A Comprehensive Review of Viral Characteristics, Transmission, Pathophysiology, Immune Response, and Management of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as a Basis for Controlling the Pandemic.
Identifieur interne : 000243 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000242; suivant : 000244A Comprehensive Review of Viral Characteristics, Transmission, Pathophysiology, Immune Response, and Management of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as a Basis for Controlling the Pandemic.
Auteurs : Chris R. Triggle ; Devendra Bansal ; Hong Ding ; Md Mazharul Islam ; Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd Farag ; Hamad Abdel Hadi ; Ali A. SultanSource :
- Frontiers in immunology [ 1664-3224 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adenosine Monophosphate (analogs & derivatives), Adenosine Monophosphate (therapeutic use), Aged (MeSH), Alanine (analogs & derivatives), Alanine (therapeutic use), Anti-Inflammatory Agents (therapeutic use), Antigenic Variation (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Asymptomatic Diseases (MeSH), COVID-19 (immunology), COVID-19 (therapy), COVID-19 (transmission), COVID-19 Vaccines (immunology), Child (MeSH), Dexamethasone (therapeutic use), Humans (MeSH), Immunity (MeSH), Pandemics (prevention & control), SARS-CoV-2 (pathogenicity), SARS-CoV-2 (physiology).
- MESH :
- chemical , analogs & derivatives : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine.
- chemical , immunology : COVID-19 Vaccines.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiviral Agents, Dexamethasone.
- immunology : COVID-19.
- pathogenicity : SARS-CoV-2.
- physiology : SARS-CoV-2.
- prevention & control : Pandemics.
- therapy : COVID-19.
- transmission : COVID-19.
- Aged, Antigenic Variation, Asymptomatic Diseases, Child, Humans, Immunity.
Abstract
COVID-19 emerged from China in December 2019 and during 2020 spread to every continent including Antarctica. The coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative pathogen, and its spread has stretched the capacities of healthcare systems and negatively affected the global economy. This review provides an update on the virus, including the genome, the risks associated with the emergence of variants, mode of transmission, immune response, COVID-19 in children and the elderly, and advances made to contain, prevent and manage the disease. Although our knowledge of the mechanics of virus transmission and the immune response has been substantially demystified, concerns over reinfection, susceptibility of the elderly and whether asymptomatic children promote transmission remain unanswered. There are also uncertainties about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and why there are variations in clinical presentations and why some patients suffer from long lasting symptoms-"the long haulers." To date, there are no significantly effective curative drugs for COVID-19, especially after failure of hydroxychloroquine trials to produce positive results. The RNA polymerase inhibitor, remdesivir, facilitates recovery of severely infected cases but, unlike the anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone, does not reduce mortality. However, vaccine development witnessed substantial progress with several being approved in countries around the globe.
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631139
PubMed: 33717166
PubMed Central: PMC7952616
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33717166Le document en format XML
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Triggle</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bansal, Devendra" sort="Bansal, Devendra" uniqKey="Bansal D" first="Devendra" last="Bansal">Devendra Bansal</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Hong" sort="Ding, Hong" uniqKey="Ding H" first="Hong" last="Ding">Hong Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, Md Mazharul" sort="Islam, Md Mazharul" uniqKey="Islam M" first="Md Mazharul" last="Islam">Md Mazharul Islam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farag, Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd" sort="Farag, Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd" uniqKey="Farag E" first="Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd" last="Farag">Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd Farag</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hadi, Hamad Abdel" sort="Hadi, Hamad Abdel" uniqKey="Hadi H" first="Hamad Abdel" last="Hadi">Hamad Abdel Hadi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Communicable Diseases Centre, Hamad Medical Corporations, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sultan, Ali A" sort="Sultan, Ali A" uniqKey="Sultan A" first="Ali A" last="Sultan">Ali A. 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Triggle</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bansal, Devendra" sort="Bansal, Devendra" uniqKey="Bansal D" first="Devendra" last="Bansal">Devendra Bansal</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Hong" sort="Ding, Hong" uniqKey="Ding H" first="Hong" last="Ding">Hong Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, Md Mazharul" sort="Islam, Md Mazharul" uniqKey="Islam M" first="Md Mazharul" last="Islam">Md Mazharul Islam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farag, Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd" sort="Farag, Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd" uniqKey="Farag E" first="Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd" last="Farag">Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd Farag</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hadi, Hamad Abdel" sort="Hadi, Hamad Abdel" uniqKey="Hadi H" first="Hamad Abdel" last="Hadi">Hamad Abdel Hadi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Communicable Diseases Centre, Hamad Medical Corporations, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sultan, Ali A" sort="Sultan, Ali A" uniqKey="Sultan A" first="Ali A" last="Sultan">Ali A. Sultan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in immunology</title><idno type="eISSN">1664-3224</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate (analogs & derivatives)</term><term>Adenosine Monophosphate (therapeutic use)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Alanine (analogs & derivatives)</term><term>Alanine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Anti-Inflammatory Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antigenic Variation (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Asymptomatic Diseases (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (immunology)</term><term>COVID-19 (therapy)</term><term>COVID-19 (transmission)</term><term>COVID-19 Vaccines (immunology)</term><term>Child (MeSH)</term><term>Dexamethasone (therapeutic use)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Immunity (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (pathogenicity)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (physiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analogs & derivatives" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate</term><term>Alanine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19 Vaccines</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Adenosine Monophosphate</term><term>Alanine</term><term>Anti-Inflammatory Agents</term><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Dexamethasone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Pandemics</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Antigenic Variation</term><term>Asymptomatic Diseases</term><term>Child</term><term>Humans</term><term>Immunity</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">COVID-19 emerged from China in December 2019 and during 2020 spread to every continent including Antarctica. The coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative pathogen, and its spread has stretched the capacities of healthcare systems and negatively affected the global economy. This review provides an update on the virus, including the genome, the risks associated with the emergence of variants, mode of transmission, immune response, COVID-19 in children and the elderly, and advances made to contain, prevent and manage the disease. Although our knowledge of the mechanics of virus transmission and the immune response has been substantially demystified, concerns over reinfection, susceptibility of the elderly and whether asymptomatic children promote transmission remain unanswered. There are also uncertainties about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and why there are variations in clinical presentations and why some patients suffer from long lasting symptoms-"<i>the long haulers</i>." To date, there are no significantly effective curative drugs for COVID-19, especially after failure of hydroxychloroquine trials to produce positive results. The RNA polymerase inhibitor, remdesivir, facilitates recovery of severely infected cases but, unlike the anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone, does not reduce mortality. However, vaccine development witnessed substantial progress with several being approved in countries around the globe.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33717166</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>18</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>18</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1664-3224</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>12</Volume><PubDate><Year>2021</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Frontiers in immunology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Front Immunol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A Comprehensive Review of Viral Characteristics, Transmission, Pathophysiology, Immune Response, and Management of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as a Basis for Controlling the Pandemic.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>631139</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fimmu.2021.631139</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>COVID-19 emerged from China in December 2019 and during 2020 spread to every continent including Antarctica. The coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative pathogen, and its spread has stretched the capacities of healthcare systems and negatively affected the global economy. This review provides an update on the virus, including the genome, the risks associated with the emergence of variants, mode of transmission, immune response, COVID-19 in children and the elderly, and advances made to contain, prevent and manage the disease. Although our knowledge of the mechanics of virus transmission and the immune response has been substantially demystified, concerns over reinfection, susceptibility of the elderly and whether asymptomatic children promote transmission remain unanswered. There are also uncertainties about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and why there are variations in clinical presentations and why some patients suffer from long lasting symptoms-"<i>the long haulers</i>." To date, there are no significantly effective curative drugs for COVID-19, especially after failure of hydroxychloroquine trials to produce positive results. The RNA polymerase inhibitor, remdesivir, facilitates recovery of severely infected cases but, unlike the anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone, does not reduce mortality. However, vaccine development witnessed substantial progress with several being approved in countries around the globe.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2021 Triggle, Bansal, Ding, Islam, Farag, Hadi and Sultan.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Triggle</LastName><ForeName>Chris R</ForeName><Initials>CR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bansal</LastName><ForeName>Devendra</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ding</LastName><ForeName>Hong</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Islam</LastName><ForeName>Md Mazharul</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Farag</LastName><ForeName>Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd</ForeName><Initials>EABA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hadi</LastName><ForeName>Hamad Abdel</ForeName><Initials>HA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Communicable Diseases Centre, Hamad Medical Corporations, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sultan</LastName><ForeName>Ali A</ForeName><Initials>AA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>26</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Immunol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101560960</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1664-3224</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000893">Anti-Inflammatory Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000086663">COVID-19 Vaccines</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3QKI37EEHE</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C000606551">remdesivir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>415SHH325A</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000249">Adenosine Monophosphate</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>7S5I7G3JQL</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D003907">Dexamethasone</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>OF5P57N2ZX</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000409">Alanine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000249" MajorTopicYN="N">Adenosine Monophosphate</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000031" MajorTopicYN="Y">analogs & derivatives</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000409" MajorTopicYN="N">Alanine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000031" MajorTopicYN="Y">analogs & derivatives</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000893" MajorTopicYN="N">Anti-Inflammatory Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000940" MajorTopicYN="N">Antigenic Variation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058070" MajorTopicYN="N">Asymptomatic Diseases</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000628" MajorTopicYN="N">therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="N">transmission</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086663" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19 Vaccines</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002648" MajorTopicYN="N">Child</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003907" MajorTopicYN="N">Dexamethasone</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007109" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunity</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID vaccines</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">drugs</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">immune response</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">pathophysiology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">transmission</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>19</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>26</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>58</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33717166</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3389/fimmu.2021.631139</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7952616</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 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