A Comprehensive Review of Viral Characteristics, Transmission, Pathophysiology, Immune Response, and Management of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as a Basis for Controlling the Pandemic.
Identifieur interne : 000243 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000242; suivant : 000244A Comprehensive Review of Viral Characteristics, Transmission, Pathophysiology, Immune Response, and Management of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as a Basis for Controlling the Pandemic.
Auteurs : Chris R. Triggle ; Devendra Bansal ; Hong Ding ; Md Mazharul Islam ; Elmoubashar Abu Baker Abd Farag ; Hamad Abdel Hadi ; Ali A. SultanSource :
- Frontiers in immunology [ 1664-3224 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adenosine Monophosphate (analogs & derivatives), Adenosine Monophosphate (therapeutic use), Aged (MeSH), Alanine (analogs & derivatives), Alanine (therapeutic use), Anti-Inflammatory Agents (therapeutic use), Antigenic Variation (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), Asymptomatic Diseases (MeSH), COVID-19 (immunology), COVID-19 (therapy), COVID-19 (transmission), COVID-19 Vaccines (immunology), Child (MeSH), Dexamethasone (therapeutic use), Humans (MeSH), Immunity (MeSH), Pandemics (prevention & control), SARS-CoV-2 (pathogenicity), SARS-CoV-2 (physiology).
- MESH :
- chemical , analogs & derivatives : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine.
- chemical , immunology : COVID-19 Vaccines.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Adenosine Monophosphate, Alanine, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiviral Agents, Dexamethasone.
- immunology : COVID-19.
- pathogenicity : SARS-CoV-2.
- physiology : SARS-CoV-2.
- prevention & control : Pandemics.
- therapy : COVID-19.
- transmission : COVID-19.
- Aged, Antigenic Variation, Asymptomatic Diseases, Child, Humans, Immunity.
Abstract
COVID-19 emerged from China in December 2019 and during 2020 spread to every continent including Antarctica. The coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative pathogen, and its spread has stretched the capacities of healthcare systems and negatively affected the global economy. This review provides an update on the virus, including the genome, the risks associated with the emergence of variants, mode of transmission, immune response, COVID-19 in children and the elderly, and advances made to contain, prevent and manage the disease. Although our knowledge of the mechanics of virus transmission and the immune response has been substantially demystified, concerns over reinfection, susceptibility of the elderly and whether asymptomatic children promote transmission remain unanswered. There are also uncertainties about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and why there are variations in clinical presentations and why some patients suffer from long lasting symptoms-"the long haulers." To date, there are no significantly effective curative drugs for COVID-19, especially after failure of hydroxychloroquine trials to produce positive results. The RNA polymerase inhibitor, remdesivir, facilitates recovery of severely infected cases but, unlike the anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone, does not reduce mortality. However, vaccine development witnessed substantial progress with several being approved in countries around the globe.
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631139
PubMed: 33717166
PubMed Central: PMC7952616
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33717166Le document en format XML
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<term>Alanine (analogs & derivatives)</term>
<term>Alanine (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Anti-Inflammatory Agents (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Antigenic Variation (MeSH)</term>
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<term>Asymptomatic Diseases (MeSH)</term>
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<term>COVID-19 (therapy)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (transmission)</term>
<term>COVID-19 Vaccines (immunology)</term>
<term>Child (MeSH)</term>
<term>Dexamethasone (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Immunity (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2 (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2 (physiology)</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term>
<term>Antigenic Variation</term>
<term>Asymptomatic Diseases</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">COVID-19 emerged from China in December 2019 and during 2020 spread to every continent including Antarctica. The coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative pathogen, and its spread has stretched the capacities of healthcare systems and negatively affected the global economy. This review provides an update on the virus, including the genome, the risks associated with the emergence of variants, mode of transmission, immune response, COVID-19 in children and the elderly, and advances made to contain, prevent and manage the disease. Although our knowledge of the mechanics of virus transmission and the immune response has been substantially demystified, concerns over reinfection, susceptibility of the elderly and whether asymptomatic children promote transmission remain unanswered. There are also uncertainties about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and why there are variations in clinical presentations and why some patients suffer from long lasting symptoms-"<i>the long haulers</i>
." To date, there are no significantly effective curative drugs for COVID-19, especially after failure of hydroxychloroquine trials to produce positive results. The RNA polymerase inhibitor, remdesivir, facilitates recovery of severely infected cases but, unlike the anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone, does not reduce mortality. However, vaccine development witnessed substantial progress with several being approved in countries around the globe.</div>
</front>
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<Abstract><AbstractText>COVID-19 emerged from China in December 2019 and during 2020 spread to every continent including Antarctica. The coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative pathogen, and its spread has stretched the capacities of healthcare systems and negatively affected the global economy. This review provides an update on the virus, including the genome, the risks associated with the emergence of variants, mode of transmission, immune response, COVID-19 in children and the elderly, and advances made to contain, prevent and manage the disease. Although our knowledge of the mechanics of virus transmission and the immune response has been substantially demystified, concerns over reinfection, susceptibility of the elderly and whether asymptomatic children promote transmission remain unanswered. There are also uncertainties about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and why there are variations in clinical presentations and why some patients suffer from long lasting symptoms-"<i>the long haulers</i>
." To date, there are no significantly effective curative drugs for COVID-19, especially after failure of hydroxychloroquine trials to produce positive results. The RNA polymerase inhibitor, remdesivir, facilitates recovery of severely infected cases but, unlike the anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone, does not reduce mortality. However, vaccine development witnessed substantial progress with several being approved in countries around the globe.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2021 Triggle, Bansal, Ding, Islam, Farag, Hadi and Sultan.</CopyrightInformation>
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<ForeName>Chris R</ForeName>
<Initials>CR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bansal</LastName>
<ForeName>Devendra</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ding</LastName>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Islam</LastName>
<ForeName>Md Mazharul</ForeName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sultan</LastName>
<ForeName>Ali A</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName>
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<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002648" MajorTopicYN="N">Child</DescriptorName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003907" MajorTopicYN="N">Dexamethasone</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007109" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunity</DescriptorName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName>
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<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName>
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<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">drugs</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">immune response</Keyword>
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<CoiStatement>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</CoiStatement>
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