Effects of a natural multi-component compound formulation on the growth, morphology and extracellular matrix production of human adult dermal fibroblasts
Identifieur interne : 000517 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000516; suivant : 000518Effects of a natural multi-component compound formulation on the growth, morphology and extracellular matrix production of human adult dermal fibroblasts
Auteurs : Monica Benvenuto [Italie] ; Rosanna Mattera [Italie] ; Martino Tony Miele [Italie] ; Maria Gabriella Giganti [Italie] ; Ilaria Tresoldi [Italie] ; Loredana Albonici [Italie] ; Vittorio Manzari [Italie] ; Andrea Modesti [Italie] ; Laura Masuelli [Italie] ; Roberto Bei [Italie]Source :
- Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine [ 1792-0981 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) creates a tissue microenvironment able to regulate cellular signaling. The loss of ECM plasticity is associated with several pathologies, especially those involving chronic inflammation, therefore, the ECM represents a potential therapeutic target for certain conditions. The present study investigated the effects of a natural multi-component compound formulation, Galium-Heel®, on the growth, morphology and ECM production of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). The effects of the formulation on HDF growth and morphology were assessed by sulforhodamine B assay, trypan blue exclusion staining, FACS and ultrastructural analyses. The effect of the compound on reactive oxygen species production by HDF was performed by dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay. The expression of ECM components, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and signaling molecules was analyzed by western blot analysis. The present results demonstrated that Galium-Heel® did not significantly affect HDF growth, survival, cell cycle or morphology indicating the biocompatibility of the formulation. The formulation demonstrated antioxidant activity. Galium-Heel® was able to modulate ECM by regulating collagens (type I and III) and MMPs-3 and −7 expression. In addition, the formulation was able to regulate molecules involved in TGF-β signalling, including mitogen activated kinase-like protein, GLI family zinc finger 2 and pro-survival proteins such as AKT. The present results demonstrating the effects of a natural multi-component compound on ECM composition, highlighted the possibility of pharmacologically modulating ECM molecules. The recovery and the maintenance of ECM homeostasis might be considered as a potential therapeutic goal to ameliorate pathological conditions.
Url:
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7872
PubMed: 31572512
PubMed Central: 6755435
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Roberto" uniqKey="Bei R" first="Roberto" last="Bei">Roberto Bei</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31572512</idno><idno type="pmc">6755435</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6755435</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6755435</idno><idno type="doi">10.3892/etm.2019.7872</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000517</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000517</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000517</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" 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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miele, Martino Tony" sort="Miele, Martino Tony" uniqKey="Miele M" first="Martino Tony" last="Miele">Martino Tony Miele</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giganti, Maria Gabriella" sort="Giganti, Maria Gabriella" uniqKey="Giganti M" first="Maria Gabriella" last="Giganti">Maria Gabriella Giganti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tresoldi, Ilaria" sort="Tresoldi, Ilaria" uniqKey="Tresoldi I" first="Ilaria" last="Tresoldi">Ilaria Tresoldi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Albonici, Loredana" sort="Albonici, Loredana" uniqKey="Albonici L" first="Loredana" last="Albonici">Loredana Albonici</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manzari, Vittorio" sort="Manzari, Vittorio" uniqKey="Manzari V" first="Vittorio" last="Manzari">Vittorio Manzari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Modesti, Andrea" sort="Modesti, Andrea" uniqKey="Modesti A" first="Andrea" last="Modesti">Andrea Modesti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masuelli, Laura" sort="Masuelli, Laura" uniqKey="Masuelli L" first="Laura" last="Masuelli">Laura Masuelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, I-00161 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, I-00161 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bei, Roberto" sort="Bei, Roberto" uniqKey="Bei R" first="Roberto" last="Bei">Roberto Bei</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872">Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">1792-0981</idno><idno type="eISSN">1792-1015</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The extracellular matrix (ECM) creates a tissue microenvironment able to regulate cellular signaling. The loss of ECM plasticity is associated with several pathologies, especially those involving chronic inflammation, therefore, the ECM represents a potential therapeutic target for certain conditions. The present study investigated the effects of a natural multi-component compound formulation, Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup>, on the growth, morphology and ECM production of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). The effects of the formulation on HDF growth and morphology were assessed by sulforhodamine B assay, trypan blue exclusion staining, FACS and ultrastructural analyses. The effect of the compound on reactive oxygen species production by HDF was performed by dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay. The expression of ECM components, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and signaling molecules was analyzed by western blot analysis. The present results demonstrated that Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup> did not significantly affect HDF growth, survival, cell cycle or morphology indicating the biocompatibility of the formulation. The formulation demonstrated antioxidant activity. Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup> was able to modulate ECM by regulating collagens (type I and III) and MMPs-3 and −7 expression. In addition, the formulation was able to regulate molecules involved in TGF-β signalling, including mitogen activated kinase-like protein, GLI family zinc finger 2 and pro-survival proteins such as AKT. The present results demonstrating the effects of a natural multi-component compound on ECM composition, highlighted the possibility of pharmacologically modulating ECM molecules. The recovery and the maintenance of ECM homeostasis might be considered as a potential therapeutic goal to ameliorate pathological conditions.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nystrom, A" uniqKey="Nystrom A">A Nyström</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruckner Tuderman, L" uniqKey="Bruckner Tuderman L">L Bruckner-Tuderman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bei, R" uniqKey="Bei R">R Bei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masuelli, L" uniqKey="Masuelli L">L Masuelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palumbo, C" uniqKey="Palumbo C">C Palumbo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tresoldi, I" uniqKey="Tresoldi I">I Tresoldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scardino, A" uniqKey="Scardino A">A Scardino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Modesti, A" uniqKey="Modesti A">A Modesti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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Gv" uniqKey="Frajese G">GV Frajese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tresoldi, I" uniqKey="Tresoldi I">I Tresoldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Modesti, A" uniqKey="Modesti A">A Modesti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bei, R" uniqKey="Bei R">R Bei</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rhee, S" uniqKey="Rhee S">S Rhee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Langevin, Hm" uniqKey="Langevin H">HM Langevin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouffard, Na" uniqKey="Bouffard N">NA Bouffard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Jr" uniqKey="Fox J">JR Fox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Bm" uniqKey="Palmer B">BM Palmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, J" uniqKey="Wu J">J Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iatridis, Jc" uniqKey="Iatridis J">JC Iatridis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barnes, Wd" uniqKey="Barnes W">WD 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Exp Ther Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Exp Ther Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ETM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1792-0981</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1792-1015</issn><publisher><publisher-name>D.A. Spandidos</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31572512</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6755435</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/etm.2019.7872</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ETM-0-0-7872</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of a natural multi-component compound formulation on the growth, morphology and extracellular matrix production of human adult dermal fibroblasts</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Benvenuto</surname><given-names>Monica</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7872">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mattera</surname><given-names>Rosanna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7872">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miele</surname><given-names>Martino Tony</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-etm-0-0-7872">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Giganti</surname><given-names>Maria Gabriella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7872">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tresoldi</surname><given-names>Ilaria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7872">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Albonici</surname><given-names>Loredana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7872">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manzari</surname><given-names>Vittorio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7872">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Modesti</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7872">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Masuelli</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-etm-0-0-7872">3</xref><xref rid="fn1-etm-0-0-7872" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bei</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7872">1</xref><xref rid="fn1-etm-0-0-7872" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref><xref rid="c1-etm-0-0-7872" ref-type="corresp"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7872"><label>1</label>Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="af2-etm-0-0-7872"><label>2</label>Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, I-00133 Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="af3-etm-0-0-7872"><label>3</label>Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, I-00161 Rome, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-etm-0-0-7872"><italic>Correspondence to</italic>: Professor Roberto Bei, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via Montpellier 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy, E-mail: <email>bei@med.uniroma2.it</email></corresp><fn id="fn1-etm-0-0-7872"><label>*</label><p>Contributed equally</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>08</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>2639</fpage><lpage>2647</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>1</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Benvenuto et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License</ext-link>, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The extracellular matrix (ECM) creates a tissue microenvironment able to regulate cellular signaling. The loss of ECM plasticity is associated with several pathologies, especially those involving chronic inflammation, therefore, the ECM represents a potential therapeutic target for certain conditions. The present study investigated the effects of a natural multi-component compound formulation, Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup>, on the growth, morphology and ECM production of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). The effects of the formulation on HDF growth and morphology were assessed by sulforhodamine B assay, trypan blue exclusion staining, FACS and ultrastructural analyses. The effect of the compound on reactive oxygen species production by HDF was performed by dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay. The expression of ECM components, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and signaling molecules was analyzed by western blot analysis. The present results demonstrated that Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup> did not significantly affect HDF growth, survival, cell cycle or morphology indicating the biocompatibility of the formulation. The formulation demonstrated antioxidant activity. Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup> was able to modulate ECM by regulating collagens (type I and III) and MMPs-3 and −7 expression. In addition, the formulation was able to regulate molecules involved in TGF-β signalling, including mitogen activated kinase-like protein, GLI family zinc finger 2 and pro-survival proteins such as AKT. The present results demonstrating the effects of a natural multi-component compound on ECM composition, highlighted the possibility of pharmacologically modulating ECM molecules. The recovery and the maintenance of ECM homeostasis might be considered as a potential therapeutic goal to ameliorate pathological conditions.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>extracellular matrix</kwd><kwd>fibroblasts</kwd><kwd>Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup></kwd><kwd>natural compound</kwd><kwd>collagen</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-etm-0-0-7872" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Effects of Galium on HDF cell survival and death. (A) Survival and viability of HDF were assessed by the sulforhodamine B and (B) trypan blue exclusion assays 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment with CTR or Galium in DMEM 0.2% BSA. The percentage of surviving cells treated with Galium was calculated by normalizing the optical density value to each control culture treated with sodium chloride at the same dilution (considered 100%). The percentage of cell death was compared with the total number of cells. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Galium, Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup>; HDF, human dermal fibroblasts; CTR, sodium chloride.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-04-2639-g00"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-etm-0-0-7872" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Effects of Galium on the expression of extracellular matrix molecules and MMPs. (A) Expression of collagen type I and type III, fibronectin, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-7 in cell lysates derived from HDF cells treated for 48 h with CTR or Galium at the dilution of 1:2 in DMEM 0.2% BSA was assessed by western blot analysis. (B) Expression of collagen type I and III, fibronectin, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-7 in the conditioned media derived from HDF-treated cells was assessed by western blot analysis. Equal loading of protein on the gel was confirmed by Coomassie blue staining of the gel. Each protein was normalized to total protein loading assessed by Coomassie blue staining. (C and D) Densitometric ratios and statistical analysis of the respective blots for sodium chloride- and Galium-treated cells. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of two experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. CTR. Galium, Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup>; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; HDF, human dermal fibroblasts; CTR, sodium chloride.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-04-2639-g01"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-etm-0-0-7872" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Effects of Galium on the expression and activation of pro-survival signaling pathway molecules. (A) Expression of MAPKs, AKT, GLI-2 was assessed by western blot analysis in cell lysates derived from HDF cells treated for 48 h with CTR or Galium at the dilution of 1:2 in DMEM 0.2% BSA. (B) Densitometric ratios and statistical analysis of the respective blots for CTR- and Galium-treated cells with phosphorylated data presented as a ratio to the total protein. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of two experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. CTR. Galium, Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup>; HDF, human dermal fibroblasts; p, phosphorylated; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; GLI-2, GLI family zinc finger 2; CTR, sodium chloride.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-04-2639-g02"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-etm-0-0-7872" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Ultrastructural analysis of HDF cells treated with Galium or sodium chloride (CTRL). (A) Ultrastructural analysis of sodium chloride- and (B) Galium-treated HDF cells at ×7,000 magnification. (C) Ultrastructural analysis of sodium chloride- and (D) Galium-treated HDF cells at ×28,000 magnification. The arrow indicates an increase in the polymerization of intermediate filaments in Galium-treated cells. Galium, Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup>; HDF, human dermal fibroblasts; N, nucleus; m, mitochondria; rer, rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-04-2639-g03"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tI-etm-0-0-7872" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table I.</label><caption><p>Concentration of Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup> components.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Component<sup><xref rid="tfn1-etm-0-0-7872" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></sup></th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concentration</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acidum nitricum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 ng</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apis mellifica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0055 pg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aurum metallicum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.055 pg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caltha palustris</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clematis recta</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.165 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Echinacea</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0165 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Galium aparine</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Galium mollugo</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hedera helix</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.165 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus communis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.165 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ononis spinosa</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.165 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phosphorus</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5 pg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyrogenium Nosode</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5 ng</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saponaria officinalis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sedum acre</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sempervivum tectorum ssp</italic>.</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thuja occidentalis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.65 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Urtica urens</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 µg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Argentum metallicum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5 pg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Calcium fluoratum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5 pg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Betula pendula</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011 mg</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-etm-0-0-7872"><label>a</label><p>One vial contains 1.1 ml (1.1 g)</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tII-etm-0-0-7872" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table II.</label><caption><p>Effects of Galium on the intracellular ROS production in HDF.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intracellular ROS production</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sodium chloride 1:2 (CTR)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">320,564±2,251</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Galium 1:2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">283,354±11,411<sup><xref rid="tfn2-etm-0-0-7872" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-etm-0-0-7872"><label>a</label><p>P<0.01 vs. control. The results are reported as the mean of the fluorescence intensity ± SD values from three experiments performed in triplicate. Galium, Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup>; HDF, human dermal fibroblasts; ROS, reactive oxygen species.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tIII-etm-0-0-7872" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table III.</label><caption><p>Effect of Galium on cell cycle distribution.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sub-G1</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G0/G1</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G2/M</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sodium chloride 1:2 (CTR)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70±0.71</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.70±1.44</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.05±0.11</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.65±0.86</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Galium 1:2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.90±1.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.89±1.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67±0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.66±0.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>0.05</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-etm-0-0-7872"><p>Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of two independent experiments performed in duplicate. Galium, Galium-Heel<sup>®</sup>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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