The Use of Antimalarial Drugs against Viral Infection
Identifieur interne : 000A65 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000A64; suivant : 000A66The Use of Antimalarial Drugs against Viral Infection
Auteurs : Sarah D Lessandro ; Diletta Scaccabarozzi ; Lucia Signorini ; Federica Perego ; Denise P. Ilboudo ; Pasquale Ferrante ; Serena DelbueSource :
- Microorganisms [ 2076-2607 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
In recent decades, drugs used to treat malaria infection have been shown to be beneficial for many other diseases, including viral infections. In particular, they have received special attention due to the lack of effective antiviral drugs against new emerging viruses (i.e., HIV, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, etc.) or against classic infections due to drug-resistant viral strains (i.e., human cytomegalovirus). Here, we reviewed the in vitro/in vivo and clinical studies conducted to evaluate the antiviral activities of four classes of antimalarial drugs: Artemisinin derivatives, aryl-aminoalcohols, aminoquinolines, and antimicrobial drugs.
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DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010085
PubMed: 31936284
PubMed Central: 7022795
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Use of Antimalarial Drugs against Viral Infection</title><author><name sortKey="D Lessandro, Sarah" sort="D Lessandro, Sarah" uniqKey="D Lessandro S" first="Sarah" last="D Lessandro">Sarah D Lessandro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scaccabarozzi, Diletta" sort="Scaccabarozzi, Diletta" uniqKey="Scaccabarozzi D" first="Diletta" last="Scaccabarozzi">Diletta Scaccabarozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>diletta.scaccabarozzi@unimi.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Signorini, Lucia" sort="Signorini, Lucia" uniqKey="Signorini L" first="Lucia" last="Signorini">Lucia Signorini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perego, Federica" sort="Perego, Federica" uniqKey="Perego F" first="Federica" last="Perego">Federica Perego</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ilboudo, Denise P" sort="Ilboudo, Denise P" uniqKey="Ilboudo D" first="Denise P." last="Ilboudo">Denise P. Ilboudo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-microorganisms-08-00085">Département des Sciences de la Vie, University of Fada N’Gourma (UFDG), Fada N’Gourma BP 54, Burkina Faso;<email>denise.ilboudo@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrante, Pasquale" sort="Ferrante, Pasquale" uniqKey="Ferrante P" first="Pasquale" last="Ferrante">Pasquale Ferrante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delbue, Serena" sort="Delbue, Serena" uniqKey="Delbue S" first="Serena" last="Delbue">Serena Delbue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31936284</idno><idno type="pmc">7022795</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7022795</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7022795</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/microorganisms8010085</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A65</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A65</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A65</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A65</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Use of Antimalarial Drugs against Viral Infection</title><author><name sortKey="D Lessandro, Sarah" sort="D Lessandro, Sarah" uniqKey="D Lessandro S" first="Sarah" last="D Lessandro">Sarah D Lessandro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scaccabarozzi, Diletta" sort="Scaccabarozzi, Diletta" uniqKey="Scaccabarozzi D" first="Diletta" last="Scaccabarozzi">Diletta Scaccabarozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>diletta.scaccabarozzi@unimi.it</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Signorini, Lucia" sort="Signorini, Lucia" uniqKey="Signorini L" first="Lucia" last="Signorini">Lucia Signorini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perego, Federica" sort="Perego, Federica" uniqKey="Perego F" first="Federica" last="Perego">Federica Perego</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ilboudo, Denise P" sort="Ilboudo, Denise P" uniqKey="Ilboudo D" first="Denise P." last="Ilboudo">Denise P. Ilboudo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-microorganisms-08-00085">Département des Sciences de la Vie, University of Fada N’Gourma (UFDG), Fada N’Gourma BP 54, Burkina Faso;<email>denise.ilboudo@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrante, Pasquale" sort="Ferrante, Pasquale" uniqKey="Ferrante P" first="Pasquale" last="Ferrante">Pasquale Ferrante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delbue, Serena" sort="Delbue, Serena" uniqKey="Delbue S" first="Serena" last="Delbue">Serena Delbue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Microorganisms</title><idno type="eISSN">2076-2607</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In recent decades, drugs used to treat malaria infection have been shown to be beneficial for many other diseases, including viral infections. In particular, they have received special attention due to the lack of effective antiviral drugs against new emerging viruses (i.e., HIV, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, etc.) or against classic infections due to drug-resistant viral strains (i.e., human cytomegalovirus). Here, we reviewed the in vitro/in vivo and clinical studies conducted to evaluate the antiviral activities of four classes of antimalarial drugs: Artemisinin derivatives, aryl-aminoalcohols, aminoquinolines, and antimicrobial drugs.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haladyj, E" uniqKey="Haladyj E">E. Haładyj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sikora, M" uniqKey="Sikora M">M. Sikora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Felis Giemza, A" uniqKey="Felis Giemza A">A. Felis-Giemza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olesi Ska, M" uniqKey="Olesi Ska M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Microorganisms</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Microorganisms</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">microorganisms</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Microorganisms</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2076-2607</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31936284</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7022795</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/microorganisms8010085</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">microorganisms-08-00085</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Use of Antimalarial Drugs against Viral Infection</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-9762</contrib-id><name><surname>D’Alessandro</surname><given-names>Sarah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8881-898X</contrib-id><name><surname>Scaccabarozzi</surname><given-names>Diletta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-microorganisms-08-00085">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Signorini</surname><given-names>Lucia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1566-0231</contrib-id><name><surname>Perego</surname><given-names>Federica</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ilboudo</surname><given-names>Denise P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-microorganisms-08-00085">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferrante</surname><given-names>Pasquale</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-9369</contrib-id><name><surname>Delbue</surname><given-names>Serena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-microorganisms-08-00085">1</xref><xref rid="c1-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-microorganisms-08-00085"><label>1</label>Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>sarah.dalessandro@unimi.it</email> (S.D.);<email>lucia.signorini@unimi.it</email> (L.S.);<email>federica.perego@unimi.it</email> (F.P.);<email>pasquale.ferrante@unimi.it</email> (P.F.)</aff><aff id="af2-microorganisms-08-00085"><label>2</label>Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;<email>diletta.scaccabarozzi@unimi.it</email></aff><aff id="af3-microorganisms-08-00085"><label>3</label>Département des Sciences de la Vie, University of Fada N’Gourma (UFDG), Fada N’Gourma BP 54, Burkina Faso;<email>denise.ilboudo@gmail.com</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-microorganisms-08-00085"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>serena.delbue@unimi.it</email>; Tel.: +39-02-50315070</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>85</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>03</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>In recent decades, drugs used to treat malaria infection have been shown to be beneficial for many other diseases, including viral infections. In particular, they have received special attention due to the lack of effective antiviral drugs against new emerging viruses (i.e., HIV, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, etc.) or against classic infections due to drug-resistant viral strains (i.e., human cytomegalovirus). Here, we reviewed the in vitro/in vivo and clinical studies conducted to evaluate the antiviral activities of four classes of antimalarial drugs: Artemisinin derivatives, aryl-aminoalcohols, aminoquinolines, and antimicrobial drugs.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>antimalarial drugs</kwd><kwd>viruses</kwd><kwd>emerging infections</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="microorganisms-08-00085-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Chemical structures of the compounds described in the text.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="microorganisms-08-00085-g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="microorganisms-08-00085-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">microorganisms-08-00085-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Clinical trials for the evaluation of the activity of antimalarials on viral infections in patients.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Family</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Species</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trial Number/Reference</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Herpesviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCMV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT00284687</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No results</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Papillomaviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HPV</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT03100045</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ongoing</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT04098744</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ongoing</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Flaviviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HCV</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT01833845</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terminated due to failure to recruit subjects</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT01272310</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DENV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT00849602</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reduction in pain but not in length of disease [<xref rid="B36-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHIKV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT003913131</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No difference between CQ- and placebo-treated groups [<xref rid="B37-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Orthomyxoviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IAV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT01078779</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No prevention of IAV infection [<xref rid="B38-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Retroviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HIV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="B40-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reduction in HIV-1 RNA load in plasma</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISRCTN30019040</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased HIV-1 replication and decreased CD4 numbers [<xref rid="B41-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT00819390</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modest reduction in immune activation [<xref rid="B42-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT02004314</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients did not experience any improvement after CQ treatment [<xref rid="B43-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT01650558</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terminated, awaiting results [<xref rid="B44-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="B45-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="microorganisms-08-00085-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">microorganisms-08-00085-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Clinical studies assessing the efficacy of Mefloquine (MQ) treatment and its combinations in JCPyV-infected progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) patients.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Case Reports</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV Status</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="11" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HIV negative </td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No PML progression</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>,<xref rid="B73-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>,<xref rid="B74-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>,<xref rid="B77-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>,<xref rid="B78-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>,<xref rid="B79-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>,<xref rid="B81-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>,<xref rid="B82-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>,<xref rid="B83-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>,<xref rid="B84-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>,<xref rid="B86-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>,<xref rid="B87-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatal outcome</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="B76-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>,<xref rid="B80-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>,<xref rid="B85-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>,<xref rid="B88-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Mefloquine + mirtazapine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PML resolution with claimed effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>,<xref rid="B87-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>,<xref rid="B89-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>,<xref rid="B90-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>,<xref rid="B91-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>,<xref rid="B92-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>,<xref rid="B93-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>,<xref rid="B94-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>,<xref rid="B95-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>,<xref rid="B96-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>,<xref rid="B97-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>,<xref rid="B98-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>,<xref rid="B99-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>,<xref rid="B100-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>,<xref rid="B101-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>,<xref rid="B102-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>,<xref rid="B103-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>,<xref rid="B104-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>,<xref rid="B105-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PML resolution due to other factors</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B96-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>,<xref rid="B106-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>,<xref rid="B107-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>,<xref rid="B108-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>,<xref rid="B109-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatal outcome</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>,<xref rid="B96-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>,<xref rid="B110-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>,<xref rid="B111-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>,<xref rid="B112-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>,<xref rid="B113-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>,<xref rid="B114-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>,<xref rid="B115-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>,<xref rid="B116-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Therapy suspension due to side effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Mefloquine + mirtazapine + third partner drug</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PML resolution</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatal outcome</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine + risperidone</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatal outcome</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine + risperidone + cytarabine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PML resolution</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine + cidofovir</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PML resolution due to other factors</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HIV positive </td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No PML progression</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B122-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>,<xref rid="B123-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>,<xref rid="B124-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>,<xref rid="B125-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatal outcome</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine + mirtazapine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premature fatal outcome</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>,<xref rid="B128-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Clinical Trial</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV negative versus HIV positive patients</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Standard of care (SOC) versus SOC + mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lack of differences: study ended prematurely</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="microorganisms-08-00085-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">microorganisms-08-00085-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>In vitro/in vivo studies for the assessment of antimalarial drug activity against viral infection.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Family</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Species</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of Study (Model)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="13" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Herpesviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HSV-1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quinine sulfate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vivo</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>,<xref rid="B69-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">EBV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B50-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sulfonamides</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B182-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">182</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HCMV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B11-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B16-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B24-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="B25-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="B26-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>,<xref rid="B27-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B28-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="B29-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="B30-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="B31-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="B32-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="B34-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arthemeter</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>,<xref rid="B62-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HHV-6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>,<xref rid="B53-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HHV-6B</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KSHV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doxycycline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B183-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">183</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HSE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vivo (mouse)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dihydroartemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KSHV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sulfonamides</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B183-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">183</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCMV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vivo (rat)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B11-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Polyomaviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BKPyV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">JCPyV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hepadnaviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HBV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisinin, artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B17-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Papillomaviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HPV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B18-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dihydroartemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vivo (dog)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B19-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doxycycline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B177-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">177</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="17" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Flaviviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">BVDV(surrogate HCV)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B187-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">187</xref>,<xref rid="B188-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">188</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dihydroartemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B63-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HCV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="B22-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B148-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>,<xref rid="B149-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>,<xref rid="B150-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">ZIKV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>,<xref rid="B131-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B140-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>,<xref rid="B141-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amodiaquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B140-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atovaquone</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B166-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">166</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">DENV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quinine sulfate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Halofantrine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B134-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doxycycline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B168-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">168</xref>,<xref rid="B178-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">178</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amodiaquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B162-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">162</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">CHIKV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doxycycline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B169-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">169</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="B138-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>,<xref rid="B139-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atovaquone</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B166-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">166</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Togaviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Halofantrine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B134-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhabdoviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VSV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doxycycline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B170-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">170</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Orthomyxoviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">IAV</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Quinine sulfate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo (mouse)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doxycycline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vivo (mouse)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B171-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">171</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B159-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">159</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coronaviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CoV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B145-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>,<xref rid="B146-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>,<xref rid="B147-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Picornaviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Enteroviruses</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B160-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro/in vivo (mouse)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B161-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">161</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Filoviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">EBOV</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B142-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>,<xref rid="B143-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vivo</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B142-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate, amodiaquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vivo</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Retroviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HIV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artemisinin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doxycycline</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine, toremifene, posaconazole</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Chloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B151-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>,<xref rid="B157-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>,<xref rid="B158-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vivo</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B155-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">in vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B152-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>,<xref rid="B153-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>,<xref rid="B154-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>,<xref rid="B156-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phenuiviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFTSV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amodiaquine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B163-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">163</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="microorganisms-08-00085-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">microorganisms-08-00085-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Clinical studies for the assessment of antimalarial drug activity against viral infection.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Family</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus Species</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Herpesviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">HCMV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B46-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="B47-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="B48-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate-amodiaquine</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B49-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arthemeter-lumefantrine</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HHV6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>Polyomaviridae</italic></td><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">JCPyV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>,<xref rid="B55-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>,<xref rid="B73-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>,<xref rid="B74-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>,<xref rid="B75-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="B76-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>,<xref rid="B77-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>,<xref rid="B78-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>,<xref rid="B79-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>,<xref rid="B80-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>,<xref rid="B81-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>,<xref rid="B82-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>,<xref rid="B83-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>,<xref rid="B84-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>,<xref rid="B85-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>,<xref rid="B86-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>,<xref rid="B87-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>,<xref rid="B88-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>,<xref rid="B122-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>,<xref rid="B123-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>,<xref rid="B124-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>,<xref rid="B125-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>,<xref rid="B126-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine and mirtazapine</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>,<xref rid="B87-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>,<xref rid="B89-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>,<xref rid="B90-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>,<xref rid="B91-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>,<xref rid="B92-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>,<xref rid="B93-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>,<xref rid="B94-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>,<xref rid="B95-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>,<xref rid="B96-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>,<xref rid="B97-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>,<xref rid="B98-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>,<xref rid="B99-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>,<xref rid="B100-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>,<xref rid="B101-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>,<xref rid="B102-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>,<xref rid="B103-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>,<xref rid="B104-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>,<xref rid="B105-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>,<xref rid="B106-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>,<xref rid="B107-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>,<xref rid="B108-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>,<xref rid="B109-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>,<xref rid="B110-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>,<xref rid="B111-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>,<xref rid="B112-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>,<xref rid="B113-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>,<xref rid="B114-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>,<xref rid="B115-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>,<xref rid="B116-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>,<xref rid="B117-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>,<xref rid="B127-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>,<xref rid="B128-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine, mirtazapine and a third drug</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>,<xref rid="B119-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine and risperidone</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine, risperidone and cytarabine</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine and cidofovir</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mefloquine and PML standard of care</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Filoviridae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EBOV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Artesunate-amodiaquine</td><td align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>,<xref rid="B60-microorganisms-08-00085" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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