Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities
Identifieur interne : 000878 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000877; suivant : 000879Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities
Auteurs : Gaber El-Saber Batiha ; Luay M. Alkazmi ; Lamiaa G. Wasef ; Amany Magdy Beshbishy ; Eman H. Nadwa ; Eman K. RashwanSource :
- Biomolecules [ 2218-273X ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. Many plant species have been reported to have pharmacological activities attributable to their phytoconstituents such are glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, etc.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/biom10020202
PubMed: 32019140
PubMed Central: 7072209
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7072209Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities</title><author><name sortKey="El Saber Batiha, Gaber" sort="El Saber Batiha, Gaber" uniqKey="El Saber Batiha G" first="Gaber" last="El-Saber Batiha">Gaber El-Saber Batiha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt;<email>lamiaawasef@vetmed.dmu.edu.eg</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-biomolecules-10-00202">National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;<email>amanimagdi2008@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alkazmi, Luay M" sort="Alkazmi, Luay M" uniqKey="Alkazmi L" first="Luay M." last="Alkazmi">Luay M. Alkazmi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-biomolecules-10-00202">Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;<email>lmalkazmi@uqu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wasef, Lamiaa G" sort="Wasef, Lamiaa G" uniqKey="Wasef L" first="Lamiaa G." last="Wasef">Lamiaa G. Wasef</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt;<email>lamiaawasef@vetmed.dmu.edu.eg</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beshbishy, Amany Magdy" sort="Beshbishy, Amany Magdy" uniqKey="Beshbishy A" first="Amany Magdy" last="Beshbishy">Amany Magdy Beshbishy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-biomolecules-10-00202">National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;<email>amanimagdi2008@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadwa, Eman H" sort="Nadwa, Eman H" uniqKey="Nadwa E" first="Eman H." last="Nadwa">Eman H. Nadwa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia;<email>emanhassannadwa@yahoo.co.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rashwan, Eman K" sort="Rashwan, Eman K" uniqKey="Rashwan E" first="Eman K." last="Rashwan">Eman K. Rashwan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt;<email>dremanrashwan2020@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32019140</idno><idno type="pmc">7072209</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7072209</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7072209</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/biom10020202</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000878</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000878</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities</title><author><name sortKey="El Saber Batiha, Gaber" sort="El Saber Batiha, Gaber" uniqKey="El Saber Batiha G" first="Gaber" last="El-Saber Batiha">Gaber El-Saber Batiha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt;<email>lamiaawasef@vetmed.dmu.edu.eg</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-biomolecules-10-00202">National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;<email>amanimagdi2008@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alkazmi, Luay M" sort="Alkazmi, Luay M" uniqKey="Alkazmi L" first="Luay M." last="Alkazmi">Luay M. Alkazmi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-biomolecules-10-00202">Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;<email>lmalkazmi@uqu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wasef, Lamiaa G" sort="Wasef, Lamiaa G" uniqKey="Wasef L" first="Lamiaa G." last="Wasef">Lamiaa G. Wasef</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt;<email>lamiaawasef@vetmed.dmu.edu.eg</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beshbishy, Amany Magdy" sort="Beshbishy, Amany Magdy" uniqKey="Beshbishy A" first="Amany Magdy" last="Beshbishy">Amany Magdy Beshbishy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-biomolecules-10-00202">National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;<email>amanimagdi2008@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadwa, Eman H" sort="Nadwa, Eman H" uniqKey="Nadwa E" first="Eman H." last="Nadwa">Eman H. Nadwa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia;<email>emanhassannadwa@yahoo.co.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rashwan, Eman K" sort="Rashwan, Eman K" uniqKey="Rashwan E" first="Eman K." last="Rashwan">Eman K. Rashwan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt;<email>dremanrashwan2020@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-biomolecules-10-00202">Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biomolecules</title><idno type="eISSN">2218-273X</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. Many plant species have been reported to have pharmacological activities attributable to their phytoconstituents such are glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (clove) is a traditional spice that has been used for food preservation and possesses various pharmacological activities. <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> is rich in many phytochemicals as follows: sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, hydrocarbon, and phenolic compounds. Eugenyl acetate, eugenol, and β-caryophyllene are the most significant phytochemicals in clove oil. Pharmacologically, <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> has been examined toward various pathogenic parasites and microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, <italic>Plasmodium</italic>, <italic>Babesia</italic>, <italic>Theileria</italic> parasites, <italic>Herpes simplex</italic>, and hepatitis C viruses. Several reports documented the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, anti-depressant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activity of eugenol against several pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> and <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Moreover, eugenol was found to protect against CCl<sub>4−</sub>induced hepatotoxicity and showed a potential lethal efficacy against the multiplication of various parasites including <italic>Giardia lamblia</italic>, <italic>Fasciola gigantica</italic>, <italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic>, and <italic>Schistosoma mansoni</italic>. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of clove extracts along with clove essential oil and the main active compound, eugenol, and implicates new findings from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abushouk, A I" uniqKey="Abushouk A">A.I. Abushouk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Negida, A" uniqKey="Negida A">A. Negida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, H" uniqKey="Ahmed H">H. Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdel Daim, M M" uniqKey="Abdel Daim M">M.M. Abdel-Daim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abushouk, A I" uniqKey="Abushouk A">A.I. Abushouk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ismail, A" uniqKey="Ismail A">A. Ismail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salem, A M A" uniqKey="Salem A">A.M.A. Salem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Afifi, A M" uniqKey="Afifi A">A.M. Afifi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdel Daim, M M" uniqKey="Abdel Daim M">M.M. Abdel-Daim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ekor, M" uniqKey="Ekor M">M. Ekor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Batiha, G E S" uniqKey="Batiha G">G.E.S. Batiha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beshbishy, A A" uniqKey="Beshbishy A">A.A. Beshbishy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tayebwa, D S" uniqKey="Tayebwa D">D.S. Tayebwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaheen, M H" uniqKey="Shaheen M">M.H. Shaheen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yokoyama, N" uniqKey="Yokoyama N">N. Yokoyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Igarashi, I" uniqKey="Igarashi I">I. Igarashi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beshbishy, A M" uniqKey="Beshbishy A">A.M. Beshbishy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Batiha, G E S" uniqKey="Batiha G">G.E.S. Batiha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adeyemi, O S" uniqKey="Adeyemi O">O.S. Adeyemi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yokoyama, N" uniqKey="Yokoyama N">N. Yokoyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Igarashi, I" uniqKey="Igarashi I">I. Igarashi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cortes Rojas, D F" uniqKey="Cortes Rojas D">D.F. Cortés-Rojas</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Souza, C R" uniqKey="De Souza C">C.R. de Souza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, W P" uniqKey="Oliveira W">W.P. Oliveira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Batiha, G E S" uniqKey="Batiha G">G.E.S. Batiha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beshbishy, A A" uniqKey="Beshbishy A">A.A. Beshbishy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tayebwa, D S" uniqKey="Tayebwa D">D.S. Tayebwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaheen, M H" uniqKey="Shaheen M">M.H. Shaheen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yokoyama, N" uniqKey="Yokoyama N">N. Yokoyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Igarashi, I" uniqKey="Igarashi I">I. Igarashi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chomchalow, N" uniqKey="Chomchalow N">N. Chomchalow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shan, B" uniqKey="Shan B">B. Shan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, Y Z" uniqKey="Cai Y">Y.Z. Cai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, M" uniqKey="Sun M">M. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corke, H" uniqKey="Corke H">H. Corke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hu, F B" uniqKey="Hu F">F.B. Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willett, W C" uniqKey="Willett W">W.C. Willett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Astuti, R I" uniqKey="Astuti R">R.I. Astuti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Listyowati, S" uniqKey="Listyowati S">S. Listyowati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wahyuni, W T" uniqKey="Wahyuni W">W.T. Wahyuni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sarrami, N" uniqKey="Sarrami N">N. Sarrami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pemberton, M" uniqKey="Pemberton M">M. Pemberton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thornhill, M" uniqKey="Thornhill M">M. Thornhill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Theaker, E D" uniqKey="Theaker E">E.D. Theaker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhowmik, D" uniqKey="Bhowmik D">D. Bhowmik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, K S" uniqKey="Kumar K">K.S. Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yadav, A" uniqKey="Yadav A">A. Yadav</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srivastava, S" uniqKey="Srivastava S">S. Srivastava</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paswan, S" uniqKey="Paswan S">S. Paswan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dutta, A S" uniqKey="Dutta A">A.S. Dutta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martinez Herrera, A" uniqKey="Martinez Herrera A">A. Martínez-Herrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pozos Guillen, A" uniqKey="Pozos Guillen A">A. Pozos-Guillén</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Rodriguez, S" uniqKey="Ruiz Rodriguez S">S. Ruiz-Rodríguez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garrocho Rangel, A" uniqKey="Garrocho Rangel A">A. Garrocho-Rangel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vertiz Hernandez, A" uniqKey="Vertiz Hernandez A">A. Vértiz-Hernández</name></author><author><name sortKey="Escobar Garcia, D M" uniqKey="Escobar Garcia D">D.M. Escobar-García</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miyazawa, M" uniqKey="Miyazawa M">M. Miyazawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hisama, M" uniqKey="Hisama M">M. Hisama</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neveu, V" uniqKey="Neveu V">V. Neveu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Jimenez, J" uniqKey="Perez Jimenez J">J. Perez-Jiménez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, F" uniqKey="Vos F">F. Vos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crespy, V" uniqKey="Crespy V">V. Crespy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Du Chaffaut, L" uniqKey="Du Chaffaut L">L. du Chaffaut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mennen, L" uniqKey="Mennen L">L. Mennen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knox, C" uniqKey="Knox C">C. Knox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eisner, R" uniqKey="Eisner R">R. Eisner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, J" uniqKey="Cruz J">J. Cruz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wishart, D" uniqKey="Wishart D">D. Wishart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jirovetz, L" uniqKey="Jirovetz L">L. Jirovetz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buchbauer, G" uniqKey="Buchbauer G">G. Buchbauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stoilova, I" uniqKey="Stoilova I">I. Stoilova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stoyanova, A" uniqKey="Stoyanova A">A. Stoyanova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krastanov, A" uniqKey="Krastanov A">A. Krastanov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, E" uniqKey="Schmidt E">E. Schmidt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hastuti, L T" uniqKey="Hastuti L">L.T. Hastuti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saepudin, E" uniqKey="Saepudin E">E. Saepudin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cahyana, A H" uniqKey="Cahyana A">A.H. Cahyana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahayu, D U C" uniqKey="Rahayu D">D.U.C. Rahayu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murni, V W" uniqKey="Murni V">V.W. Murni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haib, J" uniqKey="Haib J">J. Haib</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gulcin, " uniqKey="Gulcin ">İ. Gülçin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sulaiman, F A" uniqKey="Sulaiman F">F.A. Sulaiman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nafiu, M O" uniqKey="Nafiu M">M.O. Nafiu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yusuf, B O" uniqKey="Yusuf B">B.O. Yusuf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muritala, H F" uniqKey="Muritala H">H.F. Muritala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adeyemi, S B" uniqKey="Adeyemi S">S.B. Adeyemi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Omar, S A" uniqKey="Omar S">S.A. Omar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dosumu, K A" uniqKey="Dosumu K">K.A. Dosumu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adeoti, Z J" uniqKey="Adeoti Z">Z.J. Adeoti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adegbesan, O A" uniqKey="Adegbesan O">O.A. Adegbesan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Busari, B O" uniqKey="Busari B">B.O. Busari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prashar, A" uniqKey="Prashar A">A. Prashar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Locke, I C" uniqKey="Locke I">I.C. Locke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, C S" uniqKey="Evans C">C.S. Evans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pawar, V" uniqKey="Pawar V">V. Pawar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thaker, V" uniqKey="Thaker V">V. Thaker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chaieb, K" uniqKey="Chaieb K">K. Chaieb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hajlaoui, H" uniqKey="Hajlaoui H">H. Hajlaoui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zmantar, T" uniqKey="Zmantar T">T. Zmantar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kahla Nakbi, A B" uniqKey="Kahla Nakbi A">A.B. Kahla-Nakbi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rouabhia, M" uniqKey="Rouabhia M">M. Rouabhia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahdouani, K" uniqKey="Mahdouani K">K. Mahdouani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakhrouf, A" uniqKey="Bakhrouf A">A. Bakhrouf</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koba, K" uniqKey="Koba K">K. Koba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nenonene, A Y" uniqKey="Nenonene A">A.Y. Nenonene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raynaud, C" uniqKey="Raynaud C">C. Raynaud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaumont, J P" uniqKey="Chaumont J">J.P. Chaumont</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanda, K" uniqKey="Sanda K">K. Sanda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nassar, M" uniqKey="Nassar M">M. Nassar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaara, A" uniqKey="Gaara A">A. Gaara</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Ghorab, A" uniqKey="El Ghorab A">A. El-Ghorab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farrag, A" uniqKey="Farrag A">A. Farrag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, H" uniqKey="Shen H">H. Shen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huq, E" uniqKey="Huq E">E. Huq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mabry, T J" uniqKey="Mabry T">T.J. Mabry</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paarakh, P M" uniqKey="Paarakh P">P.M. Paarakh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Essawi, T" uniqKey="Essawi T">T. Essawi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srour, M" uniqKey="Srour M">M. Srour</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joshi, B" uniqKey="Joshi B">B. Joshi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sah, G P" uniqKey="Sah G">G.P. Sah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basnet, B B" uniqKey="Basnet B">B.B. Basnet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhatt, M R" uniqKey="Bhatt M">M.R. Bhatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, D" uniqKey="Sharma D">D. Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subedi, K" uniqKey="Subedi K">K. Subedi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pandey, J" uniqKey="Pandey J">J. Pandey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malla, R" uniqKey="Malla R">R. Malla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oulkheir, S" uniqKey="Oulkheir S">S. Oulkheir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aghrouch, M" uniqKey="Aghrouch M">M. Aghrouch</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Mourabit, F" uniqKey="El Mourabit F">F. EL Mourabit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalha, F" uniqKey="Dalha F">F. Dalha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graich, H" uniqKey="Graich H">H. Graich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amouch, F" uniqKey="Amouch F">F. Amouch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ouzaid, K" uniqKey="Ouzaid K">K. Ouzaid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moukale, A" uniqKey="Moukale A">A. Moukale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chadli, S" uniqKey="Chadli S">S. Chadli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haroun, M F" uniqKey="Haroun M">M.F. Haroun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Kayali, R S" uniqKey="Al Kayali R">R.S. Al-Kayali</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Velluti, A" uniqKey="Velluti A">A. Velluti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchis, V" uniqKey="Sanchis V">V. Sanchis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramos, A" uniqKey="Ramos A">A. Ramos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turon, C" uniqKey="Turon C">C. Turon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marin, S" uniqKey="Marin S">S. Marín</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lopez, P" uniqKey="Lopez P">P. Lopez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, C" uniqKey="Sanchez C">C. Sanchez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Batlle, R" uniqKey="Batlle R">R. Batlle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nerin, C" uniqKey="Nerin C">C. Nerín</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gayoso, C" uniqKey="Gayoso C">C. Gayoso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lima, E" uniqKey="Lima E">E. Lima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, V" uniqKey="Oliveira V">V. Oliveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, F O" uniqKey="Pereira F">F.O. Pereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Souza, E L" uniqKey="Souza E">E.L. Souza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lima, I O" uniqKey="Lima I">I.O. Lima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, D F" uniqKey="Navarro D">D.F. Navarro</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chaieb, K" uniqKey="Chaieb K">K. Chaieb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zmantar, T" uniqKey="Zmantar T">T. Zmantar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ksouri, R" uniqKey="Ksouri R">R. Ksouri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hajlaoui, H" uniqKey="Hajlaoui H">H. Hajlaoui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahdouani, K" uniqKey="Mahdouani K">K. Mahdouani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdelly, C" uniqKey="Abdelly C">C. Abdelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakhrouf, A" uniqKey="Bakhrouf A">A. Bakhrouf</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nejad, S M" uniqKey="Nejad S">S.M. Nejad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozgune, H" uniqKey="Ozgune H">H. Özgüneş</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ba Aran, N" uniqKey="Ba Aran N">N. Başaran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pei, R S" uniqKey="Pei R">R.S. Pei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, F" uniqKey="Zhou F">F. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ji, B P" uniqKey="Ji B">B.P. Ji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J. Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, X" uniqKey="Han X">X. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parker, T L" uniqKey="Parker T">T.L. Parker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pappas, P G" uniqKey="Pappas P">P.G. Pappas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alexander, B D" uniqKey="Alexander B">B.D. Alexander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andes, D R" uniqKey="Andes D">D.R. Andes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hadley, S" uniqKey="Hadley S">S. Hadley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kauffman, C A" uniqKey="Kauffman C">C.A. Kauffman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freifeld, A" uniqKey="Freifeld A">A. Freifeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anaissie, E J" uniqKey="Anaissie E">E.J. Anaissie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brumble, L M" uniqKey="Brumble L">L.M. Brumble</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herwaldt, L" uniqKey="Herwaldt L">L. Herwaldt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ito, J" uniqKey="Ito J">J. Ito</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rapp, R P" uniqKey="Rapp R">R.P. Rapp</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bouchentouf, S" uniqKey="Bouchentouf S">S. Bouchentouf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Said, G" uniqKey="Said G">G. Said</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noureddine, M" uniqKey="Noureddine M">M. Noureddine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hocine, A" uniqKey="Hocine A">A. Hocine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angelika, B A" uniqKey="Angelika B">B.A. Angelika</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koh, T" uniqKey="Koh T">T. Koh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murakami, Y" uniqKey="Murakami Y">Y. Murakami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, S" uniqKey="Tanaka S">S. Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machino, M" uniqKey="Machino M">M. Machino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakagami, H" uniqKey="Sakagami H">H. Sakagami</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shukri, R" uniqKey="Shukri R">R. Shukri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamed, S" uniqKey="Mohamed S">S. Mohamed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mustapha, N M" uniqKey="Mustapha N">N.M. Mustapha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, E H" uniqKey="Kim E">E.H. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, H K" uniqKey="Kim H">H.K. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Y J" uniqKey="Ahn Y">Y.J. Ahn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wongsawan, K" uniqKey="Wongsawan K">K. Wongsawan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaisri, W" uniqKey="Chaisri W">W. Chaisri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tangtrongsup, S" uniqKey="Tangtrongsup S">S. Tangtrongsup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mektrirat, R" uniqKey="Mektrirat R">R. Mektrirat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elwakeel, H" uniqKey="Elwakeel H">H. Elwakeel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moneim, H" uniqKey="Moneim H">H. Moneim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farid, M" uniqKey="Farid M">M. Farid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gohar, A A" uniqKey="Gohar A">A.A. Gohar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beshbishy, A M" uniqKey="Beshbishy A">A.M. Beshbishy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Batiha, G E" uniqKey="Batiha G">G.E. Batiha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yokoyama, N" uniqKey="Yokoyama N">N. Yokoyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Igarashi, I" uniqKey="Igarashi I">I. Igarashi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Batiha, G E S" uniqKey="Batiha G">G.E.S. Batiha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beshbishy, A M" uniqKey="Beshbishy A">A.M. Beshbishy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tayebwa, D S" uniqKey="Tayebwa D">D.S. Tayebwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adeyemi, O S" uniqKey="Adeyemi O">O.S. Adeyemi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaheen, H" uniqKey="Shaheen H">H. Shaheen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yokoyama, N" uniqKey="Yokoyama N">N. Yokoyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Igarashi, I" uniqKey="Igarashi I">I. Igarashi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, S" uniqKey="Ahmad S">S. Ahmad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Latif, A" uniqKey="Latif A">A. Latif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qasmi, I A" uniqKey="Qasmi I">I.A. Qasmi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Issac, A" uniqKey="Issac A">A. Issac</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gopakumar, G" uniqKey="Gopakumar G">G. Gopakumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuttan, R" uniqKey="Kuttan R">R. Kuttan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maliakel, B" uniqKey="Maliakel B">B. Maliakel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnakumar, I M" uniqKey="Krishnakumar I">I.M. Krishnakumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johannah, N" uniqKey="Johannah N">N. Johannah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renny, R" uniqKey="Renny R">R. Renny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gopakumar, G" uniqKey="Gopakumar G">G. Gopakumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balu, M" uniqKey="Balu M">M. Balu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sureshkumar, D" uniqKey="Sureshkumar D">D. Sureshkumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnakumar, I M" uniqKey="Krishnakumar I">I.M. Krishnakumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hochenegg, B" uniqKey="Hochenegg B">B. Hochenegg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sofia, P K" uniqKey="Sofia P">P.K. Sofia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prasad, R" uniqKey="Prasad R">R. Prasad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vijay, V K" uniqKey="Vijay V">V.K. Vijay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srivastava, A K" uniqKey="Srivastava A">A.K. Srivastava</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dorman, H" uniqKey="Dorman H">H. Dorman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deans, S G" uniqKey="Deans S">S.G. Deans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thielmann, J" uniqKey="Thielmann J">J. Thielmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muranyi, P" uniqKey="Muranyi P">P. Muranyi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kazman, P" uniqKey="Kazman P">P. Kazman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mytle, N" uniqKey="Mytle N">N. Mytle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, G" uniqKey="Anderson G">G. Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doyle, M" uniqKey="Doyle M">M. Doyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, M A" uniqKey="Smith M">M.A. Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rana, I S" uniqKey="Rana I">I.S. Rana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rana, A S" uniqKey="Rana A">A.S. Rana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rajak, R C" uniqKey="Rajak R">R.C. Rajak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, M J" uniqKey="Park M">M.J. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gwak, K S" uniqKey="Gwak K">K.S. Gwak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, I" uniqKey="Yang I">I. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, W S" uniqKey="Choi W">W.S. Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jo, H J" uniqKey="Jo H">H.J. Jo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, J W" uniqKey="Chang J">J.W. Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeung, E B" uniqKey="Jeung E">E.B. Jeung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, I G" uniqKey="Choi I">I.G. Choi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fu, Y" uniqKey="Fu Y">Y. Fu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zu, Y" uniqKey="Zu Y">Y. Zu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, L" uniqKey="Chen L">L. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, X" uniqKey="Shi X">X. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Z" uniqKey="Wang Z">Z. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, S" uniqKey="Sun S">S. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Efferth, T" uniqKey="Efferth T">T. Efferth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palombo, E A" uniqKey="Palombo E">E.A. Palombo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Semple, S J" uniqKey="Semple S">S.J. Semple</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Astani, A" uniqKey="Astani A">A. Astani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reichling, J" uniqKey="Reichling J">J. Reichling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnitzler, P" uniqKey="Schnitzler P">P. Schnitzler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hussein, G" uniqKey="Hussein G">G. Hussein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyashiro, H" uniqKey="Miyashiro H">H. Miyashiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, N" uniqKey="Nakamura N">N. Nakamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hattori, M" uniqKey="Hattori M">M. Hattori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kakiuchi, N" uniqKey="Kakiuchi N">N. Kakiuchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shimotohno, K" uniqKey="Shimotohno K">K. Shimotohno</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minami, M" uniqKey="Minami M">M. Minami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kita, M" uniqKey="Kita M">M. Kita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakaya, T" uniqKey="Nakaya T">T. Nakaya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, T" uniqKey="Yamamoto T">T. Yamamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuriyama, H" uniqKey="Kuriyama H">H. Kuriyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imanishi, J" uniqKey="Imanishi J">J. Imanishi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nolkemper, S" uniqKey="Nolkemper S">S. Nolkemper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reichling, J" uniqKey="Reichling J">J. Reichling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stintzing, F C" uniqKey="Stintzing F">F.C. Stintzing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carle, R" uniqKey="Carle R">R. Carle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnitzler, P" uniqKey="Schnitzler P">P. Schnitzler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reichling, J" uniqKey="Reichling J">J. Reichling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnitzler, P" uniqKey="Schnitzler P">P. Schnitzler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suschke, U" uniqKey="Suschke U">U. Suschke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saller, R" uniqKey="Saller R">R. Saller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gilling, D H" uniqKey="Gilling D">D.H. Gilling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitajima, M" uniqKey="Kitajima M">M. Kitajima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Torrey, J R" uniqKey="Torrey J">J.R. Torrey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bright, K R" uniqKey="Bright K">K.R. Bright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aboubakr, H A" uniqKey="Aboubakr H">H.A. Aboubakr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nauertz, A" uniqKey="Nauertz A">A. Nauertz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luong, N T" uniqKey="Luong N">N.T. Luong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agrawal, S" uniqKey="Agrawal S">S. Agrawal</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Sohaimy, S A" uniqKey="El Sohaimy S">S.A. El-Sohaimy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Youssef, M M" uniqKey="Youssef M">M.M. Youssef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goyal, S M" uniqKey="Goyal S">S.M. Goyal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manohar, V" uniqKey="Manohar V">V. Manohar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ingram, C" uniqKey="Ingram C">C. Ingram</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gray, J" uniqKey="Gray J">J. Gray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Talpur, N A" uniqKey="Talpur N">N.A. Talpur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Echard, B W" uniqKey="Echard B">B.W. Echard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bagchi, D" uniqKey="Bagchi D">D. Bagchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Preuss, H G" uniqKey="Preuss H">H.G. Preuss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tampieri, M P" uniqKey="Tampieri M">M.P. Tampieri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galuppi, R" uniqKey="Galuppi R">R. Galuppi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macchioni, F" uniqKey="Macchioni F">F. Macchioni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carelle, M S" uniqKey="Carelle M">M.S. Carelle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falcioni, L" uniqKey="Falcioni L">L. Falcioni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cioni, P L" uniqKey="Cioni P">P.L. Cioni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morelli, I" uniqKey="Morelli I">I. Morelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nu Ez, L" uniqKey="Nu Ez L">L. Núñez</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Quino, M" uniqKey="D Quino M">M. D’aquino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chirife, J" uniqKey="Chirife J">J. Chirife</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chami, F" uniqKey="Chami F">F. Chami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chami, N" uniqKey="Chami N">N. Chami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bennis, S" uniqKey="Bennis S">S. Bennis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouchikhi, T" uniqKey="Bouchikhi T">T. Bouchikhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remmal, A" uniqKey="Remmal A">A. Remmal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Siripornvisal, S" uniqKey="Siripornvisal S">S. Siripornvisal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rungprom, W" uniqKey="Rungprom W">W. Rungprom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sawatdikarn, S" uniqKey="Sawatdikarn S">S. Sawatdikarn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pinto, E" uniqKey="Pinto E">E. Pinto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pina Vaz, C" uniqKey="Pina Vaz C">C. Pina-Vaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salgueiro, L" uniqKey="Salgueiro L">L. Salgueiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goncalves, M J" uniqKey="Goncalves M">M.J. Gonçalves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa De Oliveira, S" uniqKey="Costa De Oliveira S">S. Costa-de-Oliveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cavaleiro, C" uniqKey="Cavaleiro C">C. Cavaleiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmeira, A" uniqKey="Palmeira A">A. Palmeira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, A" uniqKey="Rodrigues A">A. Rodrigues</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez De Oliveira, J" uniqKey="Martinez De Oliveira J">J. Martinez-de-Oliveira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bagavan, A" uniqKey="Bagavan A">A. Bagavan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahuman, A A" uniqKey="Rahuman A">A.A. Rahuman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaushik, N K" uniqKey="Kaushik N">N.K. Kaushik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sahal, D" uniqKey="Sahal D">D. Sahal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bamdad, F" uniqKey="Bamdad F">F. Bamdad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kadivar, M" uniqKey="Kadivar M">M. Kadivar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karamat, J" uniqKey="Karamat J">J. Karamat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gulcin, " uniqKey="Gulcin ">İ. Gülçin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elmasta, M" uniqKey="Elmasta M">M. Elmastaş</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aboul Enein, H Y" uniqKey="Aboul Enein H">H.Y. Aboul-Enein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gulcin, I" uniqKey="Gulcin I">Ì. Gülçin</name></author><author><name sortKey=" At, G" uniqKey=" At ">İ.G. Şat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beydemir, " uniqKey="Beydemir ">Ş. Beydemir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elmasta, M" uniqKey="Elmasta M">M. Elmastaş</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kufrevio Lu, O" uniqKey="Kufrevio Lu O">Ö.İ. Küfrevioǧlu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mehta, K D" uniqKey="Mehta K">K.D. Mehta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, G R" uniqKey="Garg G">G.R. Garg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, A K" uniqKey="Mehta A">A.K. Mehta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arora, T" uniqKey="Arora T">T. Arora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, A K" uniqKey="Sharma A">A.K. Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khanna, N" uniqKey="Khanna N">N. Khanna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tripathi, A K" uniqKey="Tripathi A">A.K. Tripathi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, K K" uniqKey="Sharma K">K.K. Sharma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Halder, S" uniqKey="Halder S">S. Halder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, A K" uniqKey="Mehta A">A.K. Mehta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kar, R" uniqKey="Kar R">R. Kar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mustafa, M" uniqKey="Mustafa M">M. Mustafa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mediratta, P K" uniqKey="Mediratta P">P.K. Mediratta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, K K" uniqKey="Sharma K">K.K. Sharma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shields, K M" uniqKey="Shields K">K.M. Shields</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcqueen, C E" uniqKey="Mcqueen C">C.E. McQueen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryant, P J" uniqKey="Bryant P">P.J. Bryant</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vriens, J" uniqKey="Vriens J">J. Vriens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nilius, B" uniqKey="Nilius B">B. Nilius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vennekens, R" uniqKey="Vennekens R">R. Vennekens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Daniel, A N" uniqKey="Daniel A">A.N. Daniel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sartoretto, S M" uniqKey="Sartoretto S">S.M. Sartoretto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, G" uniqKey="Schmidt G">G. Schmidt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caparroz Assef, S M" uniqKey="Caparroz Assef S">S.M. Caparroz-Assef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bersani Amado, C A" uniqKey="Bersani Amado C">C.A. Bersani-Amado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cuman, R K N" uniqKey="Cuman R">R.K.N. Cuman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ogunwande, I" uniqKey="Ogunwande I">I. Ogunwande</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olawore, N" uniqKey="Olawore N">N. Olawore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ekundayo, O" uniqKey="Ekundayo O">O. Ekundayo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, T M" uniqKey="Walker T">T.M. Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, J M" uniqKey="Schmidt J">J.M. Schmidt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Setzer, W N" uniqKey="Setzer W">W.N. Setzer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yoo, C B" uniqKey="Yoo C">C.B. Yoo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, K T" uniqKey="Han K">K.T. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cho, K S" uniqKey="Cho K">K.S. Cho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, J" uniqKey="Ha J">J. Ha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, H J" uniqKey="Park H">H.J. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nam, J H" uniqKey="Nam J">J.H. Nam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kil, U H" uniqKey="Kil U">U.H. Kil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, K T" uniqKey="Lee K">K.T. Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, L T" uniqKey="Lin L">L.T. Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, S J" uniqKey="Wu S">S.J. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, C C" uniqKey="Lin C">C.C. Lin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Russo, A" uniqKey="Russo A">A. Russo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Formisano, C" uniqKey="Formisano C">C. Formisano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rigano, D" uniqKey="Rigano D">D. Rigano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Senatore, F" uniqKey="Senatore F">F. Senatore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delfine, S" uniqKey="Delfine S">S. Delfine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardile, V" uniqKey="Cardile V">V. Cardile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosselli, S" uniqKey="Rosselli S">S. Rosselli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruno, M" uniqKey="Bruno M">M. Bruno</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kouidhi, B" uniqKey="Kouidhi B">B. Kouidhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zmantar, T" uniqKey="Zmantar T">T. Zmantar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakhrouf, A" uniqKey="Bakhrouf A">A. Bakhrouf</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, P" uniqKey="Kumar P">P. Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Febriyanti, R" uniqKey="Febriyanti R">R. Febriyanti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sofyan, F" uniqKey="Sofyan F">F. Sofyan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luftimas, D E" uniqKey="Luftimas D">D.E. Luftimas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdulah, R" uniqKey="Abdulah R">R. Abdulah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="El Hadary, A E" uniqKey="El Hadary A">A.E. El-Hadary</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramadan Hassanien, M F" uniqKey="Ramadan Hassanien M">M.F. Ramadan Hassanien</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ali, S" uniqKey="Ali S">S. Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prasad, R" uniqKey="Prasad R">R. Prasad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, A" uniqKey="Mahmood A">A. Mahmood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Routray, I" uniqKey="Routray I">I. Routray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shinkafi, T S" uniqKey="Shinkafi T">T.S. Shinkafi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sahin, K" uniqKey="Sahin K">K. Sahin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kucuk, O" uniqKey="Kucuk O">O. Kucuk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shyamala, M P" uniqKey="Shyamala M">M.P. Shyamala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venukumar, M R" uniqKey="Venukumar M">M.R. Venukumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Latha, M S" uniqKey="Latha M">M.S. Latha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuroda, M" uniqKey="Kuroda M">M. Kuroda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mimaki, Y" uniqKey="Mimaki Y">Y. Mimaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohtomo, T" uniqKey="Ohtomo T">T. Ohtomo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamada, J" uniqKey="Yamada J">J. Yamada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nishiyama, T" uniqKey="Nishiyama T">T. Nishiyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mae, T" uniqKey="Mae T">T. Mae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kishida, H" uniqKey="Kishida H">H. Kishida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawada, T" uniqKey="Kawada T">T. Kawada</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sanae, F" uniqKey="Sanae F">F. Sanae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamiyama, O" uniqKey="Kamiyama O">O. Kamiyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikeda Obatake, K" uniqKey="Ikeda Obatake K">K. Ikeda-Obatake</name></author><author><name sortKey="Higashi, Y" uniqKey="Higashi Y">Y. Higashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asano, N" uniqKey="Asano N">N. Asano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adachi, I" uniqKey="Adachi I">I. Adachi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kato, A" uniqKey="Kato A">A. Kato</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Okasha, X" uniqKey="Okasha X">X. Okasha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magaji, R" uniqKey="Magaji R">R. Magaji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abubakar, M S" uniqKey="Abubakar M">M.S. Abubakar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fatihu, M Y" uniqKey="Fatihu M">M.Y. Fatihu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Przygodzka, M" uniqKey="Przygodzka M">M. Przygodzka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zieli Ski, H" uniqKey="Zieli Ski H">H. Zieliński</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciesarova, Z" uniqKey="Ciesarova Z">Z. Ciesarová</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kukurova, K" uniqKey="Kukurova K">K. Kukurová</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lamparski, G" uniqKey="Lamparski G">G. Lamparski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jung, C H" uniqKey="Jung C">C.H. Jung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, J" uniqKey="Ahn J">J. Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeon, T I" uniqKey="Jeon T">T.I. Jeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, T W" uniqKey="Kim T">T.W. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, T Y" uniqKey="Ha T">T.Y. Ha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pulikottil, S J" uniqKey="Pulikottil S">S.J. Pulikottil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nath, S" uniqKey="Nath S">S. Nath</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tajuddin, A S" uniqKey="Tajuddin A">A.S. Tajuddin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Latif, A" uniqKey="Latif A">A. Latif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qasmi, I A" uniqKey="Qasmi I">I.A. Qasmi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saeed, S A" uniqKey="Saeed S">S.A. Saeed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simjee, R U" uniqKey="Simjee R">R.U. Simjee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shamim, G" uniqKey="Shamim G">G. Shamim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilani, A H" uniqKey="Gilani A">A.H. Gilani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raghavendra, R H" uniqKey="Raghavendra R">R.H. Raghavendra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naidu, K A" uniqKey="Naidu K">K.A. Naidu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lima, F C" uniqKey="Lima F">F.C. Lima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peixoto Neves, D" uniqKey="Peixoto Neves D">D. Peixoto-Neves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomes, M D" uniqKey="Gomes M">M.D. Gomes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coelho De Souza, A N" uniqKey="Coelho De Souza A">A.N. Coelho-de-Souza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lima, C C" uniqKey="Lima C">C.C. Lima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo Zin, W" uniqKey="Araujo Zin W">W. Araújo Zin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magalhaes, P J" uniqKey="Magalhaes P">P.J. Magalhães</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saad, L" uniqKey="Saad L">L. Saad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leal Cardoso, J H" uniqKey="Leal Cardoso J">J.H. Leal-Cardoso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guenette, S A" uniqKey="Guenette S">S.A. Guénette</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, A" uniqKey="Ross A">A. Ross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marier, J F" uniqKey="Marier J">J.F. Marier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beaudry, F" uniqKey="Beaudry F">F. Beaudry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vachon, P" uniqKey="Vachon P">P. Vachon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tao, G" uniqKey="Tao G">G. Tao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irie, Y" uniqKey="Irie Y">Y. Irie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, D J" uniqKey="Li D">D.J. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keung, W M" uniqKey="Keung W">W.M. Keung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bachiega, T F" uniqKey="Bachiega T">T.F. Bachiega</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Sousa, J P" uniqKey="De Sousa J">J.P. de Sousa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bastos, J K" uniqKey="Bastos J">J.K. Bastos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sforcin, J M" uniqKey="Sforcin J">J.M. Sforcin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, T G" uniqKey="Rodrigues T">T.G. Rodrigues</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandes, A" uniqKey="Fernandes A">A. Fernandes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa, J P" uniqKey="Sousa J">J.P. Sousa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bastos, J K" uniqKey="Bastos J">J.K. Bastos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sforcin, J M" uniqKey="Sforcin J">J.M. Sforcin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ueda Nakamura, T" uniqKey="Ueda Nakamura T">T. Ueda-Nakamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mendonca Filho, R R" uniqKey="Mendonca Filho R">R.R. Mendonça-Filho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morgado Diaz, J A" uniqKey="Morgado Diaz J">J.A. Morgado-Díaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Korehisa Maza, P" uniqKey="Korehisa Maza P">P. Korehisa Maza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prado Dias Filho, B" uniqKey="Prado Dias Filho B">B. Prado Dias Filho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aparicio Garcia Cortez, D" uniqKey="Aparicio Garcia Cortez D">D. Aparício Garcia Cortez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alviano, D S" uniqKey="Alviano D">D.S. Alviano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosa Mdo, S" uniqKey="Rosa Mdo S">S. Rosa Mdo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopes, A H" uniqKey="Lopes A">A.H. Lopes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alviano, C S" uniqKey="Alviano C">C.S. Alviano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Santoro, G F" uniqKey="Santoro G">G.F. Santoro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardoso, M G" uniqKey="Cardoso M">M.G. Cardoso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guimaraes, L G" uniqKey="Guimaraes L">L.G. Guimarães</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mendonca, L Z" uniqKey="Mendonca L">L.Z. Mendonça</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soares, M J" uniqKey="Soares M">M.J. Soares</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Machado, M" uniqKey="Machado M">M. Machado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dinis, A M" uniqKey="Dinis A">A.M. Dinis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salgueiro, L" uniqKey="Salgueiro L">L. Salgueiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cust Dio, J B" uniqKey="Cust Dio J">J.B. Custódio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cavaleiro, C" uniqKey="Cavaleiro C">C. Cavaleiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa, M C" uniqKey="Sousa M">M.C. Sousa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="El Kady, A M" uniqKey="El Kady A">A.M. El-Kady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, A A" uniqKey="Ahmad A">A.A. Ahmad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, T M" uniqKey="Hassan T">T.M. Hassan</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Deek, H E M" uniqKey="El Deek H">H.E.M. El-Deek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fouad, S S" uniqKey="Fouad S">S.S. Fouad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Althagfan, S S" uniqKey="Althagfan S">S.S. Althagfan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kamatou, G P" uniqKey="Kamatou G">G.P. Kamatou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vermaak, I" uniqKey="Vermaak I">I. Vermaak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viljoen, A M" uniqKey="Viljoen A">A.M. Viljoen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leem, H H" uniqKey="Leem H">H.H. Leem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, E O" uniqKey="Kim E">E.O. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, M J" uniqKey="Seo M">M.J. Seo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, S W" uniqKey="Choi S">S.W. Choi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grespan, R" uniqKey="Grespan R">R. Grespan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paludo, M" uniqKey="Paludo M">M. Paludo</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Paula Lemos, H" uniqKey="De Paula Lemos H">H. de Paula Lemos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barbosa, C P" uniqKey="Barbosa C">C.P. Barbosa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bersani Amado, C A" uniqKey="Bersani Amado C">C.A. Bersani-Amado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalalio, M M" uniqKey="Dalalio M">M.M. Dalalio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cuman, R K" uniqKey="Cuman R">R.K. Cuman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, S S" uniqKey="Kim S">S.S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, O J" uniqKey="Oh O">O.J. Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Min, H Y" uniqKey="Min H">H.Y. Min</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, E J" uniqKey="Park E">E.J. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Y" uniqKey="Kim Y">Y. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, H J" uniqKey="Park H">H.J. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nam Han, Y" uniqKey="Nam Han Y">Y. Nam Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, S K" uniqKey="Lee S">S.K. Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pisano, M" uniqKey="Pisano M">M. Pisano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pagnan, G" uniqKey="Pagnan G">G. Pagnan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loi, M" uniqKey="Loi M">M. Loi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mura, M E" uniqKey="Mura M">M.E. Mura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tilocca, M G" uniqKey="Tilocca M">M.G. Tilocca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmieri, G" uniqKey="Palmieri G">G. Palmieri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fabbri, D" uniqKey="Fabbri D">D. Fabbri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dettori, M A" uniqKey="Dettori M">M.A. Dettori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delogu, G" uniqKey="Delogu G">G. Delogu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ponzoni, M" uniqKey="Ponzoni M">M. Ponzoni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raja, M R C" uniqKey="Raja M">M.R.C. Raja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srinivasan, V" uniqKey="Srinivasan V">V. Srinivasan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Selvaraj, S" uniqKey="Selvaraj S">S. Selvaraj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahapatra, S K" uniqKey="Mahapatra S">S.K. Mahapatra</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nam, H" uniqKey="Nam H">H. Nam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, M M" uniqKey="Kim M">M.M. Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hemaiswarya, S" uniqKey="Hemaiswarya S">S. Hemaiswarya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doble, M" uniqKey="Doble M">M. Doble</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Okbi, S Y" uniqKey="Al Okbi S">S.Y. Al-Okbi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamed, D A" uniqKey="Mohamed D">D.A. Mohamed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamed, T E" uniqKey="Hamed T">T.E. Hamed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edris, A E" uniqKey="Edris A">A.E. Edris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ali, S" uniqKey="Ali S">S. Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prasad, R" uniqKey="Prasad R">R. Prasad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naime, M" uniqKey="Naime M">M. Naime</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zafar, H" uniqKey="Zafar H">H. Zafar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, A" uniqKey="Mahmood A">A. Mahmood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Routray, I" uniqKey="Routray I">I. Routray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yalniz, M" uniqKey="Yalniz M">M. Yalniz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bahcecioglu, H" uniqKey="Bahcecioglu ">İ.H. Bahcecioglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sahin, K" uniqKey="Sahin K">K. Sahin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Said, M M" uniqKey="Said M">M.M. Said</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, F" uniqKey="Oliveira F">F. Oliveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andrade, L N" uniqKey="Andrade L">L.N. Andrade</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Sousa, E B" uniqKey="De Sousa E">E.B. de Sousa</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Sousa, D P" uniqKey="De Sousa D">D.P. de Sousa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pramod, K" uniqKey="Pramod K">K. Pramod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ansari, S H" uniqKey="Ansari S">S.H. Ansari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, J" uniqKey="Ali J">J. Ali</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, R L" uniqKey="Smith R">R.L. Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, S M" uniqKey="Cohen S">S.M. Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fukushima, S" uniqKey="Fukushima S">S. Fukushima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gooderham, N J" uniqKey="Gooderham N">N.J. Gooderham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hecht, S S" uniqKey="Hecht S">S.S. Hecht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guengerich, F P" uniqKey="Guengerich F">F.P. Guengerich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rietjens, I M C M" uniqKey="Rietjens I">I.M.C.M. Rietjens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bastaki, M" uniqKey="Bastaki M">M. Bastaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harman, C L" uniqKey="Harman C">C.L. Harman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgowen, M M" uniqKey="Mcgowen M">M.M. McGowen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vijayasteltar, L" uniqKey="Vijayasteltar L">L. Vijayasteltar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nair, G G" uniqKey="Nair G">G.G. Nair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maliakel, B" uniqKey="Maliakel B">B. Maliakel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuttan, R" uniqKey="Kuttan R">R. Kuttan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnakumar, I M" uniqKey="Krishnakumar I">I.M. Krishnakumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anuj, G" uniqKey="Anuj G">G. Anuj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanjay, S" uniqKey="Sanjay S">S. Sanjay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mishra, R K" uniqKey="Mishra R">R.K. Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, S K" uniqKey="Singh S">S.K. Singh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dolezelova, P" uniqKey="Dolezelova P">P. Doleželová</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macova, S" uniqKey="Macova S">S. Mácová</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plhalova, L" uniqKey="Plhalova L">L. Plhalova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pistekova, V" uniqKey="Pistekova V">V. Pistekova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Svobodova, Z" uniqKey="Svobodova Z">Z. Svobodova</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Janes, S E J" uniqKey="Janes S">S.E.J. Janes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, C S G" uniqKey="Price C">C.S.G. Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, D" uniqKey="Thomas D">D. Thomas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomolecules</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomolecules</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biomolecules</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Biomolecules</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2218-273X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32019140</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7072209</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/biom10020202</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">biomolecules-10-00202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title><italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Saber Batiha</surname><given-names>Gaber</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-biomolecules-10-00202">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-biomolecules-10-00202">2</xref><xref rid="c1-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="corresp">*</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-biomolecules-10-00202">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alkazmi</surname><given-names>Luay M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-biomolecules-10-00202">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wasef</surname><given-names>Lamiaa G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-biomolecules-10-00202">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beshbishy</surname><given-names>Amany Magdy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-biomolecules-10-00202">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-biomolecules-10-00202">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8963-790X</contrib-id><name><surname>Nadwa</surname><given-names>Eman H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-biomolecules-10-00202">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-biomolecules-10-00202">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rashwan</surname><given-names>Eman K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-biomolecules-10-00202">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7-biomolecules-10-00202">7</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>1</label>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt;<email>lamiaawasef@vetmed.dmu.edu.eg</email></aff><aff id="af2-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>2</label>National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;<email>amanimagdi2008@gmail.com</email></aff><aff id="af3-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>3</label>Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;<email>lmalkazmi@uqu.edu.sa</email></aff><aff id="af4-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>4</label>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia;<email>emanhassannadwa@yahoo.co.uk</email></aff><aff id="af5-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>5</label>Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt</aff><aff id="af6-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>6</label>Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt;<email>dremanrashwan2020@gmail.com</email></aff><aff id="af7-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>7</label>Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>dr_gaber_batiha@vetmed.dmu.edu.eg</email> or <email>gaberbatiha@gmail.com</email>; Tel./Fax: +20-45-271-6024</corresp><fn id="fn1-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>†</label><p>These authors contributed equally.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>2</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>202</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. Many plant species have been reported to have pharmacological activities attributable to their phytoconstituents such are glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (clove) is a traditional spice that has been used for food preservation and possesses various pharmacological activities. <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> is rich in many phytochemicals as follows: sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, hydrocarbon, and phenolic compounds. Eugenyl acetate, eugenol, and β-caryophyllene are the most significant phytochemicals in clove oil. Pharmacologically, <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> has been examined toward various pathogenic parasites and microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, <italic>Plasmodium</italic>, <italic>Babesia</italic>, <italic>Theileria</italic> parasites, <italic>Herpes simplex</italic>, and hepatitis C viruses. Several reports documented the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, anti-depressant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activity of eugenol against several pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> and <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Moreover, eugenol was found to protect against CCl<sub>4−</sub>induced hepatotoxicity and showed a potential lethal efficacy against the multiplication of various parasites including <italic>Giardia lamblia</italic>, <italic>Fasciola gigantica</italic>, <italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic>, and <italic>Schistosoma mansoni</italic>. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of clove extracts along with clove essential oil and the main active compound, eugenol, and implicates new findings from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic></kwd><kwd>pharmacological activities</kwd><kwd>clove</kwd><kwd>essential oil</kwd><kwd>bioactive chemical constituents</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The traditional medicinal system based on the use of herbal remedies still plays an important role in the health care system. In recent decades, medicinal plants have been gaining wider acceptance due to the perception that these plants being natural products have lesser side effects and improved efficacy than their synthetic counterparts [<xref rid="B1-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Currently, about 80% of the world’s inhabitants rely on traditional medicines as a major form of their primary health care [<xref rid="B3-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. Pharmacologically, various herbal plants possess bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal activities; they are used in embalmment, in food preservation, and have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, spasmolytic, sedative, analgesic, and local anesthetic activities [<xref rid="B4-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Many plant species have been reported to have pharmacological activities attributable to their phytoconstituents such are glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes and accordingly [<xref rid="B4-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. Up to date, herbal remedies have been documented as a vital source for discovering novel pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. These identified phytochemicals have been considered a remarkable leading compound in the search for effective and new drugs [<xref rid="B5-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>].</p><p><italic>Syzygium</italic> (<italic>S.</italic>) <italic>aromaticum</italic>, also known as clove, is a dried flower bud belonging to the Myrtaceae family that is indigenous to the Maluku islands in Indonesia but has recently been farmed in different places worldwide [<xref rid="B6-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. The clove tree is composed of leaves and buds (the commercial part of the tree) and the flowering bud production begins four years after plantation. Afterward, they are collected either by hand or using a natural phytohormone in the pre-flowering stage [<xref rid="B6-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. Interestingly, they are commercially used for many medicinal purposes and in the perfume industry, and clove is considered one of the spices that can be potentially used as preservatives in many foods, especially in meat processing, to replace chemical preservatives due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [<xref rid="B6-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B8-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. Several reports have documented the antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, and antifungal activities of some aromatic herbs including cinnamon, oregano, clove, thyme, and mint. However, clove has gained much attention among other spices due to its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities [<xref rid="B9-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. The effective role of clove in the inhibition of different degenerative diseases is attributed to the presence of various chemical constituents in high concentrations with antioxidant activity [<xref rid="B10-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B11-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. Clove essential oil (CEO) is traditionally used in the treatment of burns and wounds, and as a pain reliever in dental care as well as treating tooth infections and toothache. In addition to that, its use has been documented in various industrial applications and is used extensively in perfumes, soaps and as a cleansing vehicle in histological work [<xref rid="B12-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. Cloves are used in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine as a warming and stimulating agent [<xref rid="B7-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Traditionally, cloves have been used for centuries in the treatment of vomiting; flatulence; nausea; liver, bowel and stomach disorders; and as a stimulant for the nerves. In tropical Asia, cloves have been documented to relieve different microorganisms as scabies, cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis. As well, in America, clove has been traditionally used in inhibiting food-borne pathogens to treat viruses, worms, candida, and different bacterial and protozoan infections [<xref rid="B13-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. Moreover, eugenol has been widely used in dentistry because it can penetrate the dental pulp tissue and enter the bloodstream [<xref rid="B14-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. Sesquiterpenes, isolated from clove were reported to have anti-carcinogenic activity [<xref rid="B15-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec2-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>2. Chemical Constituents</title><p>Pharmacologically, clove has been documented as the main source of phenolic molecules like hidroxibenzoic acids, flavonoids, hidroxiphenyl propens, hidroxicinamic acids, and eugenol (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)—which is the major bioactive molecule—and gallic acid derivatives like hidrolizable tannins that are found in high amounts in the fresh plant (<xref rid="biomolecules-10-00202-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) [<xref rid="B6-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B9-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B16-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. Moreover, clove contains flavonoids namely quercetin and kaempferol and phenolic acids like ferulic, caffeic, ellagic, and salicylic acids [<xref rid="B6-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. Clove flower buds contain up to 18% of essential oil which consists of eugenol, eugenol acetate and β-cariofileno [<xref rid="B17-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Clove oil is colorless or pale yellow with a distinct clove flavor and taste. The differences in CEO content and composition depend mainly on several factors like pre-treatments, variety, agro-ecological conditions, and extraction processes [<xref rid="B18-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]. Notably, Gülçin [<xref rid="B19-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] reported the in vitro antioxidant effectiveness of eugenol and discussed the relationship between structure and activity. They showed that eugenol allows the donation of the hydrogen atom and subsequently fixes the phenoxil radical, which results in the formation of steady molecules that do not establish or increase oxidation. Additionally, the eugenol compound has a pleasant carbon chain link with the aromatic ring which can be involved in phenoxil radical stabilization by resonance. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis demonstrated the existence of 36 components in the CEO that was isolated by hydro-distillation including eugenol, β-caryophyllene, eugenylacetate, ethyl hexanoate, 2-heptanone, α-humulene, calacorene, humulenol, and calamen-ene [<xref rid="B20-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="B22-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="B23-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec3-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>3. Crude Clove Extracts Efficacies</title><p>Several <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> molecules namely kaempferol, biflorin, 5, 7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, orsellinic acid glucoside, myricetin, rhamnocitrin, gallic acid, oleanolic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids triglycosides have been documented for their effectiveness in inhibiting oral pathogens [<xref rid="B24-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. As the ethanolic <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extract showed high antioxidant efficacy in addition to its hepatoprotective activity on liver damage caused by paracetamol treatment [<xref rid="B25-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]. The possible explanation of increased serum enzymes in paracetamol-induced liver damage may be attributed to inhibition of intracellular enzymes through membrane stabilization efficacy, which corresponds to the view that the serum transaminases levels have been restored by recovering hepatic <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> and <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> renchyma and the hepatocytes regeneration [<xref rid="B26-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]. Essawi and Srour [<xref rid="B27-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] tested the antimicrobial efficacy of six medicinal herbal extracts in vitro toward four bacterial species methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> were the most inhibited microorganisms. <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> extract was the most active against multidrug-resistant. Joshi et al. [<xref rid="B28-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] found that <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> was the most effective against <italic>Salmonella typhi</italic>. Moreover, Jirovetz et al. [<xref rid="B17-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] showed that the flower bud extract of <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> (clove) showed antibacterial efficacy toward <italic>Bacillus</italic> and <italic>Serratia marcescens</italic> bacterial isolates. In addition, Oulkheir et al. [<xref rid="B29-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] found that the CEO produced an inhibition zone against <italic>E. coli</italic> of 16 mm and a higher inhibitory zone (20 mm) against <italic>Salmonella</italic> species, while no antibacterial effect on <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>. Haroun and Al-Kayali [<xref rid="B30-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] noticed good synergism between ethanolic extract from <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> with different antibiotics compared with water extract against <italic>S. aureus</italic> isolate. Interestingly, previous reports investigated the antifungal effectiveness of eugenol and clove oil against yeasts, filamentous, and human pathogenic fungi [<xref rid="B31-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="B32-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="B34-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]. Moreover, Nejad et al. [<xref rid="B35-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] reported the antibacterial efficacy of various natural bioactive molecules namely thymol, eugenol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde against the <italic>E. coli</italic>, and they revealed that eugenol resulted in the lowest antibacterial efficacy, whilst carvacrol and thymol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol combined treatment revealed synergistic efficacy [<xref rid="B36-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec4-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>4. Biological Activities</title><sec id="sec4dot1-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>4.1. Biological/Biochemical Properties of S. aromaticum</title><p>Han and Parker [<xref rid="B37-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] have revealed the antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the CEO and its main active constituent eugenol, and they revealed that CEO influenced the cancer biology and cell cycle control. The problems of pathogen resistance, as well as the toxic residues to most of the commercially available antimicrobial drugs severely weaken their effective curative and protective approaches [<xref rid="B37-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="B38-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>,<xref rid="B39-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]. Therefore, it is clear that the development of new and effective antimicrobial treatment options is vital for improving disease treatment and control. Clove is a well-known and significant herbal remedy because of its broad pharmacological efficacy [<xref rid="B40-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. Recent studies have examined the in vivo increase in the lipid peroxidation and blood sugar in diabetic rats and reestablished the levels of the antioxidant enzyme after nutrition supplement with cloves [<xref rid="B41-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. Additionally, Shukri et al. [<xref rid="B42-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>] revealed that the dietary cloves in vivo reduced the tissue damages in the livers, lens, and cardiac muscles in rats. Pharmacologically, clove oil is used in a wide range as an antiseptic in oral diseases and for the treatment of toothaches, allergy disorders, asthma, acne, scars, and rheumatoid arthritis, and it showed antispasmodic and acaricidal effects toward <italic>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</italic> and <italic>Dermatophagoides farina</italic> [<xref rid="B43-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="B44-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]. Moreover, the CEO has shown aphrodisiac, antipyretic, appetizer, hypnotic, anxiolytic, antiemetic, analgesic, decongestant, antimicrobial, antiepileptic, myorelaxant, anti-inflammatory, and expectorant properties as well as has a medicinal influence against trophic disorder [<xref rid="B37-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="B45-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]. Notably, tannins, ellagic acid, gallic acid, flavonoids and their glycosides isolated from alcoholic and aqueous clove buds extracts were reported to have antithrombotic, antiprotozoal, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and aphrodisiac efficacy [<xref rid="B46-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="B47-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="B48-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>,<xref rid="B49-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>,<xref rid="B50-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]. In traditional medicine, clove has been used in flatulence, indigestion complaints and diarrhea [<xref rid="B51-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]. The biological activities of <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> and its related compounds are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="biomolecules-10-00202-f001">Figure 1</xref>.</p><p>Several reports demonstrated the antimicrobial efficacies of clove against different fungal and bacterial strains. For instance, Sofia et al. [<xref rid="B52-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>] examined the antimicrobial efficacy of several Indian spice herbs (e.g., ginger, garlic, mint, clove mustard, and cinnamon). Moreover, Dorman and Deans [<xref rid="B53-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>] evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of thyme, clove, geranium, nutmeg, oregano, and black pepper toward 25 strains of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Thielmann et al. [<xref rid="B54-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>] documented that thyme, bay, oregano, and CEOs demonstrated different grades of inhibition against <italic>E. coli</italic>. As well, carvacrol and eugenol enclosed in a non-ionic surfactant were examined toward <italic>Listeria monocitogenes</italic> and <italic>E. coli</italic>, and the results revealed the effectiveness of eugenol to suppress these microorganisms multiplication [<xref rid="B55-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]. Rana et al. [<xref rid="B56-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>] documented the antifungal efficacy of clove oil towards <italic>Trichophyton rubrum</italic>, <italic>Microsporum canis</italic>, <italic>T. mentagrophytes</italic>, <italic>Fusarium monoliforme</italic>, <italic>M. gypseum</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum, Epidermophyton floccosum</italic>, <italic>Mucor</italic> sp., <italic>M. gypseum</italic>, <italic>T. rubrum</italic>, and <italic>Aspergillus</italic> sp. [<xref rid="B57-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]. Fu et al. [<xref rid="B58-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>] as well as Palombo and Semple [<xref rid="B59-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>] reported the antibacterial effect of pure clove oil either alone or combined with rosemary oil towards <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>B. subtilis</italic>, <italic>S. epidermidis</italic>, <italic>S. aureus</italic>, <italic>Proteus vulgaris</italic>, <italic>E. coli</italic>, and methicillin-resistant <italic>S. epidermidis</italic> and <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Additionally, herbal remedies have been documented as a major source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules to inhibit and control viral infections [<xref rid="B60-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]. Eugeniin, the compound isolated from <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extract has been documented for its antiviral efficacy towards various herpes virus strains and the hepatitis C virus by its action on the synthesis of the viral DNA by inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase enzyme [<xref rid="B6-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B61-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]. Another research revealed the antiviral efficacy of <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> aqueous extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and influenza A virus when combined with acyclovir [<xref rid="B62-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>,<xref rid="B63-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>,<xref rid="B64-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>,<xref rid="B65-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>]. The possible antimicrobial action for clove oil is attributed to eugenol which consists of about 85% to 92% of total clove oil content [<xref rid="B66-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>].</p><p>Carvacrol and eugenol are the main components of clove responsible for its fungicidal characteristics against onychomycosis isolated fungi, <italic>T. mentagrophytes</italic> and <italic>Candida albicans</italic> [<xref rid="B31-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="B67-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>,<xref rid="B68-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]. Interestingly, Núñez et al. [<xref rid="B69-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>] reported the fungicidal activity of the mixture of a concentrated sugar solution with clove oleoresin by decreasing the inoculum size of fungi. Chami et al. [<xref rid="B70-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>] revealed remarkable morphological deterioration with cellular deformation in <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> cells caused by clove oil. Siripornvisal et al. [<xref rid="B71-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>] as well as Pinto et al. [<xref rid="B72-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>], examined the potent inhibitory antifungal effects of the CEO towards the mycelial multiplication of <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> and collection strains of dermatophyte, <italic>Aspergillus</italic> and <italic>Candida</italic> species. Recently, Batiha et al. [<xref rid="B7-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] documented the antipiroplasmic effect of <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> methanolic extracts against piroplasm parasites multiplication. Moreover, the previous study described the in vitro antiplasmodial efficacy of methanolic <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extracts against a chloroquine-resistant strain of <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>, the closely related apicomplexan parasite to <italic>Babesia</italic> and <italic>Theileria</italic> [<xref rid="B73-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec4dot2-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>4.2. Efficacy in Diseases</title><p>Several in vitro methods like 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) radical, b-carotene-linoleate, ferric thiocyanate, and hydroxyl radical revealed that caraway and clove antioxidant activity is consistent with the synthetic food preservative, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) [<xref rid="B74-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]. Moreover, Gülçin et al. [<xref rid="B75-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>] measured the scavenging of the DPPH radical of clove oil in comparison to some artificial antioxidant agents, namely, alfa-tocopherol, BHT, Trolox, and butylated hydroxyanisole, and they demonstrated that the clove oil antioxidant activity declined as follows: clove oil > BHT > alfa-tocopherol > butylated hydroxyanisole > Trolox. Various in vitro methods including DPPH, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2-deoxiguanosine, 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and xanthine oxidase used to examine the antioxidant activity of aqueous <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extract. They documented that the potent antioxidant efficacy of aqueous <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extract may be due to the strong hydrogen donating ability, scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, free radicals and superoxide and metal chelating ability [<xref rid="B76-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]. Antioxidant agents like clove extracts and the CEO play a significant role in treating memory deficits resulting from oxidative stress [<xref rid="B77-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]. Halder et al. [<xref rid="B78-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>] revealed that CEO’s pretreatment reduced the oxidative stress evaluated by glutathione as well as malondialdehyde levels in mice’s brains. They concluded that the ability of clove oil to restore memory and learning deficiencies resulted from short- and long-term scopolamine treatment is attributed to its effectiveness in reducing oxidative stress. </p><p>Moreover, the analgesic effect of clove, as well as eugenol, have been documented against toothache, joint pain by activating chloride and calcium channels in ganglionar cells [<xref rid="B79-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]. However, another study revealed that the analgesic activity of clove may be attributed to its capsaicin agonist activity [<xref rid="B80-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]. Daniel et al. [<xref rid="B81-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>] reported the in vivo analgesic efficacy of eugenol using the abdominal wriggling method stimulated by acetic acid. Interestingly, the anti-carcinogenic and cytotoxic activities of the CEO have been reported against human tumor cell lines PC-3 and Hep G2 [<xref rid="B15-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B82-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>,<xref rid="B83-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>]. Chaieb et al. [<xref rid="B23-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] documented that eugenol and dehydrodieugenol have been shown to stimulate human cancer cell death. Moreover, the antimutagenic efficacy of cinnamaldehyde has been investigated against human-derived hepatoma cells, as it inhibited the micronuclei incidence caused by different heterocyclic amines [<xref rid="B84-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]. Natural products have confirmed to be the most efficient in terms of their ability to change the function of proteins related to cancer [<xref rid="B85-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]. Kouidhi et al. [<xref rid="B86-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>] and Kumar et al. [<xref rid="B87-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>] established that CEO and eugenol possess anticancer activities against leukemia, lung, breast, and colorectal cancer cells. Clove exerted anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities by suppressing the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) action as well as the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Han and Parker [<xref rid="B37-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] reported that the anti-inflammatory activity of clove may be related to the active compound, eugenol.</p><p>Moreover, eugenol was found to protect against hepatotoxicity caused by CCl<sub>4</sub> when administered with CCl<sub>4</sub> therapy [<xref rid="B88-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]. Interestingly, other phytochemical compounds isolated from <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extracts including sanguinarine and benzo phenanthridine alkaloids have been documented for protection from liver damage [<xref rid="B89-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]. Shyamala et al. [<xref rid="B90-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>] proved that clove intake tends to recover ALT, urea, AST, and lipid levels in kidneys, serum, and liver in comparison with normal values in hyperlipidemic rats. The antidiabetic efficacy of <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extracts may be attributed to the existence of insulin-stimulating agents [<xref rid="B91-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]. In vivo experiments revealed that the normal blood sugar has been enhanced in <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extracts-treated mice [<xref rid="B91-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>,<xref rid="B92-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]. It was found that the CEO contains many biologically active compounds with potent gastroprotective activities and this activity has been found due to its high flavonoid contents [<xref rid="B93-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>]. The in vitro and in vivo experiments have documented the antiobesity efficacy of <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extracts by reducing the serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels [<xref rid="B94-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]. Additionally, Jung et al. [<xref rid="B95-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>] documented that diet supplemented with <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extracts decreased serum insulin, leptin, and hepatic lipid levels along with the body weight of high-fat diet mice, suggesting its prospect as a natural anti-obesity supplement and its ability to decrease the hepatic lipid accumulation.</p><p>Clove essential oils have been reported to increase blood circulation and raise body temperature [<xref rid="B6-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. Several reports documented that clove can reduce the risk of arterial sclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, and other disease associated with oxidative stress. Eugenol also exhibits reversible, dose-related vasodilator as well as negative inotropic activities in heart muscle and showed smooth muscle relaxant and hypotensive efficacy [<xref rid="B96-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>]. Clove has been documented to possess nervous stimulating as well as sexual behavior boosting effect in male mice [<xref rid="B97-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>], and this action may be attributed to their nervine enhancing activity. Moreover, it showed an increase in mating performance in mice compared to an increase in sexual motivation [<xref rid="B97-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]. Cortés-Rojas et al. [<xref rid="B6-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] reported the ability of clove oil to inhibit prevent premature ejaculation. The sexual behavior of clove in humans has been enhanced by stimulating the testosterone level. Clove oil has been documented as thromboxane synthesis and platelet aggregation inhibitors and showed an anticoagulant activity. Moreover, clove oil prevented the platelet aggregation caused by the platelet-activating factor, arachidonic acid or collagen, and the results revealed that clove oil is more efficient in inhibiting platelet-activating factor- and arachidonic acid-induced aggregation than collagen [<xref rid="B98-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]. As well, eugenol was reported to prevent prostaglandin biosynthesis, thromboxane B2 formation, and platelet aggregation caused by arachidonic acid in vitro [<xref rid="B99-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]. The myogenic antispasmodic effect of eugenol has been documented on the airway smooth muscle of rats. It was found to act by blocking Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels managed by voltage and receptors, enhancing the release of Ca<sup>2+</sup> from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and decreasing the sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca<sup>2+</sup> [<xref rid="B100-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]. In addition to that, it showed an antipyretic effect through a central action comparable with that of acetaminophen and allopathic antipyretic agents [<xref rid="B101-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]. Eugenol and its analogs revealed anti-depressant efficacy in vivo by preventing monoamine oxidase [<xref rid="B102-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec4dot3-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>4.3. Efficacy of the Most Common Compound Eugenol</title><p>Clove essential oil and eugenol derived from <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> have been documented to possess useful analgesic, anesthetic, and antiseptic effects and are therefore commonly used in dentistry [<xref rid="B23-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. In addition to that, they showed an anti-inflammatory efficacy against murine macrophages by suppressing the pro-inflammatory cytokines production [<xref rid="B103-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>,<xref rid="B104-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>] and eugenol prohibited IL-8 production enhancement against human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) but not against skin keratinocytes (HaCat) or periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF) [<xref rid="B41-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. Eugenol showed a strong antibacterial efficacy against different strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and revealed greater antimicrobial activity when combined with gentamicin, β-lactam and vancomycin antibiotics [<xref rid="B58-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>,<xref rid="B59-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]. The antifungal efficacy of eugenol and clove oil has been investigated towards yeasts and filamentous fungi, including various human pathogenic fungi and food-borne fungal species [<xref rid="B23-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="B31-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="B32-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]. Interestingly, several reports documented that eugenol isolated from <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extracts have shown potent trypanocidal as well as leishmanicidal efficacy against <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, <italic>Leishmania donovani</italic>, <italic>L. amazonensis</italic>, <italic>L. major</italic> and <italic>L. tropica</italic> [<xref rid="B105-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>,<xref rid="B106-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]. Additionally, eugenol showed a potential lethal efficacy against the growth and multiplication of various parasites including <italic>Giardia lamblia</italic>, <italic>Fasciola gigantica</italic>, <italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic>, and <italic>Schistosoma mansoni</italic> [<xref rid="B107-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>,<xref rid="B108-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>]. Eugenol exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-1 and herpes simplex -2 (HSV-2) by preventing viral replication and reducing the viral infection [<xref rid="B64-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]. Eugenol isolated from <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> extracts and their essential oils has shown its free radical scavenging, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties [<xref rid="B58-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>,<xref rid="B109-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>].</p><p>The anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol were attributed to its effect to prevent neutrophil/macrophage chemotaxis and prostaglandin synthesis as well as cyclooxygenase II enzyme expressions [<xref rid="B35-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. Moreover, eugenol dimers exhibited a chemopreventive effect by inhibiting the cytokines expression in macrophages [<xref rid="B110-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>]. Eugenol has been suggested to possess recovery effects on arthritis and thus can be used in the treatment of arthritis [<xref rid="B111-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]. Kim et al. [<xref rid="B112-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>] investigated the direct effect of eugenol in inhibiting NF-κB activation caused by tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and preventing cyclooxygenase activity (COX-2) in LPS stimulated macrophages with IC<sub>50</sub> value equal to 2.7 μM in the healthy cells. Additionally, eugenol protected macrophages cellular dysfunction caused by chemicals and stabilized the pro/anti-inflammatory mediators. Eugenol has been investigated for its anti-cancer activity against skin tumors, melanoma, gastric cancer, leukemia, and prostate cancer by oncogene regulation and the caspase-dependent pathway. For instance, eugenol and biphenyl (S)-6, 6′-dibromo-dehydrodieugenol provokes antiproliferative efficacy on neuroectodermal tumor cells by stimulating partial apoptosis [<xref rid="B113-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]. The epoxide form of eugenol has been reported as a potent therapy for stimulating apoptosis in human breast cancer cells [<xref rid="B114-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]. Moreover, eugenol prevented various oncogenes-related breast cancer namely, NF-κB and cyclin D1 as well as blocked the breast cancer multiplication in a p53- independent manner and upregulated the flexible cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein and this anti-proliferative activity was significantly noticed in xenograft human breast tumors. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the anti-breast cancer activities of eugenol, suggesting that it could be used to enhance breast cancer treatment by targeting the E2F1/survivin pathway. Eugenol cytotoxic concentrations caused the ATP reduction and enhancing the glycolytic metabolites and polyamines in normal oral cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma, indicating the unprogrammed cell death induction [<xref rid="B114-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]. Nam and Kim [<xref rid="B115-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>] revealed the ability of eugenol in preventing metastasis associated with oxidative stress by blocking the efficacy of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in PMA-induced HT1080 cells. Nowadays, combination chemotherapies are being reported as the most significant strategy for alleviating serious diseases, including cancer, to decrease the dose of the drugs, leading to a reduction in their toxic symptoms as well as drug resistance. Interestingly, Hemaiswarya and Doble [<xref rid="B116-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>] showed that eugenol and 5-fluorouracil combined treatment displayed a more cytotoxic effect toward cervical cancer cells (HeLa) indicating that eugenol is a good combinatorial agent by inducing cancer cells apoptosis.</p><p>Eugenol and clove oil have been documented to have a potent effect on fatty liver and dyslipidemia by a different mechanism of action [<xref rid="B117-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>], which involves oxidative stress by reducing the oxidative damage [<xref rid="B118-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>]. In vivo experiments showed that eugenol administration at 100 mg/kg 4 days prior to and 6 days together with gentamicin suppressing the oxidative damage caused by gentamicin [<xref rid="B119-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]. The antiulcer efficacy of eugenol may be associated with the presence of several factors that increase gastric mucus production and barrier resistance [<xref rid="B120-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]. Moreover, Oliveira et al. [<xref rid="B120-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>] documented that eugenol pretreatment in rats decreased the gastric acid secretion, gastric ulcers, and pepsin activity caused by indomethacin treatment and increased the gastric mucin concentration.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec5-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>5. Pharmacokinetics Studies of Eugenol</title><p>Eugenol metabolism has been examined in male and female healthy volunteers. Eugenol is known to be easily absorbed after oral administration and rapidly reaches plasma and blood with a half-life of 14 and 18 h, respectively and its accumulative impact has been observed after its daily administration for treating neuropathic pain [<xref rid="B101-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]. Afterward, eugenol is metabolized to glucuronic acid or sulfate conjugate in the liver. Methyleugenol was partially metabolized in the liver by the action of different CYP 450 enzymes to reactive 2′, 3′-(allylic) epoxide or 1′ hydroxy-derivatives [<xref rid="B121-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]. Eugenol metabolism has been indicated by the same bioactivation pathway and the genotoxic and carcinogenic form of eugenol seems likely to be insignificant when compared to methyleugenol and is excreted in the conjugated form in the urine during 24 h [<xref rid="B122-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]. Secondary metabolic pathways include the oxidation of side-chain double bond to the epoxide and then hydrolyzation to diol and additional oxidation to isoeugenol accompanied by allylic oxidation and then reducing the side-chain double bond [<xref rid="B122-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]. Less than 0.1% of the eugenol dose was secreted in the unmetabolized form in the urine, while 95% of its dose was restored in the urine, greater than 99% composed of phenolic conjugates and 50% were found as eugenol-glucuronide and sulphate. The urine consists of eugenol conjugates and other metabolites (e.g., cis- and trans-isoeugenol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-propane, 3-(4- hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propionic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1, 2-diol, and 3-(4-hydroxy3-methoxyphenyl)-propylene-1, 2-oxide) [<xref rid="B121-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec6-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>6. Toxicity Doses</title><p>Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has confirmed the safety of clove buds, clove oil, eugenol, and oleoresins as a food supplement; however, there has been considerable attention regarding its toxicity recently [<xref rid="B123-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>]. Prashar et al. [<xref rid="B21-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] have examined the cytotoxic activities of CEO and eugenol in vitro against human fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and they documented they recognized them as safe. On the other hand, other reports revealed that eugenol has an allergic efficacy when used in dentistry [<xref rid="B12-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B124-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>]. Moreover, eugenol, as well as CEO, was reported to have a spermicidal effect in vitro in six male partners of infertile couples [<xref rid="B125-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proven that the acceptable daily amount of clove in humans is 2.5 mg/kg body weight [<xref rid="B82-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]. The CEO toxic activity was assessed in <italic>Poecilia reticulata</italic> and <italic>Danio rerio</italic> aquarium fish species and it exhibited half-maximal lethal concentrations (LD<sub>50</sub>) at 18.2 ± 5.52 and 21.7 ± 0.8 mg/mL against <italic>Danio rerio</italic> and <italic>Poecilia reticulata</italic> after 96 h, respectively [<xref rid="B126-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]. Janes et al. [<xref rid="B127-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>] documented the acute side effects (e.g., disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, generalized seizures, and hepatotoxicity after CEO administration). Recently, Johannah et al. [<xref rid="B50-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>] demonstrated the remarkable detoxification and the cardiac health effects in humans by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing the endogenous redox enzyme levels. Moreover, another in vivo study reported the allergic contact dermatitis of eugenol in guinea pigs [<xref rid="B75-biomolecules-10-00202" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>].</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec7-biomolecules-10-00202"><title>7. Conclusions</title><p>This review examines the medicinal properties and all phytochemical molecules isolated from <italic>S. aromaticum</italic>. Carvacrol, eugenol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde are the major constituents extracted from the CEO. Eugenol is the active substance of the CEO, and the FDA considered it a safe substance in general. The daily allowable human consumption of clove oil approved by the WHO Expert Committee on Food additives is 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacologically, clove and its main constituents possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, and anesthetic effects. Moreover, they showed insecticidal, mosquito repellant, aphrodisiac, and antipyretic activities.</p></sec></body><back><notes><title>Author Contributions</title><p>G.E.-S.B., L.M.A., L.G.W., A.M.B., E.H.N., and E.K.R. wrote the paper. G.E.-S.B. and A.M.B. revised the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</p></notes><notes><title>Funding</title><p>This review received no external research funds.</p></notes><notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflicts of Interest</title><p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></notes><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title><p>CCl<sub>4</sub>: carbon tetrachloride; GC-MS; Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy; <italic>S. aromaticum</italic>: <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>; IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; CEO: clove essential oil; HSV-1: Herpes simplex virus type 1; HSV-2: herpes simplex -2; DPPH: 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl; BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene; ABTS: 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); LPS: lipopolysaccharide; HGF: human gingival fibroblasts; HaCat: skin keratinocytes; HPLF: periodontal ligament fibroblasts; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor; COX-2: cyclooxygenase activity; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; WHO: World Health Organization; LD<sub>50</sub>: half-maximal lethal concentrations.</p></glossary><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>1.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abushouk</surname><given-names>A.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Negida</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abdel-Daim</surname><given-names>M.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Neuroprotective mechanisms of plant extracts against MPTP induced neurotoxicity: Future applications in Parkinson’s disease</article-title><source>Biomed. Pharmacother.</source><year>2017</year><volume>85</volume><fpage>635</fpage><lpage>645</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.074</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27890431</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>2.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abushouk</surname><given-names>A.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ismail</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salem</surname><given-names>A.M.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Afifi</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abdel-Daim</surname><given-names>M.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardioprotective mechanisms of phytochemicals against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity</article-title><source>Biomed. Pharmacother.</source><year>2017</year><volume>90</volume><fpage>935</fpage><lpage>946</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.033</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28460429</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>3.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ekor</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety</article-title><source>Front. Pharmacol.</source><year>2014</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>177</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphar.2013.00177</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24454289</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>4.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Batiha</surname><given-names>G.E.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Beshbishy</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tayebwa</surname><given-names>D.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shaheen</surname><given-names>M.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yokoyama</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Igarashi</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inhibitory effects of <italic>Uncaria tomentosa</italic> bark, <italic>Myrtus communis</italic> roots, <italic>Origanum vulgare</italic> leaves and <italic>Cuminum cyminum</italic> seeds extracts against the growth of <italic>Babesia</italic> and <italic>Theileria in vitro</italic></article-title><source>Jap. J. Vet. Parasitol.</source><year>2018</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>13</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>5.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Beshbishy</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Batiha</surname><given-names>G.E.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adeyemi</surname><given-names>O.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yokoyama</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Igarashi</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inhibitory effects of methanolic <italic>Olea europaea</italic> and acetonic <italic>Acacia laeta</italic> on the growth of <italic>Babesia</italic> and <italic>Theileria</italic></article-title><source>Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med.</source><year>2019</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>425</fpage><lpage>434</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>6.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cortés-Rojas</surname><given-names>D.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>de Souza</surname><given-names>C.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>W.P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clove (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>): A precious spice</article-title><source>Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med.</source><year>2014</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>7.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Batiha</surname><given-names>G.E.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Beshbishy</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tayebwa</surname><given-names>D.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shaheen</surname><given-names>M.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yokoyama</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Igarashi</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inhibitory effects of <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> and <italic>Camellia sinensis</italic> methanolic extracts on the growth of <italic>Babesia</italic> and <italic>Theileria</italic> parasites</article-title><source>Ticks Tick. Borne Dis.</source><year>2019</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>949</fpage><lpage>958</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.04.016</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31101552</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>8.</label><element-citation publication-type="confproc"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chomchalow</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Spice production in Asia—An overview</article-title><source>Proceedings of the Conference IBC’s Asia Spice Markets 96 Conference</source><conf-loc>Singapore</conf-loc><conf-date>27–28 May 1996</conf-date></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>9.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shan</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cai</surname><given-names>Y.Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Corke</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents</article-title><source>J. Agric. Food Chem.</source><year>2005</year><volume>53</volume><fpage>7749</fpage><lpage>7759</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/jf051513y</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16190627</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>10.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>F.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Willett</surname><given-names>W.C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease</article-title><source>JAMA</source><year>2002</year><volume>288</volume><fpage>2569</fpage><lpage>2578</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.288.20.2569</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12444864</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>11.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Astuti</surname><given-names>R.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Listyowati</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wahyuni</surname><given-names>W.T.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Life span extension of model yeast <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> upon ethanol derived-clover bud extract treatment</article-title><source>IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.</source><year>2019</year><volume>299</volume><fpage>012059</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1088/1755-1315/299/1/012059</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>12.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sarrami</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pemberton</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thornhill</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Theaker</surname><given-names>E.D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Adverse reactions associated with the use of eugenol in dentistry</article-title><source>Br. Dental J.</source><year>2002</year><volume>193</volume><fpage>253</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj.bdj.4801539</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>13.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bhowmik</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>K.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yadav</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Srivastava</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Paswan</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dutta</surname><given-names>A.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Recent trends in Indian traditional herbs <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> and its health benefits</article-title><source>J. Pharmaco. Phytochem.</source><year>2012</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>23</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>14.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Martínez-Herrera</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pozos-Guillén</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ruiz-Rodríguez</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Garrocho-Rangel</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vértiz-Hernández</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Escobar-García</surname><given-names>D.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effect of 4-Allyl-1-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzene (eugenol) on inflammatory and apoptosis processes in dental pulp fibroblasts</article-title><source>Mediators Inflamm.</source><year>2016</year><volume>2016</volume><fpage>9371403</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/9371403</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28044068</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>15.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Miyazawa</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hisama</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Suppression of chemical mutagen-induced SOS response by alkylphenols from clove (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>) in the <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> TA1535/pSK1002 umu test</article-title><source>J. Agric. Food Chem.</source><year>2001</year><volume>49</volume><fpage>4019</fpage><lpage>4025</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/jf0103469</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11513704</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>16.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Neveu</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Perez-Jiménez</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Crespy</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>du Chaffaut</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mennen</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Knox</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Eisner</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wishart</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Phenol-Explorer: An online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods</article-title><source>Database</source><year>2010</year><volume>2010</volume><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/database/bap024</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20428313</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>17.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jirovetz</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Buchbauer</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stoilova</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stoyanova</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krastanov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chemical Composition and Antioxidant properties of clove leaf essential oil</article-title><source>J. Agric. Food Chem.</source><year>2006</year><volume>54</volume><fpage>6303</fpage><lpage>6307</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/jf060608c</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16910723</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>18.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hastuti</surname><given-names>L.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saepudin</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cahyana</surname><given-names>A.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahayu</surname><given-names>D.U.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Murni</surname><given-names>V.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Haib</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The influence of sun drying process and prolonged storage on composition of essential oil from clove buds (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>)</article-title><source>AIP Confer. Proceed.</source><year>2017</year><volume>1862</volume><fpage>030092</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>19.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gülçin</surname><given-names>İ.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antioxidant activity of eugenol: A structure-activity relationship study</article-title><source>J. Med. Food.</source><year>2011</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>975</fpage><lpage>985</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/jmf.2010.0197</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21554120</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>20.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sulaiman</surname><given-names>F.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nafiu</surname><given-names>M.O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yusuf</surname><given-names>B.O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Muritala</surname><given-names>H.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adeyemi</surname><given-names>S.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Omar</surname><given-names>S.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dosumu</surname><given-names>K.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adeoti</surname><given-names>Z.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adegbesan</surname><given-names>O.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Busari</surname><given-names>B.O.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The GC-MS fingerprints of <italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic> L. extract and propensity for renal impairment and modulation of serum triglycerides in Wistar rats</article-title><source>J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res.</source><year>2020</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>191</fpage><lpage>200</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>21.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Prashar</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Locke</surname><given-names>I.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>C.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cytotoxicity of clove (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>) oil and its major components to human skin cells</article-title><source>Cell Prolif.</source><year>2006</year><volume>39</volume><fpage>241</fpage><lpage>248</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00384.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16872360</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>22.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pawar</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thaker</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>In vitro efficacy of 75 essential oils against <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic></article-title><source>Mycoses</source><year>2006</year><volume>49</volume><fpage>316</fpage><lpage>323</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01241.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16784447</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>23.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chaieb</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hajlaoui</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zmantar</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kahla-Nakbi</surname><given-names>A.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rouabhia</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahdouani</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bakhrouf</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, <italic>Eugenia caryophyllata</italic> (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> L. Myrtaceae): A short review</article-title><source>Phytother. Res.</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>501</fpage><lpage>506</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ptr.2124</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17380552</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>24.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Koba</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nenonene</surname><given-names>A.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Raynaud</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chaumont</surname><given-names>J.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanda</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antibacterial activities of the buds essential oil of <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (L.) Merr. & Perry from Togo</article-title><source>J. Biol. Act. Prod. Nat.</source><year>2011</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>51</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>25.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nassar</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gaara</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>El-Ghorab</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Farrag</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huq</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mabry</surname><given-names>T.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chemical constituents of clove (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>, Fam. Myrtaceae) and their antioxidant activity</article-title><source>Latinoam. Quim.</source><year>2007</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>47</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>26.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Paarakh</surname><given-names>P.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt. and Arn.: A review</article-title><source>Int. J. Pharmacol.</source><year>2010</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>515</fpage><lpage>534</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3923/ijp.2010.515.534</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>27.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Essawi</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Srour</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Screening of some Palestinian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity</article-title><source>J. Ethnopharmacol.</source><year>2000</year><volume>70</volume><fpage>343</fpage><lpage>349</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00187-7</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10837997</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>28.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Joshi</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sah</surname><given-names>G.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Basnet</surname><given-names>B.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhatt</surname><given-names>M.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Subedi</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pandey</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Malla</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Phytochemical extraction and antimicrobial properties of different medicinal plants: <italic>Ocimum sanctum</italic> (Tulsi), <italic>Eugenia caryophyllata</italic> (Clove), <italic>Achyranthes bidentata</italic> (Datiwan) and <italic>Azadirachta indica</italic> (Neem)</article-title><source>J. Microbiol. Antimicrob.</source><year>2011</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>7</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>29.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oulkheir</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aghrouch</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>EL Mourabit</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dalha</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Graich</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amouch</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ouzaid</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moukale</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chadli</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antibacterial activity of essential oils extracts from cinnamon, thyme, clove and geranium against a gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria</article-title><source>J. Dis. Med. Plants</source><year>2017</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>5</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>30.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Haroun</surname><given-names>M.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Kayali</surname><given-names>R.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Synergistic effect of <italic>Thymbra spicata</italic> L. extracts with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> strains</article-title><source>Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci.</source><year>2016</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>1193</fpage><lpage>1200</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27917275</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>31.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Velluti</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanchis</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramos</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Turon</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marín</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of essential oils on growth rate, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by <italic>Fusarium graminearum</italic> under different temperature and water activity conditions in maize grain</article-title><source>J. Appl. Microbiol.</source><year>2004</year><volume>96</volume><fpage>716</fpage><lpage>724</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02212.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15012810</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>32.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lopez</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanchez</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Batlle</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nerín</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Solid-and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: Susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains</article-title><source>J. Agric. Food Chem.</source><year>2005</year><volume>53</volume><fpage>6939</fpage><lpage>6946</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/jf050709v</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16104824</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>33.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gayoso</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>F.O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>E.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>I.O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Navarro</surname><given-names>D.F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sensitivity of fungi isolated from onychomycosis to <italic>Eugenia cariophyllata</italic> essential oil and eugenol</article-title><source>Fitoterapia</source><year>2005</year><volume>76</volume><fpage>247</fpage><lpage>249</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.fitote.2004.12.005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15752642</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>34.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chaieb</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zmantar</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ksouri</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hajlaoui</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahdouani</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abdelly</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bakhrouf</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antioxidant properties of the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata and its antifungal activity against a large number of clinical Candida species</article-title><source>Mycoses</source><year>2007</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>403</fpage><lpage>406</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01391.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17714361</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B35-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>35.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nejad</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Özgüneş</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Başaran</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Pharmacological and toxicological properties of eugenol</article-title><source>Turk. J. Pharm. Sci.</source><year>2017</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>201</fpage><lpage>206</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4274/tjps.62207</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B36-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>36.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pei</surname><given-names>R.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ji</surname><given-names>B.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of combined antibacterial effects of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol against <italic>E. coli</italic> with an improved method</article-title><source>J. Food Sci.</source><year>2009</year><volume>74</volume><fpage>M379</fpage><lpage>M383</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01287.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19895484</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B37-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>37.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Parker</surname><given-names>T.L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anti-inflammatory activity of clove (<italic>Eugenia caryophyllata</italic>) essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts</article-title><source>Pharm. Biol.</source><year>2017</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>1619</fpage><lpage>1622</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13880209.2017.1314513</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28407719</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B38-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>38.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pappas</surname><given-names>P.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alexander</surname><given-names>B.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Andes</surname><given-names>D.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hadley</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kauffman</surname><given-names>C.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Freifeld</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Anaissie</surname><given-names>E.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brumble</surname><given-names>L.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Herwaldt</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ito</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET)</article-title><source>Clin. Infect. Dis.</source><year>2010</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>1101</fpage><lpage>1111</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/651262</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20218876</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B39-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>39.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rapp</surname><given-names>R.P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Changing strategies for the management of invasive fungal infections</article-title><source>Pharmacotherapy</source><year>2004</year><volume>24</volume><fpage>4S</fpage><lpage>28S</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1592/phco.24.3.4S.33151</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14992487</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B40-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>40.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bouchentouf</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Said</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Noureddine</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hocine</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Angelika</surname><given-names>B.A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A note study on antidiabetic effect of main molecules contained in clove using molecular modeling interactions with DPP-4 enzyme</article-title><source>Int. J. Comput. Theor. Chem.</source><year>2017</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>13</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B41-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>41.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Koh</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Murakami</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Machino</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sakagami</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Re-evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of eugenol in IL-1beta-stimulated gingival fibroblast and pulp cells</article-title><source>In Vivo</source><year>2013</year><volume>27</volume><fpage>269</fpage><lpage>273</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23422489</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B42-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>42.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shukri</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mustapha</surname><given-names>N.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cloves protect the heart, liver and lens of diabetic rats</article-title><source>Food Chem.</source><year>2010</year><volume>122</volume><fpage>1116</fpage><lpage>1121</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.094</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B43-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>43.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>E.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>H.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>Y.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Acaricidal activity of clove bud oil compounds against <italic>Dermatophagoides farinae</italic> and <italic>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</italic> (Acari: Pyroglyphidae)</article-title><source>J. Agric. Food Chem.</source><year>2003</year><volume>51</volume><fpage>885</fpage><lpage>889</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/jf0208278</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12568544</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B44-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>44.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wongsawan</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chaisri</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tangtrongsup</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mektrirat</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Bactericidal effect of clove oil against multidrug-resistant <italic>Streptococcus suis</italic> isolated from human patients and slaughtered pigs</article-title><source>Pathogens</source><year>2019</year><volume>9</volume><elocation-id>E14</elocation-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/pathogens9010014</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31877814</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B45-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>45.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Elwakeel</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moneim</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Farid</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gohar</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clove oil cream: A new effective treatment for chronic anal fissure</article-title><source>Colorectal Dis.</source><year>2007</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>549</fpage><lpage>552</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1463-1318.2006.01185.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17573751</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B46-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>46.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Beshbishy</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Batiha</surname><given-names>G.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yokoyama</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Igarashi</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Ellagic acid microspheres restrict the growth of <italic>Babesia</italic> and <italic>Theileria</italic> in vitro and <italic>Babesia microti in vivo</italic></article-title><source>Parasit Vectors.</source><year>2019</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>269</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13071-019-3520-x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31138282</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B47-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>47.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Batiha</surname><given-names>G.E.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Beshbishy</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tayebwa</surname><given-names>D.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adeyemi</surname><given-names>O.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shaheen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yokoyama</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Igarashi</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The effects of <italic>trans</italic>-chalcone and chalcone 4 hydrate on the growth of <italic>Babesia</italic> and <italic>Theileria</italic></article-title><source>PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.</source><year>2019</year><volume>13</volume><elocation-id>e0007030</elocation-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0007030</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31125333</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B48-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>48.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Latif</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qasmi</surname><given-names>I.A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effect of 50% ethanolic extract of <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (L.) Merr. & Perry. (Clove) on the sexual behaviour of normal male rats</article-title><source>BMC Complement. Altern. Med.</source><year>2004</year><volume>4</volume><elocation-id>17</elocation-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15530165</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B49-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>49.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Issac</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gopakumar</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuttan</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maliakel</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krishnakumar</surname><given-names>I.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Safety and anti-ulcerogenic activity of a novel polyphenol-rich extract of clove buds (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> L)</article-title><source>Food Funct.</source><year>2015</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>842</fpage><lpage>852</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/C4FO00711E</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25605463</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B50-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>50.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Johannah</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Renny</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gopakumar</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Balu</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sureshkumar</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krishnakumar</surname><given-names>I.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Beyond the flavour: A de-flavored polyphenol-rich extract of clove buds (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> L) as a novel dietary antioxidant ingredient</article-title><source>Food Funct.</source><year>2015</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>3373</fpage><lpage>3382</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26273738</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B51-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>51.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hochenegg</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of the traditional and well-established use of <italic>Tormentillae rhizoma</italic>, <italic>Caryophylli flos</italic> and <italic>Caryophylli aetheroleum</italic></article-title><source>Thesis Univ. Wien Germany Uniwien</source><year>2010</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25365/thesis.10080</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B52-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>52.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sofia</surname><given-names>P.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prasad</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vijay</surname><given-names>V.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Srivastava</surname><given-names>A.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Indian spices against common foodborne pathogens</article-title><source>Int. J. Food Sci. Technol.</source><year>2007</year><volume>42</volume><fpage>910</fpage><lpage>915</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01308.x</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B53-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>53.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dorman</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Deans</surname><given-names>S.G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils</article-title><source>J. Appl. Microbiol.</source><year>2000</year><volume>88</volume><fpage>308</fpage><lpage>316</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10736000</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B54-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>54.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thielmann</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Muranyi</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kazman</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Screening essential oils for their antimicrobial activities against the foodborne pathogenic bacteria <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></article-title><source>Heliyon</source><year>2019</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>e01860</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01860</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31194064</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B55-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>55.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mytle</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Doyle</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antimicrobial activity of clove (<italic>Syzgium aromaticum)</italic> oil in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes on chicken frankfurters</article-title><source>Food Control</source><year>2006</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>107</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.09.008</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B56-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>56.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rana</surname><given-names>I.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rana</surname><given-names>A.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rajak</surname><given-names>R.C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of antifungal activity in essential oil of the <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (L.) by extraction, purification and analysis of its main component eugenol</article-title><source>Braz. J. Micr.</source><year>2011</year><volume>42</volume><fpage>1269</fpage><lpage>1277</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1517-83822011000400004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24031751</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B57-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>57.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>M.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gwak</surname><given-names>K.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>W.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jo</surname><given-names>H.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>J.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jeung</surname><given-names>E.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>I.G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antifungal activities of the essential oils in <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (L.) Merr. Et Perry and Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and their constituents against various dermatophytes</article-title><source>J. Microbiol.</source><year>2007</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>460</fpage><lpage>465</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17978807</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B58-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>58.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Efferth</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination</article-title><source>Phytother. Res.</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>989</fpage><lpage>994</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ptr.2179</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17562569</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B59-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>59.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palombo</surname><given-names>E.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Semple</surname><given-names>S.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antibacterial activity of Australian plant extracts against methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant <italic>enterococci</italic> (VRE)</article-title><source>J. Basic Microbiol.</source><year>2002</year><volume>42</volume><fpage>444</fpage><lpage>448</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/1521-4028(200212)42:6<444::AID-JOBM444>3.0.CO;2-8</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12442307</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B60-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>60.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Astani</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reichling</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnitzler</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Screening for antiviral activities of isolated compounds from essential oils</article-title><source>Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.</source><year>2011</year><volume>2011</volume><fpage>8</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ecam/nep187</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B61-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>61.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hussein</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Miyashiro</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hattori</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kakiuchi</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shimotohno</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medicinal plant extracts on hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease</article-title><source>Phytother. Res.</source><year>2000</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>510</fpage><lpage>516</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7<510::AID-PTR646>3.0.CO;2-B</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11054840</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B62-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>62.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Minami</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kita</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakaya</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamamoto</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuriyama</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Imanishi</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The inhibitory effect of essential oils on herpes simplex virus type-1 replication in vitro</article-title><source>Microbiol. Immunol.</source><year>2003</year><volume>47</volume><fpage>681</fpage><lpage>684</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03431.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14584615</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B63-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>63.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nolkemper</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reichling</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stintzing</surname><given-names>F.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carle</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnitzler</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro</article-title><source>Planta Med.</source><year>2006</year><volume>72</volume><fpage>1378</fpage><lpage>1382</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-2006-951719</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17091431</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B64-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>64.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reichling</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnitzler</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Suschke</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saller</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties--an overview</article-title><source>Forsch. Komplementmed.</source><year>2009</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000207196</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19420953</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B65-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>65.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gilling</surname><given-names>D.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kitajima</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Torrey</surname><given-names>J.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bright</surname><given-names>K.R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mechanisms of antiviral action of plant antimicrobials against Murine norovirus</article-title><source>Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</source><year>2014</year><volume>80</volume><fpage>4898</fpage><lpage>4910</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/AEM.00402-14</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24907316</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B66-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>66.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aboubakr</surname><given-names>H.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nauertz</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luong</surname><given-names>N.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Agrawal</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>El-Sohaimy</surname><given-names>S.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Youssef</surname><given-names>M.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Goyal</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>In vitro antiviral activity of clove and ginger aqueous extracts against Feline Calicivirus, a Surrogate for Human Norovirus</article-title><source>J. Food Prot.</source><year>2016</year><volume>79</volume><fpage>1001</fpage><lpage>1112</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-593</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27296605</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B67-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>67.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Manohar</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ingram</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gray</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Talpur</surname><given-names>N.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Echard</surname><given-names>B.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bagchi</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Preuss</surname><given-names>H.G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antifungal activities of origanum oil against <italic>Candida albicans</italic></article-title><source>Mol. Cell Biochem.</source><year>2001</year><volume>228</volume><fpage>111</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1023/A:1013311632207</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11855736</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B68-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>68.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tampieri</surname><given-names>M.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Galuppi</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Macchioni</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carelle</surname><given-names>M.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Falcioni</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cioni</surname><given-names>P.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Morelli</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The inhibition of <italic>Candida albicans</italic> by selected essential oils and their major components</article-title><source>Mycopathologia</source><year>2005</year><volume>159</volume><fpage>339</fpage><lpage>345</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11046-003-4790-5</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15883716</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B69-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>69.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Núñez</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>D’aquino</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chirife</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antifungal properties of clove oil (<italic>Eugenia caryophylata</italic>) in sugar solution</article-title><source>Braz. J. Microb.</source><year>2001</year><volume>32</volume><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1517-83822001000200010</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B70-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>70.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chami</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chami</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bennis</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bouchikhi</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Remmal</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Oregano and clove essential oils induce surface alteration of <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic></article-title><source>Phytother. Res.</source><year>2005</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>405</fpage><lpage>408</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ptr.1528</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16106385</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B71-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>71.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Siripornvisal</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rungprom</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sawatdikarn</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antifungal activity of essential oils derived from some medicinal plants against grey mould (<italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>)</article-title><source>As. J. Food Ag-Ind.</source><year>2009</year><volume>2</volume><fpage>S229</fpage><lpage>S233</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B72-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>72.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pinto</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pina-Vaz</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salgueiro</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>M.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Costa-de-Oliveira</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cavaleiro</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Palmeira</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodrigues</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez-de-Oliveira</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antifungal activity of the essential oil of <italic>Thymus pulegioides</italic> on <italic>Candida</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus</italic> and <italic>dermatophyte</italic> species</article-title><source>J. Med. Microbiol.</source><year>2006</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>1367</fpage><lpage>1373</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/jmm.0.46443-0</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17005785</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B73-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>73.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bagavan</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahuman</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaushik</surname><given-names>N.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sahal</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>In vitro antimalarial activity of medicinal plant extracts against <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic></article-title><source>Parasitol. Res.</source><year>2011</year><volume>108</volume><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00436-010-2034-4</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20809417</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B74-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>74.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bamdad</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kadivar</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Karamat</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Iranian caraway in comparison with clove and BHT using model systems and vegetable oil</article-title><source>Int. J. Food Sci. Technol.</source><year>2006</year><volume>41</volume><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01238.x</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B75-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>75.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gülçin</surname><given-names>İ.</given-names></name><name><surname>Elmastaş</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aboul-Enein</surname><given-names>H.Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antioxidant activity of clove oil–A powerful antioxidant source</article-title><source>Arab. J. Chem.</source><year>2012</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>489</fpage><lpage>499</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.09.016</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B76-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>76.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gülçin</surname><given-names>Ì.</given-names></name><name><surname>Şat</surname><given-names>İ.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Beydemir</surname><given-names>Ş.</given-names></name><name><surname>Elmastaş</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Küfrevioǧlu</surname><given-names>Ö.İ.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (<italic>Eugenia caryophylata</italic> Thunb) buds and lavender (<italic>Lavandula stoechas</italic> L.)</article-title><source>Food Chem.</source><year>2004</year><volume>87</volume><fpage>393</fpage><lpage>400</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.008</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B77-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>77.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mehta</surname><given-names>K.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Garg</surname><given-names>G.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mehta</surname><given-names>A.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arora</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>A.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Khanna</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tripathi</surname><given-names>A.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>K.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Reversal of propoxur-induced impairment of memory and oxidative stress by 4′-chlorodiazepam in rats</article-title><source>Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol.</source><year>2010</year><volume>381</volume><fpage>1</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00210-009-0475-z</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B78-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>78.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Halder</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mehta</surname><given-names>A.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kar</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mustafa</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mediratta</surname><given-names>P.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>K.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clove oil reverses learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-treated mice</article-title><source>Planta Med.</source><year>2011</year><volume>77</volume><fpage>830</fpage><lpage>834</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0030-1250605</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21157682</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B79-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>79.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shields</surname><given-names>K.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>McQueen</surname><given-names>C.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bryant</surname><given-names>P.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>National survey of dietary supplement resources at drug information centers</article-title><source>J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc.</source><year>2004</year><volume>44</volume><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1331/154434504322713219</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B80-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>80.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vriens</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nilius</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vennekens</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Herbal compounds and toxins modulating TRP channels</article-title><source>Curr. Neuropharmacol.</source><year>2008</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19305789</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B81-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>81.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Daniel</surname><given-names>A.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sartoretto</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Caparroz-Assef</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bersani-Amado</surname><given-names>C.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cuman</surname><given-names>R.K.N.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities A of eugenol essential oil in experimental animal models</article-title><source>Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia</source><year>2009</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>212</fpage><lpage>217</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0102-695X2009000200006</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B82-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>82.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ogunwande</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Olawore</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ekundayo</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>T.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>J.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Setzer</surname><given-names>W.N.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Studies on the essential oils composition, antibacterial and cytotoxicity of <italic>Eugenia uniflora</italic> L.</article-title><source>Int. J. Aromather.</source><year>2005</year><volume>15</volume><fpage>147</fpage><lpage>152</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijat.2005.07.004</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B83-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>83.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yoo</surname><given-names>C.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>K.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>K.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ha</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>H.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nam</surname><given-names>J.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kil</surname><given-names>U.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>K.T.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol isolated from the essential oil of <italic>Eugenia caryophyllata</italic> induces reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells</article-title><source>Cancer Lett.</source><year>2005</year><volume>225</volume><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.018</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15922856</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B84-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>84.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>L.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>S.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>C.C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The anticancer properties and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde and the herbal prescription Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (Huáng Lián Jiě Dú Tang) in human hepatoma cells</article-title><source>J. Tradit. Complement. Med.</source><year>2013</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>227</fpage><lpage>233</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/2225-4110.119732</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24716182</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B85-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>85.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Russo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Formisano</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rigano</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Senatore</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Delfine</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cardile</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosselli</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bruno</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chemical composition and anticancer activity of essential oils of Mediterranean sage (<italic>Salvia officinalis</italic> L.) grown in different environmental conditions</article-title><source>Food Chem. Toxicol.</source><year>2013</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.036</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23291326</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B86-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>86.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kouidhi</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zmantar</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bakhrouf</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anticariogenic and cytotoxic activity of clove essential oil (<italic>Eugenia caryophyllata</italic>) against a large number of oral pathogens</article-title><source>Ann. Microb.</source><year>2010</year><volume>60</volume><fpage>599</fpage><lpage>604</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13213-010-0092-6</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B87-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>87.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Febriyanti</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sofyan</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luftimas</surname><given-names>D.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abdulah</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anticancer potential of <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> L. in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines</article-title><source>Pharmac. Res.</source><year>2014</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>350</fpage><lpage>354</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0974-8490.138291</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B88-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>88.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>El-Hadary</surname><given-names>A.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramadan Hassanien</surname><given-names>M.F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Hepatoprotective effect of cold-pressed <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> oil against carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats</article-title><source>Pharmaceut. Biol.</source><year>2016</year><volume>54</volume><fpage>1364</fpage><lpage>1372</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/13880209.2015.1078381</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B89-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>89.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prasad</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahmood</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Routray</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shinkafi</surname><given-names>T.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sahin</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kucuk</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol-rich fraction of <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (Clove) reverses biochemical and histopathological changes in liver cirrhosis and inhibits hepatic cell proliferation</article-title><source>J. Cancer Prevent.</source><year>2014</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>288</fpage><lpage>300</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15430/JCP.2014.19.4.288</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B90-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>90.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shyamala</surname><given-names>M.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Venukumar</surname><given-names>M.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Latha</surname><given-names>M.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antioxidant potential of the <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (gaertn) linn (cloves) in rats fed with high-fat diet</article-title><source>Indian J. Pharmacol.</source><year>2003</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>103</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B91-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>91.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kuroda</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mimaki</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ohtomo</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamada</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nishiyama</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mae</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kishida</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kawada</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Hypoglycemic effects of clove (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> flower buds) on genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice and identification of the active ingredients</article-title><source>J. Nat. Med.</source><year>2012</year><volume>66</volume><fpage>394</fpage><lpage>399</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11418-011-0593-z</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21987283</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B92-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>92.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sanae</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kamiyama</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ikeda-Obatake</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Higashi</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Asano</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adachi</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kato</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effects of eugenol-reduced clove extract on glycogen phosphorylase b and the development of diabetes in db/db mice</article-title><source>Food Funct.</source><year>2014</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>214</fpage><lpage>219</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/C3FO60514K</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24336787</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B93-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>93.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Okasha</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Magaji</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abubakar</surname><given-names>M.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fatihu</surname><given-names>M.Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effects of ethyl acetate portion of <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> flower bud extract on Indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration and gastric secretion</article-title><source>Eur. J. Sci. Res.</source><year>2008</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>905</fpage><lpage>913</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B94-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>94.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Przygodzka</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zieliński</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ciesarová</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kukurová</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lamparski</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effect of selected spices on chemical and sensory markers in fortified rye-buckwheat cakes</article-title><source>Food Sci. Nutr.</source><year>2016</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>651</fpage><lpage>660</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/fsn3.329</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27386114</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B95-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>95.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jung</surname><given-names>C.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jeon</surname><given-names>T.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>T.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ha</surname><given-names>T.Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title><italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> ethanol extract reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice through downregulation of adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression</article-title><source>Exp. Ther. Med.</source><year>2012</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>409</fpage><lpage>414</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/etm.2012.609</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23181109</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B96-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>96.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pulikottil</surname><given-names>S.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nath</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Potential of clove of <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> in development of a therapeutic agent for periodontal disease: A review</article-title><source>S. Afr. Dent. J.</source><year>2015</year><volume>70</volume><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>115</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B97-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>97.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tajuddin</surname><given-names>A.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Latif</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qasmi</surname><given-names>I.A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of <italic>Myristica fragrans</italic> Houtt. (Nutmeg) and <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> (L) Merr. & Perry. (Clove) in male mice: A comparative study</article-title><source>BMC Complement. Altern. Med.</source><year>2003</year><volume>3</volume><elocation-id>6</elocation-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14567759</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B98-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>98.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Saeed</surname><given-names>S.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Simjee</surname><given-names>R.U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shamim</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gilani</surname><given-names>A.H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol: A dual inhibitor of platelet-activating factor and arachidonic acid metabolism</article-title><source>Phytomedicine</source><year>1995</year><volume>2</volume><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80044-9</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23196096</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B99-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>99.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Raghavendra</surname><given-names>R.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Naidu</surname><given-names>K.A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Spice active principles as the inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane biosynthesis</article-title><source>Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids</source><year>2009</year><volume>81</volume><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.plefa.2009.04.009</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19501497</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B100-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>100.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>F.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Peixoto-Neves</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gomes</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Coelho-de-Souza</surname><given-names>A.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>C.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Araújo Zin</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Magalhães</surname><given-names>P.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saad</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leal-Cardoso</surname><given-names>J.H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antispasmodic effects of eugenol on rat airway smooth muscle</article-title><source>Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol.</source><year>2011</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>690</fpage><lpage>699</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00892.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21077946</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B101-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>101.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guénette</surname><given-names>S.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ross</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marier</surname><given-names>J.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Beaudry</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vachon</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Pharmacokinetics of eugenol and its effects on thermal hypersensitivity in rats</article-title><source>Eur. J. Pharmacol.</source><year>2007</year><volume>562</volume><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.044</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17321520</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B102-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>102.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tao</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Irie</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>D.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Keung</surname><given-names>W.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol and its structural analogs inhibit monoamine oxidase A and exhibit antidepressant-like activity</article-title><source>Bioorg. Med. Chem.</source><year>2005</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>4777</fpage><lpage>4788</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.081</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15936201</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B103-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>103.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bachiega</surname><given-names>T.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>de Sousa</surname><given-names>J.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bastos</surname><given-names>J.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sforcin</surname><given-names>J.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clove and eugenol in noncytotoxic concentrations exert immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory action on cytokine production by murine macrophages</article-title><source>J. Pharm. Pharmacol.</source><year>2012</year><volume>64</volume><fpage>610</fpage><lpage>616</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01440.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22420667</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B104-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>104.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rodrigues</surname><given-names>T.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fernandes</surname><given-names>A.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><name><surname>Sousa</surname><given-names>J.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bastos</surname><given-names>J.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sforcin</surname><given-names>J.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>In vitro and in vivo effects of clove on pro-inflammatory cytokines production by macrophages</article-title><source>Nat. Prod. Res.</source><year>2009</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>319</fpage><lpage>326</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/14786410802242679</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19296372</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B105-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>105.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ueda-Nakamura</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mendonça-Filho</surname><given-names>R.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Morgado-Díaz</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Korehisa Maza</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prado Dias Filho</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aparício Garcia Cortez</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alviano</surname><given-names>D.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosa Mdo</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lopes</surname><given-names>A.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alviano</surname><given-names>C.S.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Antileishmanial activity of Eugenol-rich essential oil from <italic>Ocimum gratissimum</italic></article-title><source>Parasitol. Int.</source><year>2006</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.parint.2005.10.006</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16343984</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B106-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>106.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Santoro</surname><given-names>G.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cardoso</surname><given-names>M.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guimarães</surname><given-names>L.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mendonça</surname><given-names>L.Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Soares</surname><given-names>M.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title><italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>: activity of essential oils from <italic>Achillea millefolium</italic> L., <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> L. and <italic>Ocimum basilicum</italic> L. on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes</article-title><source>Exp. Parasitol.</source><year>2007</year><volume>116</volume><fpage>283</fpage><lpage>290</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.exppara.2007.01.018</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17349626</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B107-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>107.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Machado</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dinis</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salgueiro</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Custódio</surname><given-names>J.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cavaleiro</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sousa</surname><given-names>M.C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anti-Giardia activity of <italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic> essential oil and eugenol: Effects on growth, viability, adherence and ultrastructure</article-title><source>Exp. Parasitol.</source><year>2011</year><volume>127</volume><fpage>732</fpage><lpage>739</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.exppara.2011.01.011</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21272580</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B108-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>108.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>El-Kady</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hassan</surname><given-names>T.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>El-Deek</surname><given-names>H.E.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fouad</surname><given-names>S.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Althagfan</surname><given-names>S.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol, a potential schistosomicidal agent with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects against <italic>Schistosoma mansoni</italic>, induced liver pathology</article-title><source>Infect. Drug Resist.</source><year>2019</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>709</fpage><lpage>719</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IDR.S196544</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30992676</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B109-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>109.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kamatou</surname><given-names>G.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vermaak</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Viljoen</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol—from the remote Maluku Islands to the international market place: A review of a remarkable and versatile molecule</article-title><source>Molecules</source><year>2012</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>6953</fpage><lpage>6981</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/molecules17066953</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22728369</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B110-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>110.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leem</surname><given-names>H.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>E.O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Seo</surname><given-names>M.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>S.W.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of eugenol and its derivatives from clove (<italic>Eugenia caryophyllata</italic> Thunb.)</article-title><source>J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr.</source><year>2011</year><volume>40</volume><fpage>1361</fpage><lpage>1370</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.10.1361</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B111-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>111.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Grespan</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Paludo</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>de Paula Lemos</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Barbosa</surname><given-names>C.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bersani-Amado</surname><given-names>C.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dalalio</surname><given-names>M.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cuman</surname><given-names>R.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anti-arthritic effect of eugenol on collagen-induced arthritis experimental model</article-title><source>Biolog. Pharm. Bull.</source><year>2012</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>1818</fpage><lpage>1820</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1248/bpb.b12-00128</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B112-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>112.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>S.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>O.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Min</surname><given-names>H.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>E.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>H.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nam Han</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>S.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW264. 7 cells</article-title><source>Life Sci.</source><year>2003</year><volume>73</volume><fpage>337</fpage><lpage>348</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00288-1</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12757841</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B113-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>113.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pisano</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pagnan</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Loi</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mura</surname><given-names>M.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tilocca</surname><given-names>M.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Palmieri</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fabbri</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dettori</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Delogu</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ponzoni</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of eugenol-related biphenyls on malignant melanoma cells</article-title><source>Mol. Cancer.</source><year>2007</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>8</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1476-4598-6-8</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17233906</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B114-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>114.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Raja</surname><given-names>M.R.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Srinivasan</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Selvaraj</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahapatra</surname><given-names>S.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Versatile and synergistic potential of eugenol: A review</article-title><source>Pharm. Anal. Acta</source><year>2015</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>367</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B115-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>115.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nam</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>M.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol with antioxidant activity inhibits MMP-9 related to metastasis in human fibrosarcoma cells</article-title><source>Food Chem. Toxicol.</source><year>2013</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.050</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23313798</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B116-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>116.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hemaiswarya</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Doble</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Combination of phenylpropanoids with 5-fluorouracil as anti-cancer agents against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line</article-title><source>Phytomedicine</source><year>2013</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>151</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.phymed.2012.10.009</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23207250</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B117-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>117.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Okbi</surname><given-names>S.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>D.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamed</surname><given-names>T.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Edris</surname><given-names>A.E.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Protective effect of clove oil and eugenol microemulsions on fatty liver and dyslipidemia as components of metabolic syndrome</article-title><source>J. Med. Food</source><year>2014</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>764</fpage><lpage>771</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/jmf.2013.0033</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24611461</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B118-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>118.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prasad</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Naime</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zafar</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahmood</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Routray</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yalniz</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bahcecioglu</surname><given-names>İ.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sahin</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dried peel fraction of Citrus sinensis partially reverses pathological changes in rat model of liver cirrhosis</article-title><source>Mediterr. J. Nutr. Metabol.</source><year>2011</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12349-010-0033-8</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B119-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>119.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Said</surname><given-names>M.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The protective effect of eugenol against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney</article-title><source>Fund. Clin. Pharmac.</source><year>2011</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>708</fpage><lpage>716</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00900.x</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B120-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>120.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Andrade</surname><given-names>L.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>de Sousa</surname><given-names>E.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>de Sousa</surname><given-names>D.P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anti-ulcer activity of essential oil constituents</article-title><source>Molecules</source><year>2014</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>5717</fpage><lpage>5747</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/molecules19055717</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24802985</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B121-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>121.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pramod</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ansari</surname><given-names>S.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol: A natural compound with versatile pharmacological actions</article-title><source>Nat. Prod. Commun.</source><year>2010</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>1999</fpage><lpage>2006</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1934578X1000501236</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21299140</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B122-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>122.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>R.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fukushima</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gooderham</surname><given-names>N.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hecht</surname><given-names>S.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guengerich</surname><given-names>F.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rietjens</surname><given-names>I.M.C.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bastaki</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Harman</surname><given-names>C.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>McGowen</surname><given-names>M.M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The safety evaluation of food flavouring substances: The role of metabolic studies</article-title><source>Toxicol. Res. (Camb)</source><year>2018</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>618</fpage><lpage>646</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1039/C7TX00254H</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30090611</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B123-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>123.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vijayasteltar</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nair</surname><given-names>G.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maliakel</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuttan</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krishnakumar</surname><given-names>I.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Safety assessment of a standardized polyphenolic extract of clove buds: Subchronic toxicity and mutagenicity studies</article-title><source>Toxicol. Rep.</source><year>2016</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>439</fpage><lpage>449</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.04.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28959566</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B124-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>124.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anuj</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanjay</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Eugenol: A potential phytochemical with multifaceted therapeutic activities</article-title><source>Pharmacologyonline</source><year>2010</year><volume>2</volume><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>120</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="B125-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>125.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>R.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>S.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Safety assessment of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicular function in mice</article-title><source>Food Chem. Toxic.</source><year>2008</year><volume>46</volume><fpage>3333</fpage><lpage>3338</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.006</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18765266</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B126-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>126.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Doleželová</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mácová</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Plhalova</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pistekova</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Svobodova</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The acute toxicity of clove oil to fish Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata</article-title><source>Acta Vet. Brno</source><year>2011</year><volume>80</volume><fpage>305</fpage><lpage>308</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2754/avb201180030305</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B127-biomolecules-10-00202"><label>127.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Janes</surname><given-names>S.E.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>C.S.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Essential oil poisoning: N-acetylcysteine for eugenol-induced hepatic failure and analysis of a national database</article-title><source>Eur. J. Ped.</source><year>2005</year><volume>164</volume><fpage>520</fpage><lpage>522</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00431-005-1692-1</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="biomolecules-10-00202-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The biological activities of <italic>S. aromaticum</italic> and its related compounds.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="biomolecules-10-00202-g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="biomolecules-10-00202-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">biomolecules-10-00202-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name and chemical formula of bioactive molecules isolated from <italic>S. aromaticum</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compd.</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IUPAC Name</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical Formula</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compd.</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IUPAC Name</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical Formula</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Eugenol</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Methoxy-4-(prop-2-en-1-yl)phenol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gallic acid</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>β-Caryophyllene</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1<italic>R</italic>,4<italic>E</italic>,9<italic>S</italic>)-4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-methylidenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>24</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Biflorin</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-6-[(2<italic>S</italic>,3<italic>R</italic>,4<italic>R</italic>,5<italic>S</italic>,6<italic>R</italic>)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O<sub>9</sub></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Vanillin</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Myricetin</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-4-chromenone</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>8</sub></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Crategolic acid (Maslinic acid)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4a<italic>S</italic>,6a<italic>R</italic>,6a<italic>S</italic>,6b<italic>R</italic>,8a<italic>R</italic>,10<italic>R</italic>,11<italic>R</italic>,12a<italic>R</italic>,14b<italic>S</italic>)-10,11-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>48</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Campesterol</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3<italic>S</italic>,8<italic>S</italic>,9<italic>S</italic>,10<italic>R</italic>,13<italic>R</italic>,14<italic>S</italic>,17<italic>R</italic>)-17-[(2<italic>R</italic>,5<italic>R</italic>)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1<italic>H</italic>-cyclopenta[<italic>a</italic>]phenanthren-3-ol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>28</sub>H<sub>48</sub>O</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Kaempferol</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4<italic>H</italic>-chromen-4-one</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>6</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Stigmasterol</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3<italic>S</italic>,8<italic>S</italic>,9<italic>S</italic>,10<italic>R</italic>,13<italic>R</italic>,14<italic>S</italic>,17<italic>R</italic>)-17-[(<italic>E</italic>,2<italic>R</italic>,5<italic>S</italic>)-5-ethyl-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1<italic>H</italic>-cyclopenta[<italic>a</italic>]phenanthren-3-ol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>29</sub>H<sub>48</sub>O</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rhamnetin</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>7</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Oleanolic acid</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4a<italic>S</italic>,6a<italic>R</italic>,6a<italic>S</italic>,6b<italic>R</italic>,8a<italic>R</italic>,10<italic>S</italic>,12a<italic>R</italic>,14b<italic>S</italic>)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>48</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Eugenitin</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,6-dimethylchromen-4-one</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bicornin</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[(12R,14S,15R,16R,17R)-4,5,6,22,23,29,30-heptahydroxy-9,19,26-trioxo-14,15-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-2,10,13,18,25-pentaoxahexacyclo[18.9.3.03,8.012,17.024,32.027,31]dotriaconta-1(29),3,5,7,20,22,24(32),27,30-nonaen-16-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>48</sub>H<sub>32</sub>O<sub>30</sub></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Eugenin</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylchromen-4-one</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Quercetin</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>7</sub></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ellagic acid</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy-chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>8</sub></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Carvacrol</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylphenol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/ChloroquineV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000878 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000878 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= ChloroquineV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:7072209
|texte= Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:32019140" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a ChloroquineV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |