro antiviral activity to in vivo concentration for prediction of antiviral effect: a critical step in treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(12):3232-3236.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Garcia-Cremades M, Solans BP, Hughes E, et al. Optimizing hydroxychloroquine dosing for patients with COVID-19: an integrative modeling approach for effective drug repurposing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108:253-263.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Kashour T, Tleyjeh IM. It is time to drop hydroxychloroquine from our COVID-19 armamentarium. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:110198.</Citation></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/CovidChloroV1/Data/Main/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000329 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000329 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= CovidChloroV1
|flux= Main
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= pubmed:33606894
|texte= Mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:33606894" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CovidChloroV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |