Various Parts of Helianthus annuus Plants as New Sources of Antimalarial Drugs
Identifieur interne : 000514 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000513; suivant : 000515Various Parts of Helianthus annuus Plants as New Sources of Antimalarial Drugs
Auteurs : Wiwied Ekasari [Indonésie] ; Dwi Widya Pratiwi [Indonésie] ; Zelmira Amanda [Indonésie] ; Aty Widyawaruyanti [Indonésie] ; Heny Arwati [Indonésie]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Each part of
To investigate the antimalarial activity of various parts of
Various parts of the
Ethanol extract of the roots showed the highest antimalarial activity, followed by ethanol extract of leaves, with IC50 values of 2.3 ± 1.4 and 4.3 ± 2.2
There were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of
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DOI: 10.1155/2019/7390385
PubMed: 31885662
PubMed Central: 6899295
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Various Parts of <italic>Helianthus annuus</italic> Plants as New Sources of Antimalarial Drugs</title><author><name sortKey="Ekasari, Wiwied" sort="Ekasari, Wiwied" uniqKey="Ekasari W" first="Wiwied" last="Ekasari">Wiwied Ekasari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widya Pratiwi, Dwi" sort="Widya Pratiwi, Dwi" uniqKey="Widya Pratiwi D" first="Dwi" last="Widya Pratiwi">Dwi Widya Pratiwi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amanda, Zelmira" sort="Amanda, Zelmira" uniqKey="Amanda Z" first="Zelmira" last="Amanda">Zelmira Amanda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widyawaruyanti, Aty" sort="Widyawaruyanti, Aty" uniqKey="Widyawaruyanti A" first="Aty" last="Widyawaruyanti">Aty Widyawaruyanti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arwati, Heny" sort="Arwati, Heny" uniqKey="Arwati H" first="Heny" last="Arwati">Heny Arwati</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31885662</idno><idno type="pmc">6899295</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899295</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6899295</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2019/7390385</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000514</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000514</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000514</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000514</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Various Parts of <italic>Helianthus annuus</italic> Plants as New Sources of Antimalarial Drugs</title><author><name sortKey="Ekasari, Wiwied" sort="Ekasari, Wiwied" uniqKey="Ekasari W" first="Wiwied" last="Ekasari">Wiwied Ekasari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widya Pratiwi, Dwi" sort="Widya Pratiwi, Dwi" uniqKey="Widya Pratiwi D" first="Dwi" last="Widya Pratiwi">Dwi Widya Pratiwi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amanda, Zelmira" sort="Amanda, Zelmira" uniqKey="Amanda Z" first="Zelmira" last="Amanda">Zelmira Amanda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widyawaruyanti, Aty" sort="Widyawaruyanti, Aty" uniqKey="Widyawaruyanti A" first="Aty" last="Widyawaruyanti">Aty Widyawaruyanti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arwati, Heny" sort="Arwati, Heny" uniqKey="Arwati H" first="Heny" last="Arwati">Heny Arwati</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Indonésie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p> Each part of <italic>H. annuus</italic> plants is traditionally used as medicinal remedies for several diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of the leaf and the seed has already been observed; however, there is no report about antimalarial activity of the other parts of <italic>H. annuus</italic> plants. In this study, we assess <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> antimalarial activity of each part of the plants and its mechanism as antimalarial agent against inhibition of heme detoxification. </p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p> To investigate the antimalarial activity of various parts of <italic>H. annuus</italic>. </p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p> Various parts of the <italic>H. annuus</italic> plant were tested for <italic>in vitro</italic> antimalarial activity against <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> 3D7 strain (chloroquine-sensitive), <italic>in vivo</italic> antimalarial activity against <italic>P. berghei</italic> using Peters' 4-day suppressive test in BALB/c mice, curative and prophylaxis assay, and inhibition of heme detoxification by evaluating <italic>β</italic>-hematin level. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p> Ethanol extract of the roots showed the highest antimalarial activity, followed by ethanol extract of leaves, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 2.3 ± 1.4 and 4.3 ± 2.2 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL, respectively and the percentage inhibition of <italic>P. berghei</italic> of 63.6 ± 8.0 and 59.3 ± 13.2 at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Ethanol extract of roots produced an ED<sub>50</sub> value of 10.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg in the curative test and showed an inhibition of 79.2% at a dose of 400 mg/kg in the prophylactic assay. In inhibition of heme detoxification assay, root and leaf ethanol extracts yielded a lower IC<sub>50</sub> value than positive (chloroquine) control with a value of 0.4 ± 0.0 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg/mL, respectively. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p> There were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of <italic>H. annuus</italic> as a new source for the development of a new plant-based antimalarial agent.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saini, S" uniqKey="Saini S">S. Saini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, S" uniqKey="Sharma S">S. Sharma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rakotoarivelo, N H" uniqKey="Rakotoarivelo N">N. H. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31885662</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6899295</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2019/7390385</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Various Parts of <italic>Helianthus annuus</italic> Plants as New Sources of Antimalarial Drugs</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3163-5829</contrib-id><name><surname>Ekasari</surname><given-names>Wiwied</given-names></name><email>wiwied-e@ff.unair.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Widya Pratiwi</surname><given-names>Dwi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amanda</surname><given-names>Zelmira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suciati</surname><given-names></given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3438-7541</contrib-id><name><surname>Widyawaruyanti</surname><given-names>Aty</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arwati</surname><given-names>Heny</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia</aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="other"><p>Guest Editor: Philip F. Uzor</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2019</volume><elocation-id>7390385</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>6</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019 Wiwied Ekasari et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p> Each part of <italic>H. annuus</italic> plants is traditionally used as medicinal remedies for several diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of the leaf and the seed has already been observed; however, there is no report about antimalarial activity of the other parts of <italic>H. annuus</italic> plants. In this study, we assess <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> antimalarial activity of each part of the plants and its mechanism as antimalarial agent against inhibition of heme detoxification. </p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p> To investigate the antimalarial activity of various parts of <italic>H. annuus</italic>. </p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p> Various parts of the <italic>H. annuus</italic> plant were tested for <italic>in vitro</italic> antimalarial activity against <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> 3D7 strain (chloroquine-sensitive), <italic>in vivo</italic> antimalarial activity against <italic>P. berghei</italic> using Peters' 4-day suppressive test in BALB/c mice, curative and prophylaxis assay, and inhibition of heme detoxification by evaluating <italic>β</italic>-hematin level. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p> Ethanol extract of the roots showed the highest antimalarial activity, followed by ethanol extract of leaves, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 2.3 ± 1.4 and 4.3 ± 2.2 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL, respectively and the percentage inhibition of <italic>P. berghei</italic> of 63.6 ± 8.0 and 59.3 ± 13.2 at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Ethanol extract of roots produced an ED<sub>50</sub> value of 10.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg in the curative test and showed an inhibition of 79.2% at a dose of 400 mg/kg in the prophylactic assay. In inhibition of heme detoxification assay, root and leaf ethanol extracts yielded a lower IC<sub>50</sub> value than positive (chloroquine) control with a value of 0.4 ± 0.0 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg/mL, respectively. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p> There were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of <italic>H. annuus</italic> as a new source for the development of a new plant-based antimalarial agent.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>Universitas Airlangga</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Percentage of parasite growth during seven days after inoculation with parasites on <italic>in vivo</italic> prophylaxis assay of 96% ethanol extract of <italic>H. annuus</italic> roots. Average values and standard deviations from five mice per drug/dose are also shown. <italic>p</italic> value <0.05. EEHA = ethanolic extract of <italic>H. annuus</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2019-7390385.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Extraction yield from various parts of <italic>H. annuus</italic> plants.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>H. annuus</italic> plant parts</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction yield (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stems</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flowers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>IC<sub>50</sub> values of 96% ethanol extract of various parts of <italic>H. annuus</italic> plants against <italic>P. falciparum</italic> strain 3D7.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>H. annuus</italic> plant parts</th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">% inhibition at each concentration (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">IC<sub>50</sub> (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.6 ± 1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.3 ± 6.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.0 ± 3.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.3 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3 ± 7.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 ± 1.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stems</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.4 ± 4.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.4 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.7 ± 7.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.8 ± 4.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2 ± 5.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.4 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.2 ± 6.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2 ± 3.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.2 ± 10.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.3 ± 5.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flowers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.7 ± 8.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.4 ± 2.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.0 ± 2.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.3 ± 8.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8 ± 0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.3 ± 1.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.1 ± 4.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.3 ± 11.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5 ± 6.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3 ± 2.2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Mean percentage of parasitaemia, growth, and inhibition in <italic>P. berghei</italic>-infected mice treated with 96% ethanol <italic>H. annuus</italic> extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg orally once a day for 4 days.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>H. annuus</italic> plant parts</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Mean % parasitaemia</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mean % growth</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mean % inhibition</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 0</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 4</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.6 ± 8.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stems</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.1 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.3 ± 8.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.5 ± 4.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flowers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.9 ± 4.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2 ± 1.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.3 ± 13.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na CMC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 ± 0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.8 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.3 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Mean percentage of parasitaemia, growth, and inhibition against <italic>P. berghei</italic> of 96% ethanol <italic>H. annuus</italic> root extract compared with control.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sample</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Dose (mg/kg)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Mean % parasitaemia</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mean % growth</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mean % inhibition</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">ED<sub>50</sub> (mg/kg)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<sub>0</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D<sub>4</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">96% ethanol extract of <italic>H. annuus</italic> root</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.2 ± 1.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.8 ± 4.7</td><td rowspan="4" align="center" colspan="1">10.6 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1 ± 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3 ± 2.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4 ± 1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.0 ± 5.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0 ± 1.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 ± 0.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.3 ± 5.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na CMC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 ± 0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.3 ± 6.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Results of heme detoxification inhibition assay of the 96% ethanol extract of each part of the <italic>H. annuus</italic> plant.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concentration (mg/mL)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean value of hematin (mM)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean % inhibition</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>50</sub> (mg/mL)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121.0 ± 2.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">96% ethanol extract of root</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.7 ± 1.0</td><td rowspan="6" align="center" colspan="1">0.4 ± 0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.6 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.1 ± 1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.3 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.8 ± 0.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.6 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.1 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.8 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.3 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.8 ± 2.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5 ± 1.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">96% ethanol extract of seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.6 ± 1.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.1 ± 1.1</td><td rowspan="6" align="center" colspan="1">2.4 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.0 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3 ± 1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.9 ± 3.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.8 ± 2.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.3 ± 2.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6 ± 1.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105.5 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.8 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114.1 ± 1.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7 ± 1.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">96% ethanol extract of flower</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.8 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.4 ± 0.9</td><td rowspan="6" align="center" colspan="1">0.9 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.7 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.9 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.4 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.4 ± 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.8 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.4 ± 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.8 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.8 ± 0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.3 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.9 ± 1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">96% ethanol extract of leaf</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.6 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.1 ± 0.7</td><td rowspan="6" align="center" colspan="1">0.5 ± 0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.9 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.6 ± 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.0 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.7 ± 0.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.5 ± 1.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.6 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.5 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0 ± 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.1 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.9 ± 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">96% ethanol extract of stem</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140.1 ± 9.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.7 ± 3.1</td><td rowspan="6" align="center" colspan="1">1.9 ± 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179.8 ± 5.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.6 ± 1.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206.3 ± 8.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.8 ± 2.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">241.8 ± 3.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1 ± 1.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264.7 ± 3.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5 ± 1.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">288.0 ± 5.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8 ± 1.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Chloroquine diphosphate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.4 ± 2.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.6 ± 1.7</td><td rowspan="6" align="center" colspan="1">0.6 ± 0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.9 ± 0.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.9 ± 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.3 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.8 ± 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.0 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.3 ± 0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.3 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.4 ± 1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.6 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.8 ± 0.6</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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