A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing.
Identifieur interne : 000140 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000139; suivant : 000141A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing.
Auteurs : S Udhaya Kumar ; N Madhana Priya ; S R Nithya ; Priyanka Kannan ; Nikita Jain ; D Thirumal Kumar ; R. Magesh ; Salma Younes ; Hatem Zayed ; C George Priya DossSource :
- 3 Biotech [ 2190-572X ] ; 2021.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of March 13, 2021, more than 118.9 million cases were infected with COVID-19 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta-CoV. Most COVID-19 infected individuals recover within 1-3 weeks. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other systemic complications, leading to death. Structural genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have shown genomic resemblances but a low evolutionary correlation to SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002-2004 outbreak. The S glycoprotein is critical for cell adhesion and the entrance of the virus into the host. The process of cell entry uses the cellular receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Recent evidence proposed that the CD147 as a SARS-CoV-2's potential receptor. The viral genome is mainly held by two non-structural proteins (NSPs), ORF1a and ORF1ab, along with structural proteins. Although NSPs are conserved among the βCoVs, mutations in NSP2 and NSP3 may play critical roles in transmitting the virus and cell tropism. To date, no specific/targeted anti-viral treatments exist. Notably, more than 50 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, and a few being administered. Preventive precautions are the primary strategy to limit the viral load transmission and spread, emphasizing the urgent need for developing significant drug targets and vaccines against COVID-19. This review provides a cumulative overview of the genomic structure, transmission, phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 from Indian clusters, treatment options, updated discoveries, and future standpoints for COVID-19.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0.
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0
PubMed: 33816047
PubMed Central: PMC8003899
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33816047Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing.</title><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S Udhaya" sort="Kumar, S Udhaya" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="S Udhaya" last="Kumar">S Udhaya Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Priya, N Madhana" sort="Priya, N Madhana" uniqKey="Priya N" first="N Madhana" last="Priya">N Madhana Priya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nithya, S R" sort="Nithya, S R" uniqKey="Nithya S" first="S R" last="Nithya">S R Nithya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kannan, Priyanka" sort="Kannan, Priyanka" uniqKey="Kannan P" first="Priyanka" last="Kannan">Priyanka Kannan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jain, Nikita" sort="Jain, Nikita" uniqKey="Jain N" first="Nikita" last="Jain">Nikita Jain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, D Thirumal" sort="Kumar, D Thirumal" uniqKey="Kumar D" first="D Thirumal" last="Kumar">D Thirumal Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magesh, R" sort="Magesh, R" uniqKey="Magesh R" first="R" last="Magesh">R. Magesh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Younes, Salma" sort="Younes, Salma" uniqKey="Younes S" first="Salma" last="Younes">Salma Younes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zayed, Hatem" sort="Zayed, Hatem" uniqKey="Zayed H" first="Hatem" last="Zayed">Hatem Zayed</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doss, C George Priya" sort="Doss, C George Priya" uniqKey="Doss C" first="C George Priya" last="Doss">C George Priya Doss</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33816047</idno><idno type="pmid">33816047</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC8003899</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000140</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000140</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing.</title><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S Udhaya" sort="Kumar, S Udhaya" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="S Udhaya" last="Kumar">S Udhaya Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Priya, N Madhana" sort="Priya, N Madhana" uniqKey="Priya N" first="N Madhana" last="Priya">N Madhana Priya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nithya, S R" sort="Nithya, S R" uniqKey="Nithya S" first="S R" last="Nithya">S R Nithya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kannan, Priyanka" sort="Kannan, Priyanka" uniqKey="Kannan P" first="Priyanka" last="Kannan">Priyanka Kannan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jain, Nikita" sort="Jain, Nikita" uniqKey="Jain N" first="Nikita" last="Jain">Nikita Jain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, D Thirumal" sort="Kumar, D Thirumal" uniqKey="Kumar D" first="D Thirumal" last="Kumar">D Thirumal Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magesh, R" sort="Magesh, R" uniqKey="Magesh R" first="R" last="Magesh">R. Magesh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Younes, Salma" sort="Younes, Salma" uniqKey="Younes S" first="Salma" last="Younes">Salma Younes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zayed, Hatem" sort="Zayed, Hatem" uniqKey="Zayed H" first="Hatem" last="Zayed">Hatem Zayed</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doss, C George Priya" sort="Doss, C George Priya" uniqKey="Doss C" first="C George Priya" last="Doss">C George Priya Doss</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">3 Biotech</title><idno type="ISSN">2190-572X</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of March 13, 2021, more than 118.9 million cases were infected with COVID-19 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta-CoV. Most COVID-19 infected individuals recover within 1-3 weeks. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other systemic complications, leading to death. Structural genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have shown genomic resemblances but a low evolutionary correlation to SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002-2004 outbreak. The S glycoprotein is critical for cell adhesion and the entrance of the virus into the host. The process of cell entry uses the cellular receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Recent evidence proposed that the CD147 as a SARS-CoV-2's potential receptor. The viral genome is mainly held by two non-structural proteins (NSPs), ORF1a and ORF1ab, along with structural proteins. Although NSPs are conserved among the βCoVs, mutations in NSP2 and NSP3 may play critical roles in transmitting the virus and cell tropism. To date, no specific/targeted anti-viral treatments exist. Notably, more than 50 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, and a few being administered. Preventive precautions are the primary strategy to limit the viral load transmission and spread, emphasizing the urgent need for developing significant drug targets and vaccines against COVID-19. This review provides a cumulative overview of the genomic structure, transmission, phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 from Indian clusters, treatment options, updated discoveries, and future standpoints for COVID-19.</div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Supplementary Information</b></p><p>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33816047</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>06</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2190-572X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>11</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Apr</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>3 Biotech</Title><ISOAbbreviation>3 Biotech</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>198</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of March 13, 2021, more than 118.9 million cases were infected with COVID-19 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta-CoV. Most COVID-19 infected individuals recover within 1-3 weeks. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other systemic complications, leading to death. Structural genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have shown genomic resemblances but a low evolutionary correlation to SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002-2004 outbreak. The S glycoprotein is critical for cell adhesion and the entrance of the virus into the host. The process of cell entry uses the cellular receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Recent evidence proposed that the CD147 as a SARS-CoV-2's potential receptor. The viral genome is mainly held by two non-structural proteins (NSPs), ORF1a and ORF1ab, along with structural proteins. Although NSPs are conserved among the βCoVs, mutations in NSP2 and NSP3 may play critical roles in transmitting the virus and cell tropism. To date, no specific/targeted anti-viral treatments exist. Notably, more than 50 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, and a few being administered. Preventive precautions are the primary strategy to limit the viral load transmission and spread, emphasizing the urgent need for developing significant drug targets and vaccines against COVID-19. This review provides a cumulative overview of the genomic structure, transmission, phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 from Indian clusters, treatment options, updated discoveries, and future standpoints for COVID-19.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Supplementary Information" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2021.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Kumar</LastName><ForeName>S Udhaya</ForeName><Initials>SU</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6639-3746</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.412813.d</Identifier><Identifier Source="ISNI">0000 0001 0687 4946</Identifier></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y" EqualContrib="Y"><LastName>Priya</LastName><ForeName>N Madhana</ForeName><Initials>NM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nithya</LastName><ForeName>S R</ForeName><Initials>SR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kannan</LastName><ForeName>Priyanka</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jain</LastName><ForeName>Nikita</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.412813.d</Identifier><Identifier Source="ISNI">0000 0001 0687 4946</Identifier></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kumar</LastName><ForeName>D Thirumal</ForeName><Initials>DT</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5545-606X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.412813.d</Identifier><Identifier Source="ISNI">0000 0001 0687 4946</Identifier></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105 India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Magesh</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Younes</LastName><ForeName>Salma</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.412603.2</Identifier><Identifier Source="ISNI">0000 0004 0634 1084</Identifier></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zayed</LastName><ForeName>Hatem</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-8838-6638</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.412603.2</Identifier><Identifier Source="ISNI">0000 0004 0634 1084</Identifier></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Doss</LastName><ForeName>C George Priya</ForeName><Initials>CGP</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5971-8290</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.412813.d</Identifier><Identifier Source="ISNI">0000 0001 0687 4946</Identifier></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>27</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>3 Biotech</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101565857</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2190-5738</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19 molecular diagnosis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19 therapeutics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Drug repurposing</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">India</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Protease</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Remdesivir</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2 genome</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Vaccines</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Conflict of interestThe authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>25</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>5</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33816047</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">2749</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8003899</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>pmcsd</pmc-dir>
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