Adaptive Responses as Mechanisms of Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors in Melanoma
Identifieur interne : 000895 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000894; suivant : 000896Adaptive Responses as Mechanisms of Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors in Melanoma
Auteurs : Azad Saei [Suède] ; Pieter Johan Adam Eichhorn [Australie, Singapour]Source :
- Cancers [ 2072-6694 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
The introduction of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) inhibitors in melanoma patients with BRAF (V600E) mutations has demonstrated significant clinical benefits. However, rarely do tumours regress completely. Frequently, the reason for this is that therapies targeting specific oncogenic mutations induce a number of intrinsic compensatory mechanisms, also known as adaptive responses or feedback loops, that enhance the pro-survival and pro-proliferative capacity of a proportion of the original tumour population, thereby resulting in tumour progression. In this review we will summarize the known adaptive responses that limit BRAF mutant therapy and discuss potential novel combinatorial therapies to overcome resistance.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081176
PubMed: 31416288
PubMed Central: 6721815
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xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eichhorn, Pieter Johan Adam" sort="Eichhorn, Pieter Johan Adam" uniqKey="Eichhorn P" first="Pieter Johan Adam" last="Eichhorn">Pieter Johan Adam Eichhorn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-cancers-11-01176">School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-cancers-11-01176">Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-cancers-11-01176">Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6-cancers-11-01176">Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Cancers</title><idno type="eISSN">2072-6694</idno><imprint><date 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Cancers (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Cancers (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cancers</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Cancers</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2072-6694</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31416288</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6721815</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/cancers11081176</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">cancers-11-01176</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Adaptive Responses as Mechanisms of Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors in Melanoma</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saei</surname><given-names>Azad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cancers-11-01176">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-cancers-11-01176">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5840-943X</contrib-id><name><surname>Eichhorn</surname><given-names>Pieter Johan Adam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-cancers-11-01176">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-cancers-11-01176">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-cancers-11-01176">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-cancers-11-01176">6</xref><xref rid="c1-cancers-11-01176" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-cancers-11-01176"><label>1</label>Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="af2-cancers-11-01176"><label>2</label>Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="af3-cancers-11-01176"><label>3</label>School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia</aff><aff id="af4-cancers-11-01176"><label>4</label>Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia</aff><aff id="af5-cancers-11-01176"><label>5</label>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore</aff><aff id="af6-cancers-11-01176"><label>6</label>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-cancers-11-01176"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>Pieter.eichhorn@curtin.edu.au</email>; Tel.: +61-892661239</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>8</issue><elocation-id>1176</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>02</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The introduction of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) inhibitors in melanoma patients with BRAF (V600E) mutations has demonstrated significant clinical benefits. However, rarely do tumours regress completely. Frequently, the reason for this is that therapies targeting specific oncogenic mutations induce a number of intrinsic compensatory mechanisms, also known as adaptive responses or feedback loops, that enhance the pro-survival and pro-proliferative capacity of a proportion of the original tumour population, thereby resulting in tumour progression. In this review we will summarize the known adaptive responses that limit BRAF mutant therapy and discuss potential novel combinatorial therapies to overcome resistance.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>BRAF</kwd><kwd>melanoma</kwd><kwd>adaptive responses</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="cancers-11-01176-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Schematic of positive and negative feedback loops in the canonical Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway. RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; RAF, RAF proto oncogene; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-related kinase.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cancers-11-01176-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="cancers-11-01176-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Schematic of MAPK signalling in the context of wild type BRAF and mutant BRAF<sup>V600E</sup>. (<bold>A</bold>) In cells expressing wild type BRAF, ligand-induced activation of RTKs enhances RAS-GTP activity resulting in the dimerization and activation of RAF family members. This binding serves to phosphorylate MEK1/2, which then phosphorylates ERK, resulting in ERK-mediated transcription. (<bold>B</bold>) Hyper-activation of the pathway in melanoma can occur through oncogenic mutations in NRAS, BRAF, MEK1, ERK, or the loss of function mutations in NF1, FBW7, and USP28. Class I BRAF mutations (V600E) function as monomers to engage the MEK/ERK signal cascade. Mutation statistics were extrapolated from cBioPortal [<xref rid="B30-cancers-11-01176" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]. SHC, SHC adaptor protein 1; GRB2, growth factor receptor bound protein 2; SOS, son of sevenless; RAS, RAS proto-oncogene; NF1, neurofibromatosis 1; FBW7, F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7; USP28, Ubiquitin specific protease 28; TF, transcription factors; MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; BRAF: v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; RAF: proto oncogene; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-related kinase.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cancers-11-01176-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="cancers-11-01176-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Adaptive response-mediated resistance to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma. (<bold>A</bold>) Negative feedback regulation of activated ERK on EGFR, RAF, and MEK, resulting in the downregulation of MAPK signalling. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="cancers-11-01176-f003">Figure 3</xref> highlights the relief of these downstream kinase-dependent negative feedback loops, following MAPK inhibition. (<bold>B</bold>) Transcriptionally-mediated feedback loops regulating resistance to BRAF inhibitors. These feedback loops result in re-activation of the MAPK pathway (DUSP, USP28, FOXD3/ERBB3. TGFB/EGFR), parallel activation of PI3K pathway (FOXD3/ERBB3, TGFB/EGFR), increase oxidative phosphorylation (PGC1α, lncRNA SAMMSON, MITF), and autophagy related genes mediated by TFEB. RAF, RAF proto oncogene; MEK/MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-related kinase. SHC, SHC adaptor protein 1; GRB2, growth factor receptor bound protein 2; SOS, son of sevenless; RAS, RAS proto-oncogene; USP28, Ubiquitin specific protease 28; KSR, Kinase Suppressor of RAS; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERBB3, Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, AKT serine/threonine kinase; MITF, melanocyte inducing transcription factor; SOX10, SRY-box 10; TGFβ, transforming growth factor β, TFEB, transcription factor EB; FOXD3, forkhead box D3; DUSP, dual specificity phosphatase; PGC1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha, TF, transcription factors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cancers-11-01176-g003"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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