Use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in hospital patients with covid-19: multinational network cohort study.
Identifieur interne : 000031 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000030; suivant : 000032Use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in hospital patients with covid-19: multinational network cohort study.
Auteurs : Albert Prats-Uribe ; Anthony G. Sena ; Lana Yin Hui Lai ; Waheed-Ul-Rahman Ahmed ; Heba Alghoul ; Osaid Alser ; Thamir M. Alshammari ; Carlos Areia ; William Carter ; Paula Casajust ; Dalia Dawoud ; Asieh Golozar ; Jitendra Jonnagaddala ; Paras P. Mehta ; Mengchun Gong ; Daniel R. Morales ; Fredrik Nyberg ; Jose D. Posada ; Martina Recalde ; Elena Roel ; Karishma Shah ; Nigam H. Shah ; Lisa M. Schilling ; Vignesh Subbian ; David Vizcaya ; Lin Zhang ; Ying Zhang ; Hong Zhu ; Li Liu ; Jaehyeong Cho ; Kristine E. Lynch ; Michael E. Matheny ; Seng Chan You ; Peter R. Rijnbeek ; George Hripcsak ; Jennifer Ce Lane ; Edward Burn ; Christian Reich ; Marc A. Suchard ; Talita Duarte-Salles ; Kristin Kostka ; Patrick B. Ryan ; Daniel Prieto-AlhambraSource :
- BMJ (Clinical research ed.) [ 1756-1833 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Administrative Claims, Healthcare (statistics & numerical data), Adolescent (MeSH), Adrenal Cortex Hormones (therapeutic use), Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Azithromycin (therapeutic use), COVID-19 (diagnosis), COVID-19 (drug therapy), COVID-19 (epidemiology), COVID-19 (virology), Ceftriaxone (therapeutic use), Chemotherapy, Adjuvant (methods), Child (MeSH), Child, Preschool (MeSH), China (epidemiology), Cohort Studies (MeSH), Drug Combinations (MeSH), Drug Repositioning (methods), Electronic Health Records (statistics & numerical data), Enoxaparin (therapeutic use), Female (MeSH), Fluoroquinolones (therapeutic use), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Infant (MeSH), Infant, Newborn (MeSH), Inpatients (MeSH), Lopinavir (therapeutic use), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Republic of Korea (epidemiology), Ritonavir (therapeutic use), SARS-CoV-2 (drug effects), SARS-CoV-2 (genetics), Safety (MeSH), Spain (epidemiology), Treatment Outcome (MeSH), United States (epidemiology), Vitamin D (therapeutic use), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Enoxaparin, Fluoroquinolones, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Vitamin D.
- geographic , epidemiology : China, Republic of Korea, Spain, United States.
- diagnosis : COVID-19.
- drug effects : SARS-CoV-2.
- drug therapy : COVID-19.
- epidemiology : COVID-19.
- genetics : SARS-CoV-2.
- methods : Chemotherapy, Adjuvant, Drug Repositioning.
- statistics & numerical data : Administrative Claims, Healthcare, Electronic Health Records.
- virology : COVID-19.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Drug Combinations, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Inpatients, Male, Middle Aged, Safety, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 across three continents.
DESIGN
Multinational network cohort study.
SETTING
Hospital electronic health records from the United States, Spain, and China, and nationwide claims data from South Korea.
PARTICIPANTS
303 264 patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 from January 2020 to December 2020.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Prescriptions or dispensations of any drug on or 30 days after the date of hospital admission for covid-19.
RESULTS
Of the 303 264 patients included, 290 131 were from the US, 7599 from South Korea, 5230 from Spain, and 304 from China. 3455 drugs were identified. Common repurposed drugs were hydroxychloroquine (used in from <5 (<2%) patients in China to 2165 (85.1%) in Spain), azithromycin (from 15 (4.9%) in China to 1473 (57.9%) in Spain), combined lopinavir and ritonavir (from 156 (<2%) in the VA-OMOP US to 2,652 (34.9%) in South Korea and 1285 (50.5%) in Spain), and umifenovir (0% in the US, South Korea, and Spain and 238 (78.3%) in China). Use of adjunctive drugs varied greatly, with the five most used treatments being enoxaparin, fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, vitamin D, and corticosteroids. Hydroxychloroquine use increased rapidly from March to April 2020 but declined steeply in May to June and remained low for the rest of the year. The use of dexamethasone and corticosteroids increased steadily during 2020.
CONCLUSIONS
Multiple drugs were used in the first few months of the covid-19 pandemic, with substantial geographical and temporal variation. Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir-ritonavir, and umifenovir (in China only) were the most prescribed repurposed drugs. Antithrombotics, antibiotics, H2 receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids were often used as adjunctive treatments. Research is needed on the comparative risk and benefit of these treatments in the management of covid-19.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1038
PubMed: 33975825
PubMed Central: PMC8111167
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33975825Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in hospital patients with covid-19: multinational network cohort study.</title><author><name sortKey="Prats Uribe, Albert" sort="Prats Uribe, Albert" uniqKey="Prats Uribe A" first="Albert" last="Prats-Uribe">Albert Prats-Uribe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sena, Anthony G" sort="Sena, Anthony G" uniqKey="Sena A" first="Anthony G" last="Sena">Anthony G. Sena</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, Lana Yin Hui" sort="Lai, Lana Yin Hui" uniqKey="Lai L" first="Lana Yin Hui" last="Lai">Lana Yin Hui Lai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Waheed Ul Rahman" sort="Ahmed, Waheed Ul Rahman" uniqKey="Ahmed W" first="Waheed-Ul-Rahman" last="Ahmed">Waheed-Ul-Rahman Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alghoul, Heba" sort="Alghoul, Heba" uniqKey="Alghoul H" first="Heba" last="Alghoul">Heba Alghoul</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza City, Palestine.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alser, Osaid" sort="Alser, Osaid" uniqKey="Alser O" first="Osaid" last="Alser">Osaid Alser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alshammari, Thamir M" sort="Alshammari, Thamir M" uniqKey="Alshammari T" first="Thamir M" last="Alshammari">Thamir M. Alshammari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Pharmacy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Areia, Carlos" sort="Areia, Carlos" uniqKey="Areia C" first="Carlos" last="Areia">Carlos Areia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Critical Care Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carter, William" sort="Carter, William" uniqKey="Carter W" first="William" last="Carter">William Carter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casajust, Paula" sort="Casajust, Paula" uniqKey="Casajust P" first="Paula" last="Casajust">Paula Casajust</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Real-World Evidence, Trial Form Support, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawoud, Dalia" sort="Dawoud, Dalia" uniqKey="Dawoud D" first="Dalia" last="Dawoud">Dalia Dawoud</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golozar, Asieh" sort="Golozar, Asieh" uniqKey="Golozar A" first="Asieh" last="Golozar">Asieh Golozar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, US.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonnagaddala, Jitendra" sort="Jonnagaddala, Jitendra" uniqKey="Jonnagaddala J" first="Jitendra" last="Jonnagaddala">Jitendra Jonnagaddala</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Paras P" sort="Mehta, Paras P" uniqKey="Mehta P" first="Paras P" last="Mehta">Paras P. Mehta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Mengchun" sort="Gong, Mengchun" uniqKey="Gong M" first="Mengchun" last="Gong">Mengchun Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>DHC Technologies, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morales, Daniel R" sort="Morales, Daniel R" uniqKey="Morales D" first="Daniel R" last="Morales">Daniel R. Morales</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyberg, Fredrik" sort="Nyberg, Fredrik" uniqKey="Nyberg F" first="Fredrik" last="Nyberg">Fredrik Nyberg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada, Jose D" sort="Posada, Jose D" uniqKey="Posada J" first="Jose D" last="Posada">Jose D. Posada</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Recalde, Martina" sort="Recalde, Martina" uniqKey="Recalde M" first="Martina" last="Recalde">Martina Recalde</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roel, Elena" sort="Roel, Elena" uniqKey="Roel E" first="Elena" last="Roel">Elena Roel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Karishma" sort="Shah, Karishma" uniqKey="Shah K" first="Karishma" last="Shah">Karishma Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Nigam H" sort="Shah, Nigam H" uniqKey="Shah N" first="Nigam H" last="Shah">Nigam H. Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schilling, Lisa M" sort="Schilling, Lisa M" uniqKey="Schilling L" first="Lisa M" last="Schilling">Lisa M. Schilling</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Subbian, Vignesh" sort="Subbian, Vignesh" uniqKey="Subbian V" first="Vignesh" last="Subbian">Vignesh Subbian</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Engineering, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vizcaya, David" sort="Vizcaya, David" uniqKey="Vizcaya D" first="David" last="Vizcaya">David Vizcaya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Sant Joan Despí, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Lin" sort="Zhang, Lin" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Lin" last="Zhang">Lin Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ying" sort="Zhang, Ying" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Ying" last="Zhang">Ying Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>DHC Technologies, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Hong" sort="Zhu, Hong" uniqKey="Zhu H" first="Hong" last="Zhu">Hong Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nanfang University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Li" sort="Liu, Li" uniqKey="Liu L" first="Li" last="Liu">Li Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nanfang University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cho, Jaehyeong" sort="Cho, Jaehyeong" uniqKey="Cho J" first="Jaehyeong" last="Cho">Jaehyeong Cho</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, Kristine E" sort="Lynch, Kristine E" uniqKey="Lynch K" first="Kristine E" last="Lynch">Kristine E. Lynch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matheny, Michael E" sort="Matheny, Michael E" uniqKey="Matheny M" first="Michael E" last="Matheny">Michael E. Matheny</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="You, Seng Chan" sort="You, Seng Chan" uniqKey="You S" first="Seng Chan" last="You">Seng Chan You</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rijnbeek, Peter R" sort="Rijnbeek, Peter R" uniqKey="Rijnbeek P" first="Peter R" last="Rijnbeek">Peter R. Rijnbeek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hripcsak, George" sort="Hripcsak, George" uniqKey="Hripcsak G" first="George" last="Hripcsak">George Hripcsak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lane, Jennifer Ce" sort="Lane, Jennifer Ce" uniqKey="Lane J" first="Jennifer Ce" last="Lane">Jennifer Ce Lane</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burn, Edward" sort="Burn, Edward" uniqKey="Burn E" first="Edward" last="Burn">Edward Burn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, Christian" sort="Reich, Christian" uniqKey="Reich C" first="Christian" last="Reich">Christian Reich</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suchard, Marc A" sort="Suchard, Marc A" uniqKey="Suchard M" first="Marc A" last="Suchard">Marc A. Suchard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duarte Salles, Talita" sort="Duarte Salles, Talita" uniqKey="Duarte Salles T" first="Talita" last="Duarte-Salles">Talita Duarte-Salles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kostka, Kristin" sort="Kostka, Kristin" uniqKey="Kostka K" first="Kristin" last="Kostka">Kristin Kostka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>OHDSI Center at The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, Patrick B" sort="Ryan, Patrick B" uniqKey="Ryan P" first="Patrick B" last="Ryan">Patrick B. Ryan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA ryan@ohdsi.org.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto Alhambra, Daniel" sort="Prieto Alhambra, Daniel" uniqKey="Prieto Alhambra D" first="Daniel" last="Prieto-Alhambra">Daniel Prieto-Alhambra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33975825</idno><idno type="pmid">33975825</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/bmj.n1038</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC8111167</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000031</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000031</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in hospital patients with covid-19: multinational network cohort study.</title><author><name sortKey="Prats Uribe, Albert" sort="Prats Uribe, Albert" uniqKey="Prats Uribe A" first="Albert" last="Prats-Uribe">Albert Prats-Uribe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sena, Anthony G" sort="Sena, Anthony G" uniqKey="Sena A" first="Anthony G" last="Sena">Anthony G. Sena</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, Lana Yin Hui" sort="Lai, Lana Yin Hui" uniqKey="Lai L" first="Lana Yin Hui" last="Lai">Lana Yin Hui Lai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Waheed Ul Rahman" sort="Ahmed, Waheed Ul Rahman" uniqKey="Ahmed W" first="Waheed-Ul-Rahman" last="Ahmed">Waheed-Ul-Rahman Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alghoul, Heba" sort="Alghoul, Heba" uniqKey="Alghoul H" first="Heba" last="Alghoul">Heba Alghoul</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza City, Palestine.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alser, Osaid" sort="Alser, Osaid" uniqKey="Alser O" first="Osaid" last="Alser">Osaid Alser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alshammari, Thamir M" sort="Alshammari, Thamir M" uniqKey="Alshammari T" first="Thamir M" last="Alshammari">Thamir M. Alshammari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Pharmacy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Areia, Carlos" sort="Areia, Carlos" uniqKey="Areia C" first="Carlos" last="Areia">Carlos Areia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Critical Care Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carter, William" sort="Carter, William" uniqKey="Carter W" first="William" last="Carter">William Carter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casajust, Paula" sort="Casajust, Paula" uniqKey="Casajust P" first="Paula" last="Casajust">Paula Casajust</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Real-World Evidence, Trial Form Support, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawoud, Dalia" sort="Dawoud, Dalia" uniqKey="Dawoud D" first="Dalia" last="Dawoud">Dalia Dawoud</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golozar, Asieh" sort="Golozar, Asieh" uniqKey="Golozar A" first="Asieh" last="Golozar">Asieh Golozar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, US.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonnagaddala, Jitendra" sort="Jonnagaddala, Jitendra" uniqKey="Jonnagaddala J" first="Jitendra" last="Jonnagaddala">Jitendra Jonnagaddala</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Paras P" sort="Mehta, Paras P" uniqKey="Mehta P" first="Paras P" last="Mehta">Paras P. Mehta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Mengchun" sort="Gong, Mengchun" uniqKey="Gong M" first="Mengchun" last="Gong">Mengchun Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>DHC Technologies, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morales, Daniel R" sort="Morales, Daniel R" uniqKey="Morales D" first="Daniel R" last="Morales">Daniel R. Morales</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyberg, Fredrik" sort="Nyberg, Fredrik" uniqKey="Nyberg F" first="Fredrik" last="Nyberg">Fredrik Nyberg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada, Jose D" sort="Posada, Jose D" uniqKey="Posada J" first="Jose D" last="Posada">Jose D. Posada</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Recalde, Martina" sort="Recalde, Martina" uniqKey="Recalde M" first="Martina" last="Recalde">Martina Recalde</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roel, Elena" sort="Roel, Elena" uniqKey="Roel E" first="Elena" last="Roel">Elena Roel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Karishma" sort="Shah, Karishma" uniqKey="Shah K" first="Karishma" last="Shah">Karishma Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Nigam H" sort="Shah, Nigam H" uniqKey="Shah N" first="Nigam H" last="Shah">Nigam H. Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schilling, Lisa M" sort="Schilling, Lisa M" uniqKey="Schilling L" first="Lisa M" last="Schilling">Lisa M. Schilling</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Subbian, Vignesh" sort="Subbian, Vignesh" uniqKey="Subbian V" first="Vignesh" last="Subbian">Vignesh Subbian</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Engineering, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vizcaya, David" sort="Vizcaya, David" uniqKey="Vizcaya D" first="David" last="Vizcaya">David Vizcaya</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Sant Joan Despí, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Lin" sort="Zhang, Lin" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Lin" last="Zhang">Lin Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ying" sort="Zhang, Ying" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Ying" last="Zhang">Ying Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>DHC Technologies, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Hong" sort="Zhu, Hong" uniqKey="Zhu H" first="Hong" last="Zhu">Hong Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nanfang University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Li" sort="Liu, Li" uniqKey="Liu L" first="Li" last="Liu">Li Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nanfang University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cho, Jaehyeong" sort="Cho, Jaehyeong" uniqKey="Cho J" first="Jaehyeong" last="Cho">Jaehyeong Cho</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, Kristine E" sort="Lynch, Kristine E" uniqKey="Lynch K" first="Kristine E" last="Lynch">Kristine E. Lynch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matheny, Michael E" sort="Matheny, Michael E" uniqKey="Matheny M" first="Michael E" last="Matheny">Michael E. Matheny</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="You, Seng Chan" sort="You, Seng Chan" uniqKey="You S" first="Seng Chan" last="You">Seng Chan You</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rijnbeek, Peter R" sort="Rijnbeek, Peter R" uniqKey="Rijnbeek P" first="Peter R" last="Rijnbeek">Peter R. Rijnbeek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hripcsak, George" sort="Hripcsak, George" uniqKey="Hripcsak G" first="George" last="Hripcsak">George Hripcsak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lane, Jennifer Ce" sort="Lane, Jennifer Ce" uniqKey="Lane J" first="Jennifer Ce" last="Lane">Jennifer Ce Lane</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burn, Edward" sort="Burn, Edward" uniqKey="Burn E" first="Edward" last="Burn">Edward Burn</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reich, Christian" sort="Reich, Christian" uniqKey="Reich C" first="Christian" last="Reich">Christian Reich</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suchard, Marc A" sort="Suchard, Marc A" uniqKey="Suchard M" first="Marc A" last="Suchard">Marc A. Suchard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duarte Salles, Talita" sort="Duarte Salles, Talita" uniqKey="Duarte Salles T" first="Talita" last="Duarte-Salles">Talita Duarte-Salles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kostka, Kristin" sort="Kostka, Kristin" uniqKey="Kostka K" first="Kristin" last="Kostka">Kristin Kostka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>OHDSI Center at The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, Patrick B" sort="Ryan, Patrick B" uniqKey="Ryan P" first="Patrick B" last="Ryan">Patrick B. Ryan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA ryan@ohdsi.org.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto Alhambra, Daniel" sort="Prieto Alhambra, Daniel" uniqKey="Prieto Alhambra D" first="Daniel" last="Prieto-Alhambra">Daniel Prieto-Alhambra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMJ (Clinical research ed.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1756-1833</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Administrative Claims, Healthcare (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adrenal Cortex Hormones (therapeutic use)</term><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term><term>Azithromycin (therapeutic use)</term><term>COVID-19 (diagnosis)</term><term>COVID-19 (drug therapy)</term><term>COVID-19 (epidemiology)</term><term>COVID-19 (virology)</term><term>Ceftriaxone (therapeutic use)</term><term>Chemotherapy, Adjuvant (methods)</term><term>Child (MeSH)</term><term>Child, Preschool (MeSH)</term><term>China (epidemiology)</term><term>Cohort Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Drug Combinations (MeSH)</term><term>Drug Repositioning (methods)</term><term>Electronic Health Records (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Enoxaparin (therapeutic use)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Fluoroquinolones (therapeutic use)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Infant (MeSH)</term><term>Infant, Newborn (MeSH)</term><term>Inpatients (MeSH)</term><term>Lopinavir (therapeutic use)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Republic of Korea (epidemiology)</term><term>Ritonavir (therapeutic use)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (drug effects)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (genetics)</term><term>Safety (MeSH)</term><term>Spain (epidemiology)</term><term>Treatment Outcome (MeSH)</term><term>United States (epidemiology)</term><term>Vitamin D (therapeutic use)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Adrenal Cortex Hormones</term><term>Azithromycin</term><term>Ceftriaxone</term><term>Enoxaparin</term><term>Fluoroquinolones</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term><term>Vitamin D</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>China</term><term>Republic of Korea</term><term>Spain</term><term>United States</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</term><term>Drug Repositioning</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Administrative Claims, Healthcare</term><term>Electronic Health Records</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Cohort Studies</term><term>Drug Combinations</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Infant</term><term>Infant, Newborn</term><term>Inpatients</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Safety</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>To investigate the use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 across three continents.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>DESIGN</b></p><p>Multinational network cohort study.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>SETTING</b></p><p>Hospital electronic health records from the United States, Spain, and China, and nationwide claims data from South Korea.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>PARTICIPANTS</b></p><p>303 264 patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 from January 2020 to December 2020.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES</b></p><p>Prescriptions or dispensations of any drug on or 30 days after the date of hospital admission for covid-19.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Of the 303 264 patients included, 290 131 were from the US, 7599 from South Korea, 5230 from Spain, and 304 from China. 3455 drugs were identified. Common repurposed drugs were hydroxychloroquine (used in from <5 (<2%) patients in China to 2165 (85.1%) in Spain), azithromycin (from 15 (4.9%) in China to 1473 (57.9%) in Spain), combined lopinavir and ritonavir (from 156 (<2%) in the VA-OMOP US to 2,652 (34.9%) in South Korea and 1285 (50.5%) in Spain), and umifenovir (0% in the US, South Korea, and Spain and 238 (78.3%) in China). Use of adjunctive drugs varied greatly, with the five most used treatments being enoxaparin, fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, vitamin D, and corticosteroids. Hydroxychloroquine use increased rapidly from March to April 2020 but declined steeply in May to June and remained low for the rest of the year. The use of dexamethasone and corticosteroids increased steadily during 2020.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Multiple drugs were used in the first few months of the covid-19 pandemic, with substantial geographical and temporal variation. Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir-ritonavir, and umifenovir (in China only) were the most prescribed repurposed drugs. Antithrombotics, antibiotics, H2 receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids were often used as adjunctive treatments. Research is needed on the comparative risk and benefit of these treatments in the management of covid-19.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33975825</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>20</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1756-1833</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>373</Volume><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>11</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>BMJ (Clinical research ed.)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>BMJ</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in hospital patients with covid-19: multinational network cohort study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>n1038</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1136/bmj.n1038</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE">To investigate the use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 across three continents.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="DESIGN">Multinational network cohort study.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="SETTING">Hospital electronic health records from the United States, Spain, and China, and nationwide claims data from South Korea.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="PARTICIPANTS">303 264 patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 from January 2020 to December 2020.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES">Prescriptions or dispensations of any drug on or 30 days after the date of hospital admission for covid-19.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">Of the 303 264 patients included, 290 131 were from the US, 7599 from South Korea, 5230 from Spain, and 304 from China. 3455 drugs were identified. Common repurposed drugs were hydroxychloroquine (used in from <5 (<2%) patients in China to 2165 (85.1%) in Spain), azithromycin (from 15 (4.9%) in China to 1473 (57.9%) in Spain), combined lopinavir and ritonavir (from 156 (<2%) in the VA-OMOP US to 2,652 (34.9%) in South Korea and 1285 (50.5%) in Spain), and umifenovir (0% in the US, South Korea, and Spain and 238 (78.3%) in China). Use of adjunctive drugs varied greatly, with the five most used treatments being enoxaparin, fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, vitamin D, and corticosteroids. Hydroxychloroquine use increased rapidly from March to April 2020 but declined steeply in May to June and remained low for the rest of the year. The use of dexamethasone and corticosteroids increased steadily during 2020.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">Multiple drugs were used in the first few months of the covid-19 pandemic, with substantial geographical and temporal variation. Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir-ritonavir, and umifenovir (in China only) were the most prescribed repurposed drugs. Antithrombotics, antibiotics, H2 receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids were often used as adjunctive treatments. Research is needed on the comparative risk and benefit of these treatments in the management of covid-19.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Prats-Uribe</LastName><ForeName>Albert</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sena</LastName><ForeName>Anthony G</ForeName><Initials>AG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lai</LastName><ForeName>Lana Yin Hui</ForeName><Initials>LYH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ahmed</LastName><ForeName>Waheed-Ul-Rahman</ForeName><Initials>WU</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alghoul</LastName><ForeName>Heba</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza City, Palestine.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alser</LastName><ForeName>Osaid</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alshammari</LastName><ForeName>Thamir M</ForeName><Initials>TM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Pharmacy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Areia</LastName><ForeName>Carlos</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Critical Care Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carter</LastName><ForeName>William</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Casajust</LastName><ForeName>Paula</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Real-World Evidence, Trial Form Support, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dawoud</LastName><ForeName>Dalia</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Golozar</LastName><ForeName>Asieh</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, US.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jonnagaddala</LastName><ForeName>Jitendra</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mehta</LastName><ForeName>Paras P</ForeName><Initials>PP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gong</LastName><ForeName>Mengchun</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>DHC Technologies, Beijing, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Morales</LastName><ForeName>Daniel R</ForeName><Initials>DR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nyberg</LastName><ForeName>Fredrik</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Posada</LastName><ForeName>Jose D</ForeName><Initials>JD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Recalde</LastName><ForeName>Martina</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roel</LastName><ForeName>Elena</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shah</LastName><ForeName>Karishma</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shah</LastName><ForeName>Nigam H</ForeName><Initials>NH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schilling</LastName><ForeName>Lisa M</ForeName><Initials>LM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Subbian</LastName><ForeName>Vignesh</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Engineering, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vizcaya</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Sant Joan Despí, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Lin</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Ying</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>DHC Technologies, Beijing, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhu</LastName><ForeName>Hong</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nanfang University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Li</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nanfang University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cho</LastName><ForeName>Jaehyeong</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lynch</LastName><ForeName>Kristine E</ForeName><Initials>KE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Matheny</LastName><ForeName>Michael E</ForeName><Initials>ME</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>You</LastName><ForeName>Seng Chan</ForeName><Initials>SC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rijnbeek</LastName><ForeName>Peter R</ForeName><Initials>PR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hripcsak</LastName><ForeName>George</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lane</LastName><ForeName>Jennifer Ce</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Burn</LastName><ForeName>Edward</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reich</LastName><ForeName>Christian</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Suchard</LastName><ForeName>Marc A</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duarte-Salles</LastName><ForeName>Talita</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kostka</LastName><ForeName>Kristin</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>OHDSI Center at The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ryan</LastName><ForeName>Patrick B</ForeName><Initials>PB</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9727-2138</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA ryan@ohdsi.org.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Prieto-Alhambra</LastName><ForeName>Daniel</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>BMJ</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8900488</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0959-8138</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000305">Adrenal Cortex Hormones</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D004338">Drug Combinations</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D017984">Enoxaparin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D024841">Fluoroquinolones</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C558899">lopinavir-ritonavir drug combination</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>1406-16-2</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014807">Vitamin D</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>2494G1JF75</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D061466">Lopinavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006886">Hydroxychloroquine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>75J73V1629</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002443">Ceftriaxone</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>83905-01-5</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D017963">Azithromycin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>O3J8G9O825</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019438">Ritonavir</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000067575" MajorTopicYN="N">Administrative Claims, Healthcare</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="N">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000305" MajorTopicYN="N">Adrenal Cortex Hormones</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017963" MajorTopicYN="N">Azithromycin</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002443" MajorTopicYN="N">Ceftriaxone</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017024" MajorTopicYN="N">Chemotherapy, Adjuvant</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002648" MajorTopicYN="N">Child</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002675" MajorTopicYN="N">Child, Preschool</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002681" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">China</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015331" MajorTopicYN="N">Cohort Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004338" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Combinations</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058492" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Repositioning</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D057286" MajorTopicYN="N">Electronic Health Records</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="N">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017984" MajorTopicYN="N">Enoxaparin</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D024841" MajorTopicYN="N">Fluoroquinolones</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006886" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydroxychloroquine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007223" MajorTopicYN="N">Infant</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007231" MajorTopicYN="N">Infant, Newborn</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007297" MajorTopicYN="N">Inpatients</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D061466" MajorTopicYN="N">Lopinavir</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D056910" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Republic of Korea</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019438" MajorTopicYN="N">Ritonavir</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012449" MajorTopicYN="N">Safety</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013030" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Spain</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014481" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">United States</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014807" MajorTopicYN="N">Vitamin D</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: support from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for the submitted work; AP-U reports grants from Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero and the Medical Research Council, outside the submitted work; AGS reports personal fees from Janssen Research and Development, during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Janssen Research and Development, outside the submitted work; W-U-RA reports funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Aziz Foundation, Wolfson Foundation, and the Royal College Surgeons of England; AG reports personal fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and full time employment at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work; DRM reports funding support from the Wellcome Trust, NIHR, Scottish Chief Scientist Office, and Tenovus Scotland for research unrelated to this work; FN was an employee of AstraZeneca until 2019, before the conduct of this study, owns some AstraZeneca shares, and has other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work; VS reports funding from the US National Science Foundation, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality through the University of Utah, and Arizona Board of Regents; DV reports personal fees from Bayer, outside the submitted work, and full time employment at Bayer; JC reports grants from the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, during the conduct of the study; SCY reports grants from the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, during the conduct of the study; PRR reports grants from Innovative Medicines Initiative and Janssen Research and Development, during the conduct of the study; GH reports grants from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Library of Medicine, during the conduct of the study; grants from Janssen Research, outside the submitted work; CR is an employee of IQVIA; MAS reports grants from the US National Science Foundation, US NIH, and IQVIA, personal fees from Janssen Research and Development, during the conduct of the study; KK is an employee of IQVIA; PR is an employee of Janssen Research and Development and shareholder of Johnson & Johnson; DP-A reports grants and other from Amgen; grants, non-financial support, and other from UCB Biopharma; and grants from Les Laboratoires Servier, outside the submitted work; and Janssen, on behalf of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) funded European Health Data and Evidence Network (EHDEN) and European Medical Information Framework (EMIF) consortiums, and Synapse Management Partners have supported training programmes organised by DP-A’s department and are open for external participants.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>9</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>21</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33975825</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1136/bmj.n1038</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8111167</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>BMJ. 2021 Feb 11;372:n433</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33574097</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Aug;97:396-403</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32623082</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Thromb Haemost. 2020 May;18(5):1023-1026</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32338827</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 19;383(21):2030-2040</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33031652</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Science. 2020 Apr 24;368(6489):409-412</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32198291</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020 Jul;50(1):72-81</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32440883</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021 Jan 15;28(1):184-189</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32722749</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 25;384(8):693-704</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32678530</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 11;384(6):497-511</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33264556</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>BMJ. 2020 Sep 4;370:m3379</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32887691</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cell Res. 2020 Mar;30(3):269-271</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32020029</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2015 May;22(3):553-64</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25670757</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):683-684</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32122468</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Crit Care. 2020 Dec;60:32-37</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32736197</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lancet Digit Health. 2020 Jun;2(6):e286-e287</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32363333</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>BMJ. 2021 Mar 22;372:n742</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33753356</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Prev Med Public Health. 2021 Jan;54(1):8-16</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33618494</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Microbes Infect. 2020 May - Jun;22(4-5):200-205</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32445881</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1330-1341</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32876694</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):473-475</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32043983</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>BMJ. 2020 May 26;369:m1936</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32457027</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1824-1836</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32282022</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lancet. 2021 Feb 13;397(10274):605-612</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33545096</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Lancet. 2020 Jun 13;395(10240):1820</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32511943</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1813-1826</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32445440</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Jul;56(1):105949</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32205204</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019 Jan 15;:</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">30648307</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/CovidChloroV1/Data/Main/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000031 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000031 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= CovidChloroV1
|flux= Main
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= pubmed:33975825
|texte= Use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in hospital patients with covid-19: multinational network cohort study.
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:33975825" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CovidChloroV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |