Impact of Treatment Regimens on Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus.
Identifieur interne : 000061 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000060; suivant : 000062Impact of Treatment Regimens on Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus.
Auteurs : Yufeng Shang ; Tao Liu ; Jingfeng Li ; Natasha Mupeta Kaweme ; Xinghuan Wang ; Fuling ZhouSource :
- Frontiers in immunology [ 1664-3224 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Antibodies, Viral (immunology), Antimalarials (adverse effects), COVID-19 (complications), COVID-19 (drug therapy), COVID-19 (immunology), COVID-19 (mortality), Cephalosporins (adverse effects), China (MeSH), Chloroquine (adverse effects), Convalescence (MeSH), Female (MeSH), Fever (complications), Fever (virology), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects), Immunoglobulin G (immunology), Immunoglobulin M (immunology), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Multivariate Analysis (MeSH), Neoplasms (complications), Neoplasms (virology), Prognosis (MeSH), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), Risk Factors (MeSH), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Seroconversion (MeSH), Serologic Tests (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Antimalarials, Cephalosporins, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical , immunology : Antibodies, Viral, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M.
- geographic : China.
- complications : COVID-19, Fever, Neoplasms.
- drug therapy : COVID-19.
- immunology : COVID-19.
- mortality : COVID-19.
- virology : Fever, Neoplasms.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Convalescence, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, SARS-CoV-2, Seroconversion, Serologic Tests.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is widely spread and remains a global pandemic. Limited evidence on the systematic evaluation of the impact of treatment regimens on antibody responses exists. Our study aimed to analyze the role of antibody response on prognosis and determine factors influencing the IgG antibodies' seroconversion. A total of 1,111 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms admitted to Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan were retrospectively analyzed. A serologic SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody test was performed on all the patients 21 days after the onset of symptoms. Patient clinical characteristics were compared. In the study, 42 patients progressed to critical illness, with 6 mortalities reported while 1,069 patients reported mild to moderate disease. Advanced age (P = 0.028), gasping (P < 0.001), dyspnea (P = 0.024), and IgG negativity (P = 0.006) were associated with progression to critical illness. The mortality rate in critically ill patients with IgG antibody was 6.45% (95% CI 1.12-22.84%) and 36.36% (95% CI 12.36-68.38%) in patients with no IgG antibody (P = 0.003). Symptomatic patients were more likely to develop IgG antibody responses than asymptomatic patients. Using univariable analysis, fever (P < 0.001), gasping (P = 0.048), cancer (P < 0.001), cephalosporin (P = 0.015), and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (P = 0.021) were associated with IgG response. In the multivariable analysis, fever, cancer, cephalosporins, and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine correlated independently with IgG response. We determined that the absence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody IgG in the convalescent stage had a specific predictive role in critical illness progression. Importantly, risk factors affecting seropositivity were identified, and the effect of antimalarial drugs on antibody response was determined.
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.580147
PubMed: 33936026
PubMed Central: PMC8082543
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33936026Le document en format XML
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of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaweme, Natasha Mupeta" sort="Kaweme, Natasha Mupeta" uniqKey="Kaweme N" first="Natasha Mupeta" last="Kaweme">Natasha Mupeta Kaweme</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xinghuan" sort="Wang, Xinghuan" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xinghuan" last="Wang">Xinghuan Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Fuling" sort="Zhou, Fuling" uniqKey="Zhou F" first="Fuling" last="Zhou">Fuling Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33936026</idno><idno type="pmid">33936026</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fimmu.2021.580147</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC8082543</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000061</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000061</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Impact of Treatment Regimens on Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus.</title><author><name sortKey="Shang, Yufeng" sort="Shang, Yufeng" uniqKey="Shang Y" first="Yufeng" last="Shang">Yufeng Shang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Tao" sort="Liu, Tao" uniqKey="Liu T" first="Tao" last="Liu">Tao Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Jingfeng" sort="Li, Jingfeng" uniqKey="Li J" first="Jingfeng" last="Li">Jingfeng Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaweme, Natasha Mupeta" sort="Kaweme, Natasha Mupeta" uniqKey="Kaweme N" first="Natasha Mupeta" last="Kaweme">Natasha Mupeta Kaweme</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xinghuan" sort="Wang, Xinghuan" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xinghuan" last="Wang">Xinghuan Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Fuling" sort="Zhou, Fuling" uniqKey="Zhou F" first="Fuling" last="Zhou">Fuling Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in immunology</title><idno type="eISSN">1664-3224</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Antibodies, Viral (immunology)</term><term>Antimalarials (adverse effects)</term><term>COVID-19 (complications)</term><term>COVID-19 (drug therapy)</term><term>COVID-19 (immunology)</term><term>COVID-19 (mortality)</term><term>Cephalosporins (adverse effects)</term><term>China (MeSH)</term><term>Chloroquine (adverse effects)</term><term>Convalescence (MeSH)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Fever (complications)</term><term>Fever (virology)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects)</term><term>Immunoglobulin G (immunology)</term><term>Immunoglobulin M (immunology)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Multivariate Analysis (MeSH)</term><term>Neoplasms (complications)</term><term>Neoplasms (virology)</term><term>Prognosis (MeSH)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Risk Factors (MeSH)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Seroconversion (MeSH)</term><term>Serologic Tests (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Cephalosporins</term><term>Chloroquine</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antibodies, Viral</term><term>Immunoglobulin G</term><term>Immunoglobulin M</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>China</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term><term>Fever</term><term>Neoplasms</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Fever</term><term>Neoplasms</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Convalescence</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Multivariate Analysis</term><term>Prognosis</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Seroconversion</term><term>Serologic Tests</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is widely spread and remains a global pandemic. Limited evidence on the systematic evaluation of the impact of treatment regimens on antibody responses exists. Our study aimed to analyze the role of antibody response on prognosis and determine factors influencing the IgG antibodies' seroconversion. A total of 1,111 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms admitted to Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan were retrospectively analyzed. A serologic SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody test was performed on all the patients 21 days after the onset of symptoms. Patient clinical characteristics were compared. In the study, 42 patients progressed to critical illness, with 6 mortalities reported while 1,069 patients reported mild to moderate disease. Advanced age (<i>P </i>= 0.028), gasping (<i>P </i>< 0.001), dyspnea (<i>P </i>= 0.024), and IgG negativity (<i>P</i> = 0.006) were associated with progression to critical illness. The mortality rate in critically ill patients with IgG antibody was 6.45% (95% CI 1.12-22.84%) and 36.36% (95% CI 12.36-68.38%) in patients with no IgG antibody (<i>P</i> = 0.003). Symptomatic patients were more likely to develop IgG antibody responses than asymptomatic patients. Using univariable analysis, fever (<i>P </i>< 0.001), gasping (<i>P</i> = 0.048), cancer (<i>P</i> < 0.001), cephalosporin (<i>P</i> = 0.015), and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (<i>P</i> = 0.021) were associated with IgG response. In the multivariable analysis, fever, cancer, cephalosporins, and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine correlated independently with IgG response. We determined that the absence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody IgG in the convalescent stage had a specific predictive role in critical illness progression. Importantly, risk factors affecting seropositivity were identified, and the effect of antimalarial drugs on antibody response was determined.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33936026</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>14</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>14</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1664-3224</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>12</Volume><PubDate><Year>2021</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Frontiers in immunology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Front Immunol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Impact of Treatment Regimens on Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>580147</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fimmu.2021.580147</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is widely spread and remains a global pandemic. Limited evidence on the systematic evaluation of the impact of treatment regimens on antibody responses exists. Our study aimed to analyze the role of antibody response on prognosis and determine factors influencing the IgG antibodies' seroconversion. A total of 1,111 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms admitted to Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan were retrospectively analyzed. A serologic SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody test was performed on all the patients 21 days after the onset of symptoms. Patient clinical characteristics were compared. In the study, 42 patients progressed to critical illness, with 6 mortalities reported while 1,069 patients reported mild to moderate disease. Advanced age (<i>P </i>= 0.028), gasping (<i>P </i>< 0.001), dyspnea (<i>P </i>= 0.024), and IgG negativity (<i>P</i> = 0.006) were associated with progression to critical illness. The mortality rate in critically ill patients with IgG antibody was 6.45% (95% CI 1.12-22.84%) and 36.36% (95% CI 12.36-68.38%) in patients with no IgG antibody (<i>P</i> = 0.003). Symptomatic patients were more likely to develop IgG antibody responses than asymptomatic patients. Using univariable analysis, fever (<i>P </i>< 0.001), gasping (<i>P</i> = 0.048), cancer (<i>P</i> < 0.001), cephalosporin (<i>P</i> = 0.015), and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (<i>P</i> = 0.021) were associated with IgG response. In the multivariable analysis, fever, cancer, cephalosporins, and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine correlated independently with IgG response. We determined that the absence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody IgG in the convalescent stage had a specific predictive role in critical illness progression. Importantly, risk factors affecting seropositivity were identified, and the effect of antimalarial drugs on antibody response was determined.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2021 Shang, Liu, Li, Kaweme, Wang and Zhou.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shang</LastName><ForeName>Yufeng</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Tao</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Jingfeng</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kaweme</LastName><ForeName>Natasha Mupeta</ForeName><Initials>NM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Xinghuan</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Fuling</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>15</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Immunol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101560960</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1664-3224</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000914">Antibodies, Viral</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000962">Antimalarials</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002511">Cephalosporins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007074">Immunoglobulin G</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007075">Immunoglobulin M</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>886U3H6UFF</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002738">Chloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000914" MajorTopicYN="N">Antibodies, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000962" MajorTopicYN="N">Antimalarials</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="Y">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="N">mortality</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002511" MajorTopicYN="N">Cephalosporins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002681" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">China</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002738" MajorTopicYN="N">Chloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003289" MajorTopicYN="N">Convalescence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005334" MajorTopicYN="N">Fever</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007074" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunoglobulin G</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007075" MajorTopicYN="N">Immunoglobulin M</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015999" MajorTopicYN="N">Multivariate Analysis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009369" MajorTopicYN="N">Neoplasms</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011379" MajorTopicYN="N">Prognosis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012307" MajorTopicYN="N">Risk Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000069078" MajorTopicYN="N">Seroconversion</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012698" MajorTopicYN="N">Serologic Tests</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">IgG</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">SARS-CoV-2</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">cancer</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>29</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>11</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33936026</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3389/fimmu.2021.580147</ArticleId><ArticleId 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