Role of interferon therapy in severe COVID-19: the COVIFERON randomized controlled trial.
Identifieur interne : 000112 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000111; suivant : 000113Role of interferon therapy in severe COVID-19: the COVIFERON randomized controlled trial.
Auteurs : Ilad Alavi Darazam ; Shervin Shokouhi ; Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi ; Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani ; Majid Mokhtari ; Minoosh Shabani ; Mahdi Amirdosara ; Parham Torabinavid ; Maryam Golmohammadi ; Sayedpayam Hashemi ; Arsalan Azimi ; Mohammad Hossein Jafarazadeh Maivan ; Omidvar Rezaei ; Alireza Zali ; Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili ; Hadiseh Shabanpour Dehbsneh ; Akram Hoseyni Kusha ; Maryam Taleb Shoushtari ; Negar Khalili ; Azam Soleymaninia ; Latif Gachkar ; Ali KhoshkarSource :
- Scientific reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use), COVID-19 (drug therapy), COVID-19 (virology), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Interferon beta-1a (therapeutic use), Interferon beta-1b (therapeutic use), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), RNA, Viral (analysis), Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (genetics), SARS-CoV-2 (isolation & purification), Thorax (diagnostic imaging), Treatment Outcome (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : RNA, Viral.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antiviral Agents, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon beta-1b.
- diagnostic imaging : Thorax.
- drug therapy : COVID-19.
- genetics : SARS-CoV-2.
- isolation & purification : SARS-CoV-2.
- virology : COVID-19.
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Treatment Outcome.
Abstract
Type 1 Interferons (IFNs) have been associated with positive effects on Coronaviruses. Previous studies point towards the superior potency of IFNβ compared to IFNα against viral infections. We conducted a three-armed, individually-randomized, open-label, controlled trial of IFNβ1a and IFNβ1b, comparing them against each other and a control group. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to IFNβ1a (subcutaneous injections of 12,000 IU on days 1, 3, 6), IFNβ1b (subcutaneous injections of 8,000,000 IU on days 1, 3, 6), or the control group. All three arms orally received Lopinavir/Ritonavir (400 mg/100 mg twice a day for ten days) and a single dose of Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg on the first day. Our utilized primary outcome measure was Time To Clinical Improvement (TTCI) defined as the time from enrollment to discharge or a decline of two steps on the clinical seven-step ordinal scale, whichsoever came first. A total of 60 severely ill patients with positive RT-PCR and Chest CT scans underwent randomization (20 patients to each arm). In the Intention-To-Treat population, IFNβ1a was associated with a significant difference against the control group, in the TTCI; (HR; 2.36, 95% CI 1.10-5.17, P-value = 0.031) while the IFNβ1b indicated no significant difference compared with the control; HR; 1.42, (95% CI 0.63-3.16, P-value = 0.395). The median TTCI for both of the intervention groups was five days vs. seven days for the control group. The mortality was numerically lower in both of the intervention groups (20% in the IFNβ1a group and 30% in the IFNβ1b group vs. 45% in the control group). There were no significant differences between the three arms regarding the adverse events. In patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, as compared with the base therapeutic regiment, the benefit of a significant reduction in TTCI was observed in the IFNβ1a arm. This finding needs further confirmation in larger studies.Trial Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04343768. (Submitted: 08/04/2020; First Online: 13/04/2020) (Registration Number: NCT04343768).
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86859-y
PubMed: 33850184
PubMed Central: PMC8044200
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33850184Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Role of interferon therapy in severe COVID-19: the COVIFERON randomized controlled trial.</title><author><name sortKey="Alavi Darazam, Ilad" sort="Alavi Darazam, Ilad" uniqKey="Alavi Darazam I" first="Ilad" last="Alavi Darazam">Ilad Alavi Darazam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shokouhi, Shervin" sort="Shokouhi, Shervin" uniqKey="Shokouhi S" first="Shervin" last="Shokouhi">Shervin Shokouhi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pourhoseingholi, Mohamad Amin" sort="Pourhoseingholi, Mohamad Amin" uniqKey="Pourhoseingholi M" first="Mohamad Amin" last="Pourhoseingholi">Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina" sort="Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina" uniqKey="Naghibi Irvani S" first="Seyed Sina" last="Naghibi Irvani">Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sina.Irvani@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sina.Irvani@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mokhtari, Majid" sort="Mokhtari, Majid" uniqKey="Mokhtari M" first="Majid" last="Mokhtari">Majid Mokhtari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shabani, Minoosh" sort="Shabani, Minoosh" uniqKey="Shabani M" first="Minoosh" last="Shabani">Minoosh Shabani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amirdosara, Mahdi" sort="Amirdosara, Mahdi" uniqKey="Amirdosara M" first="Mahdi" last="Amirdosara">Mahdi Amirdosara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anesthesiology Research Center Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torabinavid, Parham" sort="Torabinavid, Parham" uniqKey="Torabinavid P" first="Parham" last="Torabinavid">Parham Torabinavid</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Student Research Committee, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golmohammadi, Maryam" sort="Golmohammadi, Maryam" uniqKey="Golmohammadi M" first="Maryam" last="Golmohammadi">Maryam Golmohammadi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashemi, Sayedpayam" sort="Hashemi, Sayedpayam" uniqKey="Hashemi S" first="Sayedpayam" last="Hashemi">Sayedpayam Hashemi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azimi, Arsalan" sort="Azimi, Arsalan" uniqKey="Azimi A" first="Arsalan" last="Azimi">Arsalan Azimi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jafarazadeh Maivan, Mohammad Hossein" sort="Jafarazadeh Maivan, Mohammad Hossein" uniqKey="Jafarazadeh Maivan M" first="Mohammad Hossein" last="Jafarazadeh Maivan">Mohammad Hossein Jafarazadeh Maivan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Development Unit, Bohlool Hospital, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rezaei, Omidvar" sort="Rezaei, Omidvar" uniqKey="Rezaei O" first="Omidvar" last="Rezaei">Omidvar Rezaei</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zali, Alireza" sort="Zali, Alireza" uniqKey="Zali A" first="Alireza" last="Zali">Alireza Zali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajiesmaeili, Mohammadreza" sort="Hajiesmaeili, Mohammadreza" uniqKey="Hajiesmaeili M" first="Mohammadreza" last="Hajiesmaeili">Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anesthesiology Research Center Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shabanpour Dehbsneh, Hadiseh" sort="Shabanpour Dehbsneh, Hadiseh" uniqKey="Shabanpour Dehbsneh H" first="Hadiseh" last="Shabanpour Dehbsneh">Hadiseh Shabanpour Dehbsneh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoseyni Kusha, Akram" sort="Hoseyni Kusha, Akram" uniqKey="Hoseyni Kusha A" first="Akram" last="Hoseyni Kusha">Akram Hoseyni Kusha</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taleb Shoushtari, Maryam" sort="Taleb Shoushtari, Maryam" uniqKey="Taleb Shoushtari M" first="Maryam" last="Taleb Shoushtari">Maryam Taleb Shoushtari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalili, Negar" sort="Khalili, Negar" uniqKey="Khalili N" first="Negar" last="Khalili">Negar Khalili</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soleymaninia, Azam" sort="Soleymaninia, Azam" uniqKey="Soleymaninia A" first="Azam" last="Soleymaninia">Azam Soleymaninia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gachkar, Latif" sort="Gachkar, Latif" uniqKey="Gachkar L" first="Latif" last="Gachkar">Latif Gachkar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khoshkar, Ali" sort="Khoshkar, Ali" uniqKey="Khoshkar A" first="Ali" last="Khoshkar">Ali Khoshkar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Surgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33850184</idno><idno type="pmid">33850184</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/s41598-021-86859-y</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC8044200</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000112</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000112</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Role of interferon therapy in severe COVID-19: the COVIFERON randomized controlled trial.</title><author><name sortKey="Alavi Darazam, Ilad" sort="Alavi Darazam, Ilad" uniqKey="Alavi Darazam I" first="Ilad" last="Alavi Darazam">Ilad Alavi Darazam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shokouhi, Shervin" sort="Shokouhi, Shervin" uniqKey="Shokouhi S" first="Shervin" last="Shokouhi">Shervin Shokouhi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pourhoseingholi, Mohamad Amin" sort="Pourhoseingholi, Mohamad Amin" uniqKey="Pourhoseingholi M" first="Mohamad Amin" last="Pourhoseingholi">Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina" sort="Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina" uniqKey="Naghibi Irvani S" first="Seyed Sina" last="Naghibi Irvani">Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sina.Irvani@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sina.Irvani@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mokhtari, Majid" sort="Mokhtari, Majid" uniqKey="Mokhtari M" first="Majid" last="Mokhtari">Majid Mokhtari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shabani, Minoosh" sort="Shabani, Minoosh" uniqKey="Shabani M" first="Minoosh" last="Shabani">Minoosh Shabani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amirdosara, Mahdi" sort="Amirdosara, Mahdi" uniqKey="Amirdosara M" first="Mahdi" last="Amirdosara">Mahdi Amirdosara</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anesthesiology Research Center Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torabinavid, Parham" sort="Torabinavid, Parham" uniqKey="Torabinavid P" first="Parham" last="Torabinavid">Parham Torabinavid</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Student Research Committee, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golmohammadi, Maryam" sort="Golmohammadi, Maryam" uniqKey="Golmohammadi M" first="Maryam" last="Golmohammadi">Maryam Golmohammadi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashemi, Sayedpayam" sort="Hashemi, Sayedpayam" uniqKey="Hashemi S" first="Sayedpayam" last="Hashemi">Sayedpayam Hashemi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azimi, Arsalan" sort="Azimi, Arsalan" uniqKey="Azimi A" first="Arsalan" last="Azimi">Arsalan Azimi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jafarazadeh Maivan, Mohammad Hossein" sort="Jafarazadeh Maivan, Mohammad Hossein" uniqKey="Jafarazadeh Maivan M" first="Mohammad Hossein" last="Jafarazadeh Maivan">Mohammad Hossein Jafarazadeh Maivan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Research Development Unit, Bohlool Hospital, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rezaei, Omidvar" sort="Rezaei, Omidvar" uniqKey="Rezaei O" first="Omidvar" last="Rezaei">Omidvar Rezaei</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zali, Alireza" sort="Zali, Alireza" uniqKey="Zali A" first="Alireza" last="Zali">Alireza Zali</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajiesmaeili, Mohammadreza" sort="Hajiesmaeili, Mohammadreza" uniqKey="Hajiesmaeili M" first="Mohammadreza" last="Hajiesmaeili">Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Anesthesiology Research Center Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shabanpour Dehbsneh, Hadiseh" sort="Shabanpour Dehbsneh, Hadiseh" uniqKey="Shabanpour Dehbsneh H" first="Hadiseh" last="Shabanpour Dehbsneh">Hadiseh Shabanpour Dehbsneh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoseyni Kusha, Akram" sort="Hoseyni Kusha, Akram" uniqKey="Hoseyni Kusha A" first="Akram" last="Hoseyni Kusha">Akram Hoseyni Kusha</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taleb Shoushtari, Maryam" sort="Taleb Shoushtari, Maryam" uniqKey="Taleb Shoushtari M" first="Maryam" last="Taleb Shoushtari">Maryam Taleb Shoushtari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khalili, Negar" sort="Khalili, Negar" uniqKey="Khalili N" first="Negar" last="Khalili">Negar Khalili</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soleymaninia, Azam" sort="Soleymaninia, Azam" uniqKey="Soleymaninia A" first="Azam" last="Soleymaninia">Azam Soleymaninia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gachkar, Latif" sort="Gachkar, Latif" uniqKey="Gachkar L" first="Latif" last="Gachkar">Latif Gachkar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khoshkar, Ali" sort="Khoshkar, Ali" uniqKey="Khoshkar A" first="Ali" last="Khoshkar">Ali Khoshkar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Surgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term><term>Antiviral Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>COVID-19 (drug therapy)</term><term>COVID-19 (virology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Interferon beta-1a (therapeutic use)</term><term>Interferon beta-1b (therapeutic use)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>RNA, Viral (analysis)</term><term>Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (genetics)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (isolation & purification)</term><term>Thorax (diagnostic imaging)</term><term>Treatment Outcome (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Interferon beta-1a</term><term>Interferon beta-1b</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic imaging" xml:lang="en"><term>Thorax</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Type 1 Interferons (IFNs) have been associated with positive effects on Coronaviruses. Previous studies point towards the superior potency of IFNβ compared to IFNα against viral infections. We conducted a three-armed, individually-randomized, open-label, controlled trial of IFNβ1a and IFNβ1b, comparing them against each other and a control group. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to IFNβ1a (subcutaneous injections of 12,000 IU on days 1, 3, 6), IFNβ1b (subcutaneous injections of 8,000,000 IU on days 1, 3, 6), or the control group. All three arms orally received Lopinavir/Ritonavir (400 mg/100 mg twice a day for ten days) and a single dose of Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg on the first day. Our utilized primary outcome measure was Time To Clinical Improvement (TTCI) defined as the time from enrollment to discharge or a decline of two steps on the clinical seven-step ordinal scale, whichsoever came first. A total of 60 severely ill patients with positive RT-PCR and Chest CT scans underwent randomization (20 patients to each arm). In the Intention-To-Treat population, IFNβ1a was associated with a significant difference against the control group, in the TTCI; (HR; 2.36, 95% CI 1.10-5.17, P-value = 0.031) while the IFNβ1b indicated no significant difference compared with the control; HR; 1.42, (95% CI 0.63-3.16, P-value = 0.395). The median TTCI for both of the intervention groups was five days vs. seven days for the control group. The mortality was numerically lower in both of the intervention groups (20% in the IFNβ1a group and 30% in the IFNβ1b group vs. 45% in the control group). There were no significant differences between the three arms regarding the adverse events. In patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, as compared with the base therapeutic regiment, the benefit of a significant reduction in TTCI was observed in the IFNβ1a arm. This finding needs further confirmation in larger studies.Trial Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04343768. (Submitted: 08/04/2020; First Online: 13/04/2020) (Registration Number: NCT04343768).</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33850184</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>21</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>21</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2045-2322</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>11</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>13</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Scientific reports</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Rep</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Role of interferon therapy in severe COVID-19: the COVIFERON randomized controlled trial.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>8059</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/s41598-021-86859-y</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Type 1 Interferons (IFNs) have been associated with positive effects on Coronaviruses. Previous studies point towards the superior potency of IFNβ compared to IFNα against viral infections. We conducted a three-armed, individually-randomized, open-label, controlled trial of IFNβ1a and IFNβ1b, comparing them against each other and a control group. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to IFNβ1a (subcutaneous injections of 12,000 IU on days 1, 3, 6), IFNβ1b (subcutaneous injections of 8,000,000 IU on days 1, 3, 6), or the control group. All three arms orally received Lopinavir/Ritonavir (400 mg/100 mg twice a day for ten days) and a single dose of Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg on the first day. Our utilized primary outcome measure was Time To Clinical Improvement (TTCI) defined as the time from enrollment to discharge or a decline of two steps on the clinical seven-step ordinal scale, whichsoever came first. A total of 60 severely ill patients with positive RT-PCR and Chest CT scans underwent randomization (20 patients to each arm). In the Intention-To-Treat population, IFNβ1a was associated with a significant difference against the control group, in the TTCI; (HR; 2.36, 95% CI 1.10-5.17, P-value = 0.031) while the IFNβ1b indicated no significant difference compared with the control; HR; 1.42, (95% CI 0.63-3.16, P-value = 0.395). The median TTCI for both of the intervention groups was five days vs. seven days for the control group. The mortality was numerically lower in both of the intervention groups (20% in the IFNβ1a group and 30% in the IFNβ1b group vs. 45% in the control group). There were no significant differences between the three arms regarding the adverse events. In patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, as compared with the base therapeutic regiment, the benefit of a significant reduction in TTCI was observed in the IFNβ1a arm. This finding needs further confirmation in larger studies.Trial Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04343768. (Submitted: 08/04/2020; First Online: 13/04/2020) (Registration Number: NCT04343768).</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alavi Darazam</LastName><ForeName>Ilad</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shokouhi</LastName><ForeName>Shervin</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pourhoseingholi</LastName><ForeName>Mohamad Amin</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Naghibi Irvani</LastName><ForeName>Seyed Sina</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sina.Irvani@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sina.Irvani@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mokhtari</LastName><ForeName>Majid</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shabani</LastName><ForeName>Minoosh</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amirdosara</LastName><ForeName>Mahdi</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anesthesiology Research Center Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Torabinavid</LastName><ForeName>Parham</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Student Research Committee, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Golmohammadi</LastName><ForeName>Maryam</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hashemi</LastName><ForeName>SayedPayam</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Azimi</LastName><ForeName>Arsalan</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jafarazadeh Maivan</LastName><ForeName>Mohammad Hossein</ForeName><Initials>MH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Research Development Unit, Bohlool Hospital, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rezaei</LastName><ForeName>Omidvar</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zali</LastName><ForeName>Alireza</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hajiesmaeili</LastName><ForeName>Mohammadreza</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Anesthesiology Research Center Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shabanpour Dehbsneh</LastName><ForeName>Hadiseh</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoseyni Kusha</LastName><ForeName>Akram</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Taleb Shoushtari</LastName><ForeName>Maryam</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khalili</LastName><ForeName>Negar</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Soleymaninia</LastName><ForeName>Azam</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gachkar</LastName><ForeName>Latif</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khoshkar</LastName><ForeName>Ali</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>SBMU Taskforce on The COVIFERON Study, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><DataBankList CompleteYN="Y"><DataBank><DataBankName>ClinicalTrials.gov</DataBankName><AccessionNumberList><AccessionNumber>NCT04343768</AccessionNumber></AccessionNumberList></DataBank></DataBankList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016449">Randomized Controlled Trial</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>13</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Sci Rep</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101563288</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2045-2322</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012367">RNA, Viral</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>145155-23-3</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000068576">Interferon beta-1b</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>XRO4566Q4R</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000068556">Interferon beta-1a</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000068556" MajorTopicYN="N">Interferon beta-1a</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000068576" MajorTopicYN="N">Interferon beta-1b</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012367" MajorTopicYN="N">RNA, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D060888" MajorTopicYN="N">Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013909" MajorTopicYN="N">Thorax</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>14</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>13</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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