Endotype–phenotyping may predict a treatment response in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease
Identifieur interne : 000505 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000504; suivant : 000506Endotype–phenotyping may predict a treatment response in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease
Auteurs : Anna-Maria Hoffmann-Vold ; S. Samuel Weigt ; Rajan Saggar ; Vyacheslav Palchevskiy ; Elizabeth R. Volkmann ; Lloyd L. Liang ; David Ross ; Abbas Ardehali ; Joseph P. Lynch ; John A. BelperioSource :
- EBioMedicine [ 2352-3964 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Some interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients develop a progressive fibrosing-ILD phenotype (PF-ILD), with similar persistent lung function decline suggesting common molecular pathways involved. Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF pathways, has shown comparable efficacy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis-associated ILD (SSc-ILD). We hypothesize that Nintedanib targeted molecular pathways will be augmented to a similar degree across PF-ILD regardless of aetiology.
We collected explanted lung tissue at the time of lung transplantation from 130 PF-ILD patients (99 (76%) IPF, 14 (11%) SSc-ILD, 17 (13%) other PF-ILD), and wedge biopsies from 200 donor lungs and measured PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF concentrations by Luminex.
The concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF were significantly increased in PF-ILD lungs compared to donor lungs (PDGF-AA 93·0 pg/ml [±97·2] vs. 37·5 pg/ml [±35·4],
Nintedanib specific targeted molecular pathways are augmented to a similar magnitude in all PF-ILD lung tissue as compared to controls, suggesting that Nintedanib treatment may be efficacious in PF-ILD regardless of aetiology. We speculate that clinical trials using Nintedanib for PF-ILD with or without IPF or SSc-ILD should show a similar relative reduction in FVC decline as seen in IPF and SSc-ILD (∼45–50%).
Health Grant P01-HL108793 (JAB), South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority Grant 2018072 (AMHV).
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.050
PubMed: 31732480
PubMed Central: 6921223
Links to Exploration step
PMC:6921223Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Endotype–phenotyping may predict a treatment response in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease</title><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann Vold, Anna Maria" sort="Hoffmann Vold, Anna Maria" uniqKey="Hoffmann Vold A" first="Anna-Maria" last="Hoffmann-Vold">Anna-Maria Hoffmann-Vold</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weigt, S Samuel" sort="Weigt, S Samuel" uniqKey="Weigt S" first="S. Samuel" last="Weigt">S. Samuel Weigt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saggar, Rajan" sort="Saggar, Rajan" uniqKey="Saggar R" first="Rajan" last="Saggar">Rajan Saggar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palchevskiy, Vyacheslav" sort="Palchevskiy, Vyacheslav" uniqKey="Palchevskiy V" first="Vyacheslav" last="Palchevskiy">Vyacheslav Palchevskiy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Volkmann, Elizabeth R" sort="Volkmann, Elizabeth R" uniqKey="Volkmann E" first="Elizabeth R." last="Volkmann">Elizabeth R. Volkmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Lloyd L" sort="Liang, Lloyd L" uniqKey="Liang L" first="Lloyd L." last="Liang">Lloyd L. Liang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, David" sort="Ross, David" uniqKey="Ross D" first="David" last="Ross">David Ross</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ardehali, Abbas" sort="Ardehali, Abbas" uniqKey="Ardehali A" first="Abbas" last="Ardehali">Abbas Ardehali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0004">Department of Surgery, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, Joseph P" sort="Lynch, Joseph P" uniqKey="Lynch J" first="Joseph P." last="Lynch">Joseph P. Lynch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belperio, John A" sort="Belperio, John A" uniqKey="Belperio J" first="John A." last="Belperio">John A. Belperio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31732480</idno><idno type="pmc">6921223</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6921223</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6921223</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.050</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000505</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000505</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Endotype–phenotyping may predict a treatment response in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease</title><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann Vold, Anna Maria" sort="Hoffmann Vold, Anna Maria" uniqKey="Hoffmann Vold A" first="Anna-Maria" last="Hoffmann-Vold">Anna-Maria Hoffmann-Vold</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001">Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weigt, S Samuel" sort="Weigt, S Samuel" uniqKey="Weigt S" first="S. Samuel" last="Weigt">S. Samuel Weigt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saggar, Rajan" sort="Saggar, Rajan" uniqKey="Saggar R" first="Rajan" last="Saggar">Rajan Saggar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palchevskiy, Vyacheslav" sort="Palchevskiy, Vyacheslav" uniqKey="Palchevskiy V" first="Vyacheslav" last="Palchevskiy">Vyacheslav Palchevskiy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Volkmann, Elizabeth R" sort="Volkmann, Elizabeth R" uniqKey="Volkmann E" first="Elizabeth R." last="Volkmann">Elizabeth R. Volkmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Lloyd L" sort="Liang, Lloyd L" uniqKey="Liang L" first="Lloyd L." last="Liang">Lloyd L. Liang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, David" sort="Ross, David" uniqKey="Ross D" first="David" last="Ross">David Ross</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ardehali, Abbas" sort="Ardehali, Abbas" uniqKey="Ardehali A" first="Abbas" last="Ardehali">Abbas Ardehali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0004">Department of Surgery, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, Joseph P" sort="Lynch, Joseph P" uniqKey="Lynch J" first="Joseph P." last="Lynch">Joseph P. Lynch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belperio, John A" sort="Belperio, John A" uniqKey="Belperio J" first="John A." last="Belperio">John A. Belperio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EBioMedicine</title><idno type="eISSN">2352-3964</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Some interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients develop a progressive fibrosing-ILD phenotype (PF-ILD), with similar persistent lung function decline suggesting common molecular pathways involved. Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF pathways, has shown comparable efficacy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis-associated ILD (SSc-ILD). We hypothesize that Nintedanib targeted molecular pathways will be augmented to a similar degree across PF-ILD regardless of aetiology.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We collected explanted lung tissue at the time of lung transplantation from 130 PF-ILD patients (99 (76%) IPF, 14 (11%) SSc-ILD, 17 (13%) other PF-ILD), and wedge biopsies from 200 donor lungs and measured PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF concentrations by Luminex.</p></sec><sec><title>Findings</title><p>The concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF were significantly increased in PF-ILD lungs compared to donor lungs (PDGF-AA 93·0 pg/ml [±97·2] vs. 37·5 pg/ml [±35·4], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; PDGF-BB 102·5 pg/ml [±78·8] vs. 61·9 pg/ml [±47·0], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; FGF-2 1442·4 pg/ml [±426·6] vs. 1201·7 pg/ml [±535·2], <italic>p</italic> = 0·009; VEGF 40·6 pg/ml [±20·1] vs. 24·9 pg/ml [±29·5], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; and M-CSF 25526 pg/ml [±24,799] vs. 6120 pg/ml [±7245], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001). There were no significant differences in these growth factor/angiogenic molecules/cytokine concentrations when segregated by IPF, SSc-ILD and other PF-ILDs.</p></sec><sec><title>Interpretation</title><p>Nintedanib specific targeted molecular pathways are augmented to a similar magnitude in all PF-ILD lung tissue as compared to controls, suggesting that Nintedanib treatment may be efficacious in PF-ILD regardless of aetiology. We speculate that clinical trials using Nintedanib for PF-ILD with or without IPF or SSc-ILD should show a similar relative reduction in FVC decline as seen in IPF and SSc-ILD (∼45–50%).</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Health Grant P01-HL108793 (JAB), South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority Grant 2018072 (AMHV).</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Travis, W D" uniqKey="Travis W">W.D. Travis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costabel, U" uniqKey="Costabel U">U. Costabel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansell, D M" uniqKey="Hansell D">D.M. Hansell</name></author><author><name sortKey="King, T E" uniqKey="King T">T.E. King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, D A" uniqKey="Lynch D">D.A. Lynch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, A G" uniqKey="Nicholson A">A.G. Nicholson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, J H" uniqKey="Park J">J.H. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, D S" uniqKey="Kim D">D.S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, I N" uniqKey="Park I">I.N. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jang, S J" uniqKey="Jang S">S.J. Jang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitaichi, M" uniqKey="Kitaichi M">M. Kitaichi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, A G" uniqKey="Nicholson A">A.G. Nicholson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann Vold, A M" uniqKey="Hoffmann Vold A">A.M. Hoffmann-Vold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fretheim, H" uniqKey="Fretheim H">H. Fretheim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halse, A K" uniqKey="Halse A">A.K. Halse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seip, M" uniqKey="Seip M">M. Seip</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bitter, H" uniqKey="Bitter H">H. Bitter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wallenius, M" uniqKey="Wallenius M">M. Wallenius</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Richeldi, L" uniqKey="Richeldi L">L. Richeldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Du Bois, R M" uniqKey="Du Bois R">R.M. du Bois</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raghu, G" uniqKey="Raghu G">G. Raghu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azuma, A" uniqKey="Azuma A">A. Azuma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, K K" uniqKey="Brown K">K.K. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costabel, U" uniqKey="Costabel U">U. Costabel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="King, T E" uniqKey="King T">T.E. King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradford, W Z" uniqKey="Bradford W">W.Z. Bradford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castro Bernardini, S" uniqKey="Castro Bernardini S">S. Castro-Bernardini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fagan, E A" uniqKey="Fagan E">E.A. Fagan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glaspole, I" uniqKey="Glaspole I">I. Glaspole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glassberg, M K" uniqKey="Glassberg M">M.K. Glassberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kolb, M" uniqKey="Kolb M">M. Kolb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vasakova, M" uniqKey="Vasakova M">M. Vasakova</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wells, A U" uniqKey="Wells A">A.U. Wells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, K K" uniqKey="Brown K">K.K. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flaherty, K R" uniqKey="Flaherty K">K.R. Flaherty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolb, M" uniqKey="Kolb M">M. Kolb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thannickal, V J" uniqKey="Thannickal V">V.J. Thannickal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, T" uniqKey="Kulkarni T">T. Kulkarni</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Andrade, J" uniqKey="De Andrade J">J. de Andrade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Y" uniqKey="Zhou Y">Y. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luckhardt, T" uniqKey="Luckhardt T">T. Luckhardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thannickal, V J" uniqKey="Thannickal V">V.J. Thannickal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maher, T M" uniqKey="Maher T">T.M. Maher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonner, J C" uniqKey="Bonner J">J.C. Bonner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ball, S G" uniqKey="Ball S">S.G. Ball</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shuttleworth, C A" uniqKey="Shuttleworth C">C.A. Shuttleworth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kielty, C M" uniqKey="Kielty C">C.M. Kielty</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Belperio, J A" uniqKey="Belperio J">J.A. Belperio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dy, M" uniqKey="Dy M">M. Dy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, L" uniqKey="Murray L">L. Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burdick, M D" uniqKey="Burdick M">M.D. Burdick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Y Y" uniqKey="Xue Y">Y.Y. Xue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strieter, R M" uniqKey="Strieter R">R.M. Strieter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khalil, N" uniqKey="Khalil N">N. Khalil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Y D" uniqKey="Xu Y">Y.D. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Connor, R" uniqKey="O Connor R">R. O'Connor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duronio, V" uniqKey="Duronio V">V. Duronio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wollin, L" uniqKey="Wollin L">L. Wollin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wex, E" uniqKey="Wex E">E. Wex</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautsch, A" uniqKey="Pautsch A">A. Pautsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnapp, G" uniqKey="Schnapp G">G. Schnapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hostettler, K E" uniqKey="Hostettler K">K.E. Hostettler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stowasser, S" uniqKey="Stowasser S">S. Stowasser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wollin, L" uniqKey="Wollin L">L. Wollin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Distler, J H W" uniqKey="Distler J">J.H.W. Distler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Redente, E F" uniqKey="Redente E">E.F. Redente</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riches, D W H" uniqKey="Riches D">D.W.H. Riches</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stowasser, S" uniqKey="Stowasser S">S. Stowasser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schlenker Herceg, R" uniqKey="Schlenker Herceg R">R. Schlenker-Herceg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kowal Bielecka, O" uniqKey="Kowal Bielecka O">O. Kowal-Bielecka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fransen, J" uniqKey="Fransen J">J. Fransen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Avouac, J" uniqKey="Avouac J">J. Avouac</name></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, M" uniqKey="Becker M">M. Becker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kulak, A" uniqKey="Kulak A">A. Kulak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allanore, Y" uniqKey="Allanore Y">Y. Allanore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raghu, G" uniqKey="Raghu G">G. Raghu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rochwerg, B" uniqKey="Rochwerg B">B. Rochwerg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, C A" uniqKey="Garcia C">C.A. Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azuma, A" uniqKey="Azuma A">A. Azuma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Behr, J" uniqKey="Behr J">J. Behr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tashkin, D P" uniqKey="Tashkin D">D.P. Tashkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roth, M D" uniqKey="Roth M">M.D. Roth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clements, P J" uniqKey="Clements P">P.J. Clements</name></author><author><name sortKey="Furst, D E" uniqKey="Furst D">D.E. Furst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khanna, D" uniqKey="Khanna D">D. Khanna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleerup, E C" uniqKey="Kleerup E">E.C. Kleerup</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cottin, V" uniqKey="Cottin V">V. Cottin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirani, N A" uniqKey="Hirani N">N.A. Hirani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hotchkin, D L" uniqKey="Hotchkin D">D.L. Hotchkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nambiar, A M" uniqKey="Nambiar A">A.M. Nambiar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogura, T" uniqKey="Ogura T">T. Ogura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otaola, M" uniqKey="Otaola M">M. Otaola</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Distler, O" uniqKey="Distler O">O. Distler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Highland, K B" uniqKey="Highland K">K.B. Highland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gahlemann, M" uniqKey="Gahlemann M">M. Gahlemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azuma, A" uniqKey="Azuma A">A. Azuma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, A" uniqKey="Fischer A">A. Fischer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayes, M D" uniqKey="Mayes M">M.D. Mayes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Flaherty, K R" uniqKey="Flaherty K">K.R. Flaherty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, K K" uniqKey="Brown K">K.K. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, A U" uniqKey="Wells A">A.U. Wells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clerisme Beaty, E" uniqKey="Clerisme Beaty E">E. Clerisme-Beaty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collard, H R" uniqKey="Collard H">H.R. Collard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cottin, V" uniqKey="Cottin V">V. Cottin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zappala, C J" uniqKey="Zappala C">C.J. Zappala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Latsi, P I" uniqKey="Latsi P">P.I. Latsi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, A G" uniqKey="Nicholson A">A.G. Nicholson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colby, T V" uniqKey="Colby T">T.V. Colby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cramer, D" uniqKey="Cramer D">D. Cramer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renzoni, E A" uniqKey="Renzoni E">E.A. Renzoni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Latsi, P I" uniqKey="Latsi P">P.I. Latsi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Du Bois, R M" uniqKey="Du Bois R">R.M. du Bois</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, A G" uniqKey="Nicholson A">A.G. Nicholson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colby, T V" uniqKey="Colby T">T.V. Colby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bisirtzoglou, D" uniqKey="Bisirtzoglou D">D. Bisirtzoglou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nikolakopoulou, A" uniqKey="Nikolakopoulou A">A. Nikolakopoulou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khanna, D" uniqKey="Khanna D">D. Khanna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mittoo, S" uniqKey="Mittoo S">S. Mittoo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aggarwal, R" uniqKey="Aggarwal R">R. Aggarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Proudman, S M" uniqKey="Proudman S">S.M. Proudman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalbeth, N" uniqKey="Dalbeth N">N. Dalbeth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matteson, E L" uniqKey="Matteson E">E.L. Matteson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Flaherty, K R" uniqKey="Flaherty K">K.R. Flaherty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mumford, J A" uniqKey="Mumford J">J.A. Mumford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, S" uniqKey="Murray S">S. Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kazerooni, E" uniqKey="Kazerooni E">E. Kazerooni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gross, B H" uniqKey="Gross B">B.H. Gross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colby, T V" uniqKey="Colby T">T.V. Colby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ryerson, C J" uniqKey="Ryerson C">C.J. Ryerson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vittinghoff, E" uniqKey="Vittinghoff E">E. Vittinghoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ley, B" uniqKey="Ley B">B. Ley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, J S" uniqKey="Lee J">J.S. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mooney, J J" uniqKey="Mooney J">J.J. Mooney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, K D" uniqKey="Jones K">K.D. Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann Vold, A M" uniqKey="Hoffmann Vold A">A.M. Hoffmann-Vold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weigt, S S" uniqKey="Weigt S">S.S. Weigt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palchevskiy, V" uniqKey="Palchevskiy V">V. Palchevskiy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Volkmann, E" uniqKey="Volkmann E">E. Volkmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saggar, R" uniqKey="Saggar R">R. Saggar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, N" uniqKey="Li N">N. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cosgrove, G P" uniqKey="Cosgrove G">G.P. Cosgrove</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, K K" uniqKey="Brown K">K.K. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schiemann, W P" uniqKey="Schiemann W">W.P. Schiemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Serls, A E" uniqKey="Serls A">A.E. Serls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parr, J E" uniqKey="Parr J">J.E. Parr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geraci, M W" uniqKey="Geraci M">M.W. Geraci</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tzouvelekis, A" uniqKey="Tzouvelekis A">A. Tzouvelekis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anevlavis, S" uniqKey="Anevlavis S">S. Anevlavis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouros, D" uniqKey="Bouros D">D. Bouros</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murray, L A" uniqKey="Murray L">L.A. Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Habiel, D M" uniqKey="Habiel D">D.M. Habiel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hohmann, M" uniqKey="Hohmann M">M. Hohmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Camelo, A" uniqKey="Camelo A">A. Camelo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shang, H" uniqKey="Shang H">H. Shang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Y" uniqKey="Zhou Y">Y. Zhou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laplante, P" uniqKey="Laplante P">P. Laplante</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raymond, M A" uniqKey="Raymond M">M.A. Raymond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagnon, G" uniqKey="Gagnon G">G. Gagnon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vigneault, N" uniqKey="Vigneault N">N. Vigneault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sasseville, A M" uniqKey="Sasseville A">A.M. Sasseville</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langelier, Y" uniqKey="Langelier Y">Y. Langelier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ebina, M" uniqKey="Ebina M">M. Ebina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shimizukawa, M" uniqKey="Shimizukawa M">M. Shimizukawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shibata, N" uniqKey="Shibata N">N. Shibata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kimura, Y" uniqKey="Kimura Y">Y. Kimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suzuki, T" uniqKey="Suzuki T">T. Suzuki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Endo, M" uniqKey="Endo M">M. Endo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farkas, L" uniqKey="Farkas L">L. Farkas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farkas, D" uniqKey="Farkas D">D. Farkas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ask, K" uniqKey="Ask K">K. Ask</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moller, A" uniqKey="Moller A">A. Moller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gauldie, J" uniqKey="Gauldie J">J. Gauldie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Margetts, P" uniqKey="Margetts P">P. Margetts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Belperio, J A" uniqKey="Belperio J">J.A. Belperio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keane, M P" uniqKey="Keane M">M.P. Keane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burdick, M D" uniqKey="Burdick M">M.D. Burdick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, J P" uniqKey="Lynch J">J.P. Lynch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xue, Y Y" uniqKey="Xue Y">Y.Y. Xue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berlin, A" uniqKey="Berlin A">A. Berlin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann Vold, A" uniqKey="Hoffmann Vold A">A. Hoffmann-Vold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tenn E, A" uniqKey="Tenn E A">A. Tennøe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garen, T" uniqKey="Garen T">T. Garen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Midtvedt, " uniqKey="Midtvedt ">Ø. Midtvedt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abraityte, A" uniqKey="Abraityte A">A. Abraityte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aal Kken, T" uniqKey="Aal Kken T">T. Aaløkken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ponticos, M" uniqKey="Ponticos M">M. Ponticos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, A M" uniqKey="Holmes A">A.M. Holmes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi Wen, X" uniqKey="Shi Wen X">X. Shi-wen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leoni, P" uniqKey="Leoni P">P. Leoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, K" uniqKey="Khan K">K. Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rajkumar, V S" uniqKey="Rajkumar V">V.S. Rajkumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EBioMedicine</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EBioMedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EBioMedicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2352-3964</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31732480</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6921223</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2352-3964(19)30725-X</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.050</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research paper</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Endotype–phenotyping may predict a treatment response in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0001"><name><surname>Hoffmann-Vold</surname><given-names>Anna-Maria</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="aff0002" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0002"><name><surname>Weigt</surname><given-names>S. Samuel</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0003"><name><surname>Saggar</surname><given-names>Rajan</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0004"><name><surname>Palchevskiy</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0005"><name><surname>Volkmann</surname><given-names>Elizabeth R.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0006"><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>Lloyd L.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0007"><name><surname>Ross</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0008"><name><surname>Ardehali</surname><given-names>Abbas</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0004" ref-type="aff">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0009"><name><surname>Lynch</surname><given-names>Joseph P.</given-names><suffix>III</suffix></name><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0010"><name><surname>Belperio</surname><given-names>John A.</given-names></name><email>JBelperio@mednet.ucla.edu</email><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref><xref rid="cor0001" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0001"><label>a</label>Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="aff0002"><label>b</label>Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="aff0003"><label>c</label>Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</aff><aff id="aff0004"><label>d</label>Department of Surgery, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0001"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author. <email>JBelperio@mednet.ucla.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>50</volume><fpage>379</fpage><lpage>386</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>9</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="CC BY" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0001"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Some interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients develop a progressive fibrosing-ILD phenotype (PF-ILD), with similar persistent lung function decline suggesting common molecular pathways involved. Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF pathways, has shown comparable efficacy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis-associated ILD (SSc-ILD). We hypothesize that Nintedanib targeted molecular pathways will be augmented to a similar degree across PF-ILD regardless of aetiology.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We collected explanted lung tissue at the time of lung transplantation from 130 PF-ILD patients (99 (76%) IPF, 14 (11%) SSc-ILD, 17 (13%) other PF-ILD), and wedge biopsies from 200 donor lungs and measured PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF concentrations by Luminex.</p></sec><sec><title>Findings</title><p>The concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF were significantly increased in PF-ILD lungs compared to donor lungs (PDGF-AA 93·0 pg/ml [±97·2] vs. 37·5 pg/ml [±35·4], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; PDGF-BB 102·5 pg/ml [±78·8] vs. 61·9 pg/ml [±47·0], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; FGF-2 1442·4 pg/ml [±426·6] vs. 1201·7 pg/ml [±535·2], <italic>p</italic> = 0·009; VEGF 40·6 pg/ml [±20·1] vs. 24·9 pg/ml [±29·5], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; and M-CSF 25526 pg/ml [±24,799] vs. 6120 pg/ml [±7245], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001). There were no significant differences in these growth factor/angiogenic molecules/cytokine concentrations when segregated by IPF, SSc-ILD and other PF-ILDs.</p></sec><sec><title>Interpretation</title><p>Nintedanib specific targeted molecular pathways are augmented to a similar magnitude in all PF-ILD lung tissue as compared to controls, suggesting that Nintedanib treatment may be efficacious in PF-ILD regardless of aetiology. We speculate that clinical trials using Nintedanib for PF-ILD with or without IPF or SSc-ILD should show a similar relative reduction in FVC decline as seen in IPF and SSc-ILD (∼45–50%).</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Health Grant P01-HL108793 (JAB), South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority Grant 2018072 (AMHV).</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group id="keys0001"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Interstitial lung disease</kwd><kwd>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</kwd><kwd>Connective tissue disease</kwd><kwd>Proteins</kwd><kwd>Outcome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group id="keys0002"><title>Abbreviations</title><kwd>ANOVA, analysis of variance</kwd><kwd>CSF1R, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor</kwd><kwd>CTD, connective tissue disease</kwd><kwd>DLCO, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide</kwd><kwd>FDA, Food and Drug Administration</kwd><kwd>FGF, fibroblast growth factor</kwd><kwd>FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor</kwd><kwd>FVC, forced vital capacity</kwd><kwd>GAP, Global Alignment and Proportion</kwd><kwd>HP, hypersensitivity pneumonitis</kwd><kwd>HRCT, high resolution computed tomography</kwd><kwd>ILD, interstitial lung disease</kwd><kwd>IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</kwd><kwd>Lck, lymphocyte-specific tyrosine protein kinase</kwd><kwd>M-CSF1R, M-colony stimulating factor</kwd><kwd>PDGF, Platelet derived growth factor</kwd><kwd>PDGFRα, Platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha</kwd><kwd>PDGFRβ, Platelet derived growth factor receptor-beta</kwd><kwd>PF-ILD, progressive fibrosing-ILD</kwd><kwd>RA, rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>SD, Standard deviation</kwd><kwd>6MWD, six minute walking distance</kwd><kwd>SSc, systemic sclerosis</kwd><kwd>Tfh, T follicular helper cells</kwd><kwd>TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta</kwd><kwd>Th2, T2 helper cells</kwd><kwd>UCLA, University of California Los Angeles</kwd><kwd>VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor</kwd><kwd>VEGFR, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p id="p0005"><boxed-text id="b0005"><caption><title>Research in context</title></caption><p id="st0035"><bold>Evidence before this study</bold></p><p id="para0006">Although the different subsets of interstitial lung disease (ILD) may differ with regard to their initiation/trigger (e.g., unknown for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and sarcoidosis, autoantigen with adaptive immune responses for connective tissue disease (CTD-ILD), antigen exposure for chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), radiation for x-ray induced fibrosis, coal or silicosis or siderosis for pneumoconiosis); many patients develop progressive fibrotic ILD (PF-ILD) with similar clinical courses regardless of ILD aetiology. Nintedanib is an intracellular inhibitor of tyrosine kinase receptors that is predominately involved in PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, FGFR 1–3 and VEGFR 1–3 pathways. In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that all of these pathways are involved in ILD pathobiology via inflammation/cell activation, fibroplasia and vascular remodeling. To date, it has not been investigated whether the predominant pathways Nintedanib inhibits are collectively augmented in the lungs of patients with PF-ILD.</p><p id="cesectitle0009"><bold>Added value of this study</bold></p><p id="para0007">We demonstrate for the first time that concentrations of Nintedanib-specific targeted proteins are all elevated in explanted lung tissues from patients with PF-ILD, regardless of aetiology. Concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF in whole lung homogenates from patients with PF-ILD of different aetiologies including IPF, systemic sclerosis (SSc) ILD, other CTD-ILD, sarcoidosis and exposure related-ILD were augmented as compared to healthy donor lungs.</p><p id="cesectitle0010"><bold>Implications of all the available evidence</bold></p><p id="para0008">Collectively, these results suggest that Nintedanib target pathways (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF) are augmented in all PF-ILD subsets and importantly their concentrations are similar across PF-ILD subsets suggesting that Nintedanib treatment should have similar efficacy in PF-ILD regardless of aetiology and should have a relative reduction in the annual rate of decline in FVC (mL/year) of approximately 45–50% for PF-ILD.</p><sec id="sec0001a"><title>CRediT authorship contribution statement</title><p id="para0008a"><bold>Anna-Maria Hoffmann-Vold:</bold> Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>S. Samuel Weigt:</bold> Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>Rajan Saggar:</bold> Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>Vyacheslav Palchevskiy:</bold> Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>Elizabeth R. Volkmann:</bold> Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>Lloyd L. Liang:</bold> Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>David Ross:</bold> Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>Abbas Ardehali:</bold> Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>Joseph P. Lynch:</bold> Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. <bold>John A. Belperio:</bold> Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing.</p></sec><notes notes-type="alt-text" specific-use="for-accessibility" id="al0035"><p>Alt-text: Unlabelled Box</p></notes></boxed-text></p><sec id="sec0001"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><p id="para0009">Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a large group of varying parenchymal lung disorders, most of which are classified as rare <xref rid="bib0001" ref-type="bibr">[1</xref>,<xref rid="bib0002" ref-type="bibr">2]</xref>. Lung fibrosis progresses in many patients with ILD, and is associated with impairment in quality of life, declining functional status and early mortality <xref rid="bib0003" ref-type="bibr">[3</xref>,<xref rid="bib0004" ref-type="bibr">4]</xref>. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), may be regarded as the “prototype” progressive fibrosing ILD (PF-ILD), and is, by definition, characterized by progressive lung fibrosis, progressive lung function decline and worsening of symptoms regardless of treatment <xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">[5</xref>,<xref rid="bib0006" ref-type="bibr">6]</xref>. Although the presence of progressive fibrosis is characteristic, it is not restricted to IPF <xref rid="bib0007" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>. ILD subtypes, which are at risk of developing a progressive fibrosing phenotype include ILDs associated with connective tissue disease (CTD-ILDs) such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD) and systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD); sarcoidosis; hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP); and exposure-related ILDs such as pneumoconiosis. Recently, there has been great interest in the potential value of “lumping” all forms of PF-ILD regardless their aetiology; however identifying mechanisms responsible both for the development and for progression of fibrotic ILDs are important to support this concept <xref rid="bib0008" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>.</p><p id="para0010">From a pathophysiological standpoint, fibrosis almost universally results when there is irreparable loss of epithelial or, to a lesser degree, endothelial barrier integrity, seen in IPF and in many of the non-IPF ILDs, in particular CTD-ILD and HP <xref rid="bib0009" ref-type="bibr">[9</xref>,<xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">10]</xref>. Although the aetiology of cellular injury may vary, be it autoimmune mechanisms in CTD-ILD, inhaled organic dust particles in HP, or an unknown injury in IPF, the initiation of the fibrotic response is likely to be related to persistent injury and aberrant repair. While mechanisms of disease initiation may differ from that of progression, contrariwise it is possible progression falls into a more conserved spectrum of pathobiological mechanisms, including growth factor activation, cytokine and chemokine alterations and epigenetic reprogramming of fibroblasts with ongoing vascular remodeling leading to disease progression that eventually causes loss of FVC and mortality in all PF-ILD <xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0011" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0012" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0013" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0014" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>. From a drug targeting perspective, treatment with Nintedanib has focused on reducing the loss of forced vital capacity (FVC) over time, which is effecting disease progression <xref rid="bib0015" ref-type="bibr">[15</xref>,<xref rid="bib0016" ref-type="bibr">16]</xref>. Consequently, from a disease progression/treatment standpoint it may be more useful to “lump” diverse fibrotic/ILD disorders into one (e.g., PF-ILD) <xref rid="bib0007" ref-type="bibr">[7</xref>,<xref rid="bib0008" ref-type="bibr">8]</xref>.</p><p id="para0011">To date, there are no treatment recommendations for ILDs other than IPF and SSc-ILD and only IPF has Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatments with Nintedanib being one of them <xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">[5</xref>,<xref rid="bib0006" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="bib0017" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0018" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0019" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>. Interestingly, studies have shown that many of the PF-ILD, regardless of the ILD aetiology, have a similar clinical course that consist of ongoing loss of lung function over time <xref rid="bib0007" ref-type="bibr">[7</xref>,<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr">20]</xref>. Nintedanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that predominately targets the PDGF, FGF, VEGF, and M-CSF pathways <xref rid="bib0015" ref-type="bibr">[15</xref>,<xref rid="bib0016" ref-type="bibr">16]</xref>. Recently, Nintedanib treatment was associated with a relative reduction in the annual rate of decline in FVC (mL/yr) in SSc-ILD of 44%, which is similar to that shown in IPF with 49% <xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">[5</xref>,<xref rid="bib0021" ref-type="bibr">21]</xref>. This suggests Nintedanib targeted pathways may be elevated in all PF-ILD subsets. The efficacy of Nintedanib in patients with other chronic non-IPF fibrosing ILDs with a progressive phenotype is being investigated in the INBUILD trial and the results are anticipated to be published in the autumn of 2019 <xref rid="bib0022" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>. We wanted to explore whether Nintedanib predominately targeted proteins (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF, and M-CSF) were elevated in whole lung homogenates from IPF, SSc-ILD and other PF-ILD compared to healthy donors. More importantly, we hypothesized there would be no difference in these protein concentrations across the PF-ILD subsets (IPF, SSc-ILD, and other PF-ILD). If our hypothesis is correct, we suspect that clinical trials using Nintedanib for PF-ILD with or without IPF or SSc-ILD will show a relative reduction in the annual rate of decline in FVC (mL/yr) of approximately 45–50%.</p></sec><sec id="sec0002"><label>2</label><title>Materials and methods</title><sec id="sec0003"><label>2.1</label><title>PF-ILD study cohort</title><p id="para0012">The research protocol was ethically approved by the institutional Review Board in Los Angeles, CA, USA, (#16-000117) and all participants gave written informed consent for collection of lung homogenates and analyses. PF-ILD was diagnosed based on meeting at least 1 of the following criteria for ILD progression during 24 months prior transplant: (i) relative decline in FVC ≥10% predicted; (ii) relative decline in FVC ≥5–<10% predicted and increased extent of fibrotic changes on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT); (iii) relative decline in FVC ≥5–<10% predicted and worsened respiratory symptoms; (iiii) worsened respiratory symptoms and increased extent of fibrotic changes on HRCT <xref rid="bib0022" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>; (iiiii) listed for lung transplant due to an ILD. The study cohort consisted of patients with PF-ILD transplanted at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) (<italic>n</italic> = 130) who underwent lung transplantation between 2005 and 2011 due to ILD. Inclusion criteria were (i) the presence of PF-ILD regardless of diagnosis or prior therapy; and (ii) explant lung tissue samples available for protein analyses. All lung material was collected at time of lung transplantation from the left native lung in the case of a bilateral lung transplant operation, or either the left or right native lung depending on the side of the single lung transplant. The explanted lung was sampled at the interface between severely fibrotic lung and less involved lung tissue. The control group consisted of 200 biopsies from normal donor lungs being used for lung transplantation. Donor biopsies were done after explant and prior to implantation in the recipient.</p></sec><sec id="sec0004"><label>2.2</label><title>Clinical assessment of PF-ILD patients</title><p id="para0013">The clinical diagnoses were determined by histological patterns of the explanted lung and from clinical impressions that were confirmed by chart review <xref rid="bib0001" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. Clinical and demographic data, including lung function tests were available for all included cases. Further changes in lung function were evaluated from time at listing for lung transplant to the time point of lung transplantation. Total FVC decline and annual FVC decline (total FVC decline divided by the time from listing to transplant) was assessed. Changes in FVC (% predicted) were defined as follows: FVC improvement (FVC increase of ≥5%), stable FVC (FVC decline or improvement of <5%), moderate decline (FVC decline of 5–10%), and significant decline (FVC decline of >10%) <xref rid="bib0023" ref-type="bibr">[23]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0024" ref-type="bibr">[24]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">[25]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0026" ref-type="bibr">[26]</xref>. The ILD- Global Alignment and Proportion (GAP) score was calculated <xref rid="bib0027" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="sec0005"><label>2.3</label><title>Sample processing and protein measurement</title><p id="para0014">Explanted ILD and donor lung samples were immediately placed in cold media and then on ice and transferred to the laboratory where they were homogenized and sonicated in anti-protease buffer using a method as previously described <xref rid="bib0028" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>. Specimens were centrifuged at 900 g for 15 min, filtered through a 1·2 μm sterile Acrodiscs (Gelman Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI <xref rid="bib0027" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>), and frozen at −70 °C until thawed for protein quantification analyses. The cytokines, growth factors and anigiogenic protiens were determined by bead based multiplex assays. Specifically, the concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF (VEGF-A) and M-CSF were all assayed via Luminex according to manufacturer instructions (Millipore, Billerica MA).</p></sec><sec id="sec0006"><label>2.4</label><title>Statistical analyses</title><p id="para0015">Analyses were performed by SPSS version 25 by AMHV and JB. Pearson Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Kruskal–Wallis <italic>t</italic>-test were used as appropriate. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means across variables with more than two groups. Pearson and Spearman coefficients were applied for correlation analyses of continuous variables as appropriate.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0007"><label>3</label><title>Results</title><sec id="sec0008"><label>3.1</label><title>Study cohort demographic and clinical characteristics at the time of lung transplant</title><p id="para0016">The study cohort consisted of 130 PF-ILD cases, of which 99 (76%) had IPF, 14 (11%) had SSc-ILD and 17 (13%) other forms of ILD, as shown in <xref rid="fig0001" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>. The total cohort median age was 59 years (SD 10·1), 29% were females, 45% were Caucasian, 12% Black, and 35% Hispanic (<xref rid="tbl0001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). Other clinical and demographics are shown in <xref rid="tbl0001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. None of the included PF-ILD patients were on anti-fibrotic treatment with Nintedanib or Pirfenidone at the time of lung transplantation. Of the 31 non-IPF PF-ILD patients, 9 (29%) were ever treated with Mycophenolate Mofetil, 7 (23%) with Cyclophosphamide, 7 (23%) with Prednisone monotherapy, 5 (16%) with Azathioprine, 3 (10%) with Hydroxychloroquine, 2 (6%) with Methotrexate, and 5 (16%) had been without immune-modulating treatment. In total, 14 (45%) had a combination of prednisone with a prednisone sparing agent such as Mycophenolate Mofetil, Cyclophosphamide, Azathioprine, Hydroxychloroquine or Methotrexate.<fig id="fig0001"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Types of interstitial lung disease (ILD) with progressive fibrosis ILD included in the study. ILD: interstitial lung disease; IIP: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia; IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; SSc: systemic sclerosis; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; MCTD: mixed connective tissue disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; HP: hypersensitivity pneumonitis.</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0001">Fig. 1</alt-text><graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="tbl0001"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Clinical characteristics and demographics of all included cases with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (ILD) and segregated by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), systemic sclerosis associated ILD (SSc-ILD) and other ILD.</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0005">Table 1</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top">Clinical characteristics</th><th valign="top">All PF-ILDs (<italic>n</italic> = 130)</th><th valign="top">IPF (<italic>n</italic> = 99)</th><th valign="top">SSc-ILD (<italic>n</italic> = 14)</th><th valign="top">Other PF-ILD (<italic>n</italic> = 17)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">Female gender, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td valign="top">38 (29)</td><td valign="top">25 (25)</td><td valign="top">7 (50)</td><td valign="top">6 (35)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Age at transplantation, years (SD)</td><td valign="top">59 (10.1)</td><td valign="top">64 (5·1)</td><td valign="top">49 (10·4)</td><td valign="top">49 (9·2)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">BMI, (SD)</td><td valign="top">26 (4·0)</td><td valign="top">26 (3·9)</td><td valign="top">26 (4·3)</td><td valign="top">24 (4·6)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Race, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> White</td><td valign="top">58 (45)</td><td valign="top">43 (43)</td><td valign="top">8 (57)</td><td valign="top">7 (41)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Black</td><td valign="top">15 (12)</td><td valign="top">10 (10)</td><td valign="top">2 (14)</td><td valign="top">3 (18)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Asian</td><td valign="top">3 (2)</td><td valign="top">2 (2)</td><td valign="top">1 (7)</td><td valign="top">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Hispanic</td><td valign="top">46 (35)</td><td valign="top">38 (38)</td><td valign="top">2 (14)</td><td valign="top">6 (35)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Other</td><td valign="top">8 (6)</td><td valign="top">5 (5)</td><td valign="top">1 (7)</td><td valign="top">1 (6)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Time on waiting list, months (SD)"</td><td valign="top">4·4 (5·6)</td><td valign="top">3·6 (4·6)</td><td valign="top">9·0 (10·8)</td><td valign="top">5·8 (4·4)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">FVC, % (SD)</td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> At listing</td><td valign="top">43 (14·5)</td><td valign="top">44 (15·1)</td><td valign="top">43 (9·7)</td><td valign="top">39 (13·3)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> At Transplant</td><td valign="top">42 (13·9)</td><td valign="top">42 (14·3)</td><td valign="top">32 (11·8)</td><td valign="top">36 (12·9)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Total FVC decline, % (SD)</td><td valign="top">−1·3 (6·4)</td><td valign="top">−1·3 (6·1)</td><td valign="top">−0·6 (7·2)</td><td valign="top">−2·2 (7·8)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Annual FVC decline, % (SD)</td><td valign="top">−7·1 (23·1)</td><td valign="top">−7·7 (23·6)</td><td valign="top">−0·1 (0·6)</td><td valign="top">−0·2 (0·65)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Moderate FVC decline, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td valign="top">20 (15)</td><td valign="top">15 (15)</td><td valign="top">2 (14)</td><td valign="top">3 (18)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> Significant FVC decline, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td valign="top">10 (8)</td><td valign="top">7 (7)</td><td valign="top">1 (7)</td><td valign="top">2 (12)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">DLCO, % (SD)</td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> At Transplant</td><td valign="top">29 (11·6)</td><td valign="top">29 (9·6)</td><td valign="top">22 (11·9)</td><td valign="top">34 (20·2)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Functional assessment</td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> 6 MWD, <italic>m</italic> (SD)</td><td valign="top">110 (128)</td><td valign="top">96 (112)</td><td valign="top">101 (128)</td><td valign="top">186 (188)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> ILD GAP score, <italic>n</italic> (%))</td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> 0–1</td><td valign="top">7 (5·4)</td><td valign="top">0 (0)</td><td valign="top">2 (14·3)</td><td valign="top">5 (29·4)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> 2–3</td><td valign="top">23 (17·7)</td><td valign="top">3 (3·0)</td><td valign="top">11 (78·6)</td><td valign="top">9 (52·9)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> 4–5</td><td valign="top">50 (38·5)</td><td valign="top">47 (47·5)</td><td valign="top">0 (0)</td><td valign="top">3 (17·6)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> >5</td><td valign="top">50 (38·5)</td><td valign="top">49 (49·5)</td><td valign="top">1 (7·1)</td><td valign="top">0 (0)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ID: interstitial lung disease; PF-ILD: progressive fibrosing ILD; SSc: systemic sclerosis; No: number; SD: standard deviation; BMI: Body mass index; FVC: forced vital capacity; 6MWD: six-minute-walking-distance; m: meters; GAP: Gender, Age, and Physiology index.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p id="para0017">All included subjects had by definition PF-ILD. From the time of listing to the day of lung transplantation, 6 (5%) showed FVC improvement, 96 (74%) stable lung function and 28 (22%) further progression of their ILD. The PF-ILD group as a whole, at time of listing for lung transplantation had a mean diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) of 22% and mean FVC of 43%. A mean 4.4 months (SD 5·6) later at time of lung transplant the mean FVC was 42% (<xref rid="tbl0001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). The ILD-GAP score index is shown in <xref rid="tbl0001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="sec0009"><label>3.2</label><title>PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF concentrations are increased in lung homogenates from patients with progressive fibrosing ILD compared to healthy lung donors</title><p id="para0018">In whole lung homogenates, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF mean concentrations were significantly increased in the PF-ILD lungs (<italic>n</italic> = 130) compared to healthy lung donors (<italic>n</italic> = 200) (PDGF-AA 93·0pg/ml [±97·2] vs. 37·5 pg/ml [±35·4], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; PDGF-BB 102·5 pg/ml [±78·8] vs. 61·9 pg/ml [±47·0], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; FGF-2 1442·4pg/ml [±426·6] vs. 1201·7 pg/ml [±535·2], <italic>p</italic> = 0·009; VEGF 40·6 pg/ml [±20·1] vs. 24·9 pg/ml [±29·5], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001; and M-CSF 25526 pg/ml [±24,799] vs. 6120 pg/ml [±7245], <italic>p</italic> < 0·001) as shown in <xref rid="fig0002" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>. When segregated by ILD aetiology (IPF, SSc-ILD, and other ILD), the mean protein concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, VEGF and M-CSF; but not FGF-2 were elevated with each category of PF-ILD as compared to healthy controls measured by ANOVA (<xref rid="fig0003" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>(a)–(e)).<fig id="fig0002"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Augmented mean (SD) PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF concentrations in PF-ILD lung homogenates [measured by <italic>t</italic>-test]. (a–d) PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, VEGF, FGF-2 and M-CSF protein concentration in fresh explanted lung tissue homogenates from the UCLA PF-ILD cohort (<italic>n</italic> = 130), as compared to healthy lung tissue homogenate controls from donor lungs (<italic>n</italic> = 200).</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0002">Fig. 2</alt-text><graphic xlink:href="gr2"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig0003"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Augmented mean (SD) PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF concentrations in PF-ILD lung homogenates segregated by the underlying disease [measured by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. (a–e) PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, VEGF, FGF-2 and M-CSF protein concentration in explanted lung tissue homogenates from the UCLA ILD cohort (<italic>n</italic> = 130) segregated by IPF (<italic>n</italic> = 99), SSc-ILD (<italic>n</italic> = 14) and other ILDs (<italic>n</italic> = 17), as compared to healthy lung tissue homogenate controls from donor lungs (<italic>n</italic> = 200).</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0003">Fig. 3</alt-text><graphic xlink:href="gr3"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="sec0010"><label>3.3</label><title>PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF concentrations are not different in lung homogenates from patients with progressive fibrosing ILD due to IPF, SSC-ILD or other ILDs</title><p id="para0019">In whole lung homogenates, mean protein concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF did not show significant differences between the underlying ILD aetiologies (IPF, SSc-ILD and other ILD), except for VEGF, which was significantly higher in SSc-ILD compared to IPF measured by ANOVA (<xref rid="fig0004" ref-type="fig">Fig. 4</xref>(a)–(e)). These data represent PF-ILD predominately due to the need and receiving a lung transplant for ILD. We also performed a subset analysis that used a more strict criteria of PF-ILD based on moderate or severe FVC decline (≥ 5%) <xref rid="bib0022" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>. In this analysis mean protein concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF did not show significant differences between the underlying ILD aetiologies (IPF, SSc-ILD and other ILD) using ANOVA<bold>.</bold> Furthermore, protein concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF did not show correlations with demographic (age, sex, race), and baseline lung function characteristics (FVC%, DCLO%, six minute walking distance (6MWD) and ILD-GAP index) between the underlying ILD aetiologies (IPF, SSc-ILD and other ILD) with the exception of a weak correlation of age and FGF-2 (0·37, <italic>p</italic> < 0·001) for IPF, a correlation of age and PDGF-BB in SSc-ILD (0·59, <italic>p</italic> = 0·027) and correlations between 6MWD and FGF-2 in other PF-ILD (0·57, <italic>p</italic> = 0.036).<fig id="fig0004"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>Similar augmented mean (SD) concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF (SD) in PF-ILD lung homogenates segregated by the underlying disease [measured by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. (a–e) PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, VEGF, FGF-2 and M-CSF protein concentration in explanted lung tissue homogenates from the UCLA ILD cohort (<italic>n</italic> = 130) segregated by IPF (<italic>n</italic> = 99), SSc-ILD (<italic>n</italic> = 14) and other ILDs (<italic>n</italic> = 17).</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0004">Fig. 4</alt-text><graphic xlink:href="gr4"></graphic></fig></p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0011"><label>4</label><title>Discussion</title><p id="para0020">Although the subsets of ILD may differ with regard to their initiation/trigger (e.g., unknown for IPF and sarcoidosis, autoantigen with adaptive immune responses for CTD-ILD, antigen exposure for HP, radiation for x-ray induced fibrosis, coal or silicosis or siderosis for pneumoconiosis); many patients develop progressive fibrotic changes (e.g., PF-ILD) with similar clinical courses regardless of ILD aetiology [<xref rid="bib0007" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. Therefore, it is possible that despite multiple different aetiologies of ILD, the relentless progression of the ILD may have common molecular pathways involved <xref rid="bib0007" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>. Importantly, this line of thought led to the concept of trying drugs approved for slowing the progression of IPF to be explored in other ILD <xref rid="bib0006" ref-type="bibr">[6</xref>,<xref rid="bib0021" ref-type="bibr">21]</xref>. Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF pathways, has shown comparable efficacy in IPF and SSc-ILD <xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">[5</xref>,<xref rid="bib0016" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="bib0021" ref-type="bibr">21]</xref>. We hypothesized that Nintedanib targeted molecular pathways (PDGF, FGF, VEGF and M-CSF) would be augmented to a similar degree across PF-ILD regardless of aetiology. In this study, we confirmed that these pathways were augmented to a similar magnitude in all PF-ILD lung tissue as compared to controls, suggesting that Nintedanib treatment should have comparable efficacies across all PF-ILD regardless of aetiology.</p><p id="para0021">Nintedanib is an intracellular inhibitor of tyrosine kinase receptors that is predominately involved in PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, FGFR 1–3 and VEGFR 1–3 pathways <xref rid="bib0016" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>. In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that all of these pathways are involved in ILD pathobiology via inflammation/cell activation, fibroplasia and vascular remodelling <xref rid="bib0015" ref-type="bibr">[15</xref>,<xref rid="bib0016" ref-type="bibr">16]</xref>. In addition, Nintedanib also inhibits CSF1R (colony stimulating factor 1 receptor) and to some degree limits the Src family kinase Lck (lymphocyte-specific tyrosine protein kinase) as well as 20 other kinases <xref rid="bib0016" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>. To date, it has not been investigated whether the predominant pathways Nintedanib inhibits are collectively augmented in the lungs of patients with PF-ILD. We set out to determine whether the concentrations of Nintedanib-specific targeted proteins are elevated in explanted lung tissues from patients with PF-ILD, regardless of aetiology. More specifically, we determined the concentrations of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF in whole lung homogenates from patients with PF-ILD of different aetiologies including IPF, SSc-ILD, other CTD-ILD, sarcoidosis and exposure related-ILD, and compared them to normal lung tissue. All subgroups of PF-ILD had augmented levels of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, VEGF and M-CSF as compared to healthy donor lungs. These findings are consistent with the pathobiology of ongoing fibrosis with PDGF being involved in fibroblast proliferation, invasion and matrix deposition <xref rid="bib0011" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>. Similarly, VEGF and FGF-2 also have been shown to be involved in fibroproliferation via effects on leukocytes and well as angiogenic activities <xref rid="bib0012" ref-type="bibr">[12</xref>,<xref rid="bib0014" ref-type="bibr">14]</xref>. However, the role of angiogenesis in IPF and PF-ILD is controversial. For instance, some studies demonstrate increased and others reduced vascular density in the IPF lung, which likely has to do with the heterogeneity of pathology of this disease <xref rid="bib0029" ref-type="bibr">[29</xref>,<xref rid="bib0030" ref-type="bibr">30]</xref>. Similarly, there is an ongoing debate as to whether or not angiogenic or angiostatic mediators in conjunction with altered endothelial cells may be protective or harmful in supporting interstitial fibrosis, epithelial cell repair, and pulmonary hypertension associated ILD during the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis <xref rid="bib0031" ref-type="bibr">[31]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0032" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0033" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0034" ref-type="bibr">[34]</xref>. M-CSF is important in the survival and the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes that are phenotypically distinct and profibrotic, suggesting its role in fibroplasisa <xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>. Thus, it makes sense that these pathways would, in part, be involved in PF-ILD patients with ongoing loss of lung function.</p><p id="para0022">For the most part, we did not find significant differences in concentration of the growth factors/ angiogenic molecules/ cytokines between the different PF-ILD subsets (IPF, SSc-ILD and other PF-ILD). Additionally, we did not find that any of these protein concentrations associated with type of PF-ILD, FVC% and ILD-GAP index at the time of transplant or severity of PF-ILD using FVC% decline. These findings make it tempting to support the notion of “lumping” the different PF-ILD into one entity with regards to anti-fibrotic treatment, rather than identifying specific subgroups. However, there are many other molecular pathways involved in pulmonary fibrosis development and further progression. For instance Th2 and Tfh immune responses, connective tissue growth factor or other growth factors, and TGF-β may be involved in specific diseases and not in all, but were not tested in this study <xref rid="bib0013" ref-type="bibr">[13</xref>,<xref rid="bib0014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="bib0036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="bib0037" ref-type="bibr">37]</xref>. Importantly, this is why funding needs to continue to focus on the reductionist (determining the specific contribution of individual pathways during PF-ILD) and non-reductionists (evaluating multiple pathways together found by the reductionist during PF-ILD) approaches to PF-ILD, which when combined will have the greatest clinical impact. Collectively, these methodologies are likely to produce novel drugs that will stabilize or improve lung function for patients with PF-ILD. Moreover, determining the specific endotypes of PF-ILD may be the most advantageous way to determine individual treatments in a more personalized medical approach, which should limit adverse events as well as further improve long-term outcomes/survival.</p><p id="para0023">As with all studies, there are limitations. In this study, we evaluated all end-stage PF-ILD collected at the time of lung transplantation. Thus, these samples involve lung tissues with severe fibrosis, which may or may not extrapolate to more mild and moderate PF-ILD. We evaluated whole lung homogenates and quantitated mediators from all cell types in bulk as compared to the expression from specific cell types such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and leukocyte subpopulations. We did not have information available as to whether or not the IPF patients were on immunomodulatory therapies or had pulmonary hypertension, which may or may not affect the mediators we quantitated.</p><p id="para0024">In conclusion, we have found that Nintedanib target pathways (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, FGF-2, VEGF and M-CSF) are augmented in all PF-ILD subsets and importantly their concentrations are similar across PF-ILD subsets suggesting that Nintedanib treatment should have similar efficacy in PF-ILD regardless of aetiology (e.g., IPF, SSc-ILD and other PF-ILD). We speculate that clinical trials using Nintedanib for PF-ILD with or without IPF or SSc-ILD should show a similar relative reduction in FVC decline as seen in IPF and SSc-ILD (∼45–50%) based on these data.</p></sec><sec id="sec0012"><title>Data sharing</title><p id="para0025">Not available.</p></sec><sec sec-type="COI-statement"><title>Declaration of Competing Interest</title><p id="para0026">AMHV has received research funding and/or consulting fees or other remuneration from Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche.</p><p id="para0028">SSW and JAB have received research funding and/or consulting fees or other remuneration from Boehringer Ingelheim and Genentech.</p><p id="para0029">EV has received research funding and/or consulting fees or other remuneration from Boehringer Ingelheim.</p><p id="para0028a">JAB has received research funding and/or consulting fees or other remuneration from Boehringer Ingelheim and Genentech.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="cebibl1"><title>References</title><ref id="bib0001"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0001"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>American Thoracic Society ERS</collab></person-group><article-title>American thoracic society/European respiratory society international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>165</volume><year>2002</year><fpage>277</fpage><lpage>304</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11790668</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0002"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0002"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Travis</surname><given-names>W.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Costabel</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hansell</surname><given-names>D.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>T.E.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><name><surname>Lynch</surname><given-names>D.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicholson</surname><given-names>A.G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An official American thoracic society/European respiratory society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>188</volume><issue>6</issue><year>2013</year><fpage>733</fpage><lpage>748</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24032382</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0003"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0003"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>J.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>D.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>I.N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jang</surname><given-names>S.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kitaichi</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicholson</surname><given-names>A.G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prognosis of fibrotic interstitial pneumonia: idiopathic versus collagen vascular disease-related subtypes</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>175</volume><issue>7</issue><year>2007</year><fpage>705</fpage><lpage>711</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17218621</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0004"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0004"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoffmann-Vold</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fretheim</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Halse</surname><given-names>A.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Seip</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bitter</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wallenius</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Tracking impact of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis in a complete nationwide cohort</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><year>2019</year><comment>Epub ahead of print</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0005"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0005"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Richeldi</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>du Bois</surname><given-names>R.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Raghu</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Azuma</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>K.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Costabel</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><volume>370</volume><issue>22</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>2071</fpage><lpage>2082</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24836310</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0006"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0006"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>T.E.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><name><surname>Bradford</surname><given-names>W.Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Castro-Bernardini</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fagan</surname><given-names>E.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Glaspole</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Glassberg</surname><given-names>M.K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><volume>370</volume><issue>22</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>2083</fpage><lpage>2092</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24836312</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0007"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0007"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kolb</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vasakova</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The natural history of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases</article-title><source>Respir Res</source><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2019</year><fpage>57</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30871560</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0008"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0008"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wells</surname><given-names>A.U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>K.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Flaherty</surname><given-names>K.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kolb</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thannickal</surname><given-names>V.J.</given-names></name><collab>Group IPFCW</collab></person-group><article-title>What's in a name? That which we call IPF, by any other name would act the same</article-title><source>Eur Respir J</source><volume>51</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2018</year><comment>pii: 1800692</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0009"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0009"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kulkarni</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>de Andrade</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luckhardt</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thannickal</surname><given-names>V.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Alveolar epithelial disintegrity in pulmonary fibrosis</article-title><source>Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol</source><volume>311</volume><issue>2</issue><year>2016</year><fpage>L185</fpage><lpage>L191</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27233996</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0010"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0010"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maher</surname><given-names>T.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: pathobiology of novel approaches to treatment</article-title><source>Clin Chest Med</source><volume>33</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2012</year><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22365247</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0011"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0011"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bonner</surname><given-names>J.C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Regulation of PDGF and its receptors in fibrotic diseases</article-title><source>Cytokine Growth Factor Rev</source><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>255</fpage><lpage>273</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15207816</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0012"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0012"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ball</surname><given-names>S.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shuttleworth</surname><given-names>C.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kielty</surname><given-names>C.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Vascular endothelial growth factor can signal through platelet-derived growth factor receptors</article-title><source>J Cell Biol</source><volume>177</volume><issue>3</issue><year>2007</year><fpage>489</fpage><lpage>500</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17470632</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0013"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0013"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Belperio</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dy</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Burdick</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xue</surname><given-names>Y.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Strieter</surname><given-names>R.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The role of the Th2 CC chemokine ligand CCL17 in pulmonary fibrosis</article-title><source>J Immunol</source><volume>173</volume><issue>7</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>4692</fpage><lpage>4698</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15383605</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0014"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0014"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khalil</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Y.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Connor</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Duronio</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Proliferation of pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta1-induced release of extracellular fibroblast growth factor-2 and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK</article-title><source>J Biol Chem</source><volume>280</volume><issue>52</issue><year>2005</year><fpage>43000</fpage><lpage>43009</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16246848</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0015"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0015"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wollin</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wex</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pautsch</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnapp</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hostettler</surname><given-names>K.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stowasser</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mode of action of nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</article-title><source>Eur Respir J</source><volume>45</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2015</year><fpage>1434</fpage><lpage>1445</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25745043</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0016"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0016"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wollin</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Distler</surname><given-names>J.H.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Redente</surname><given-names>E.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Riches</surname><given-names>D.W.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stowasser</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schlenker-Herceg</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Potential of Nintedanib in treatment of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases</article-title><source>Eur Respir J</source><volume>54</volume><issue>3</issue><year>2019</year><comment>pii: 1900161</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0017"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0017"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kowal-Bielecka</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fransen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Avouac</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Becker</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kulak</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Allanore</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Update of Eular recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis</article-title><source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><volume>76</volume><issue>8</issue><year>2017</year><fpage>1327</fpage><lpage>1339</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27941129</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0018"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0018"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Raghu</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rochwerg</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Garcia</surname><given-names>C.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Azuma</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Behr</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline: treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An update of the 2011 clinical practice guideline</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>192</volume><issue>2</issue><year>2015</year><fpage>e3</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26177183</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0019"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0019"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tashkin</surname><given-names>D.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roth</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Clements</surname><given-names>P.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Furst</surname><given-names>D.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Khanna</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kleerup</surname><given-names>E.C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mycophenolate mofetil versus oral cyclophosphamide in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease (SLS II): a randomised controlled, double-blind, parallel group trial</article-title><source>Lancet Respir Med</source><volume>4</volume><issue>9</issue><year>2016</year><fpage>708</fpage><lpage>719</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27469583</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0020"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0020"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cottin</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hirani</surname><given-names>N.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hotchkin</surname><given-names>D.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nambiar</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ogura</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Otaola</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Presentation, diagnosis and clinical course of the spectrum of progressive-fibrosing interstitial lung diseases</article-title><source>Eur Respir Rev</source><volume>27</volume><issue>150</issue><year>2018</year><comment>pii: 180076</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0021"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0021"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Distler</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Highland</surname><given-names>K.B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gahlemann</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Azuma</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fischer</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mayes</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Nintedanib for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2019</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0022"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0022"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Flaherty</surname><given-names>K.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>K.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wells</surname><given-names>A.U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Clerisme-Beaty</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Collard</surname><given-names>H.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cottin</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Design of the PF-ILD trial: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial of nintedanib in patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease</article-title><source>BMJ Open Respir Res</source><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><year>2017</year><object-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">e000212</object-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0023"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0023"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zappala</surname><given-names>C.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Latsi</surname><given-names>P.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicholson</surname><given-names>A.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Colby</surname><given-names>T.V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cramer</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Renzoni</surname><given-names>E.A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Marginal decline in forced vital capacity is associated with a poor outcome in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</article-title><source>Eur Respir J</source><volume>35</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2010</year><fpage>830</fpage><lpage>836</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19840957</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0024"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0024"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Latsi</surname><given-names>P.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>du Bois</surname><given-names>R.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicholson</surname><given-names>A.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Colby</surname><given-names>T.V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bisirtzoglou</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nikolakopoulou</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: the prognostic value of longitudinal functional trends</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>168</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2003</year><fpage>531</fpage><lpage>537</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12791580</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0025"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0025"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khanna</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mittoo</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aggarwal</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Proudman</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dalbeth</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Matteson</surname><given-names>E.L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung diseases (CTD-ILD) – report from OMERACT CTD-ILD working group</article-title><source>J Rheumatol</source><volume>42</volume><issue>11</issue><year>2015</year><fpage>2168</fpage><lpage>2171</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25729034</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0026"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0026"><comment>A.</comment><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Flaherty</surname><given-names>K.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mumford</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kazerooni</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gross</surname><given-names>B.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Colby</surname><given-names>T.V.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prognostic implications of physiologic and radiographic changes in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>168</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2003</year><fpage>543</fpage><lpage>548</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12773329</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0027"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0027"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ryerson</surname><given-names>C.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vittinghoff</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ley</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>J.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mooney</surname><given-names>J.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>K.D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Predicting survival across chronic interstitial lung disease: the ILD-GAP model</article-title><source>Chest</source><volume>145</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2014</year><fpage>723</fpage><lpage>728</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24114524</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0028"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0028"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoffmann-Vold</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weigt</surname><given-names>S.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Palchevskiy</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Volkmann</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saggar</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Augmented concentrations of CX3CL1 are associated with interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><volume>13</volume><issue>11</issue><year>2018</year><object-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">e0206545</object-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0029"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0029"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cosgrove</surname><given-names>G.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>K.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schiemann</surname><given-names>W.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Serls</surname><given-names>A.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Parr</surname><given-names>J.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Geraci</surname><given-names>M.W.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Pigment epithelium-derived factor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a role in aberrant angiogenesis</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>170</volume><issue>3</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>242</fpage><lpage>251</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15117744</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0030"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0030"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tzouvelekis</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Anevlavis</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bouros</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Angiogenesis in interstitial lung diseases: a pathogenetic hallmark or a bystander?</article-title><source>Respir Res</source><volume>7</volume><year>2006</year><fpage>82</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16725031</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0031"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0031"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>L.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Habiel</surname><given-names>D.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hohmann</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Camelo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shang</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antifibrotic role of vascular endothelial growth factor in pulmonary fibrosis</article-title><source>JCI Insight</source><volume>2</volume><issue>16</issue><year>2017</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0032"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0032"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Laplante</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Raymond</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gagnon</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vigneault</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sasseville</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Langelier</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Novel fibrogenic pathways are activated in response to endothelial apoptosis: implications in the pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis</article-title><source>J Immunol</source><volume>174</volume><issue>9</issue><year>2005</year><fpage>5740</fpage><lpage>5749</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15843576</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0033"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0033"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ebina</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shimizukawa</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shibata</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kimura</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Suzuki</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Endo</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Heterogeneous increase in CD34-positive alveolar capillaries in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</article-title><source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source><volume>169</volume><issue>11</issue><year>2004</year><fpage>1203</fpage><lpage>1208</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14754760</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0034"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0034"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Farkas</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Farkas</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ask</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moller</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gauldie</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Margetts</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>VEGF ameliorates pulmonary hypertension through inhibition of endothelial apoptosis in experimental lung fibrosis in rats</article-title><source>J Clin Invest</source><volume>119</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2009</year><fpage>1298</fpage><lpage>1311</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19381013</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0035"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0035"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Belperio</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Keane</surname><given-names>M.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Burdick</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lynch</surname><given-names>J.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xue</surname><given-names>Y.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Berlin</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Critical role for the chemokine MCP-1/CCR2 in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome</article-title><source>J Clin Investig</source><volume>108</volume><issue>4</issue><year>2001</year><fpage>547</fpage><lpage>556</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11518728</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0036"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0036"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoffmann-Vold</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tennøe</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Garen</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Midtvedt</surname><given-names>Ø.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abraityte</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aaløkken</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>High level of chemokine CCL18 is associated with pulmonary function deterioration, lung fibrosis progression and reduced survival in systemic sclerosis</article-title><source>Chest</source><volume>150</volume><issue>2</issue><year>2016</year><fpage>299</fpage><lpage>306</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26997242</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0037"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0037"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ponticos</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Holmes</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shi-wen</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leoni</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rajkumar</surname><given-names>V.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Pivotal role of connective tissue growth factor in lung fibrosis: MAPK-dependent transcriptional activation of type I collagen</article-title><source>Arthritis Rheum</source><volume>60</volume><issue>7</issue><year>2009</year><fpage>2142</fpage><lpage>2155</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19565505</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list><ack id="ack0001"><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>The funding sources did not have any role in the study. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.</p></ack></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/ChloroquineV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000505 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000505 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= ChloroquineV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:6921223
|texte= Endotype–phenotyping may predict a treatment response in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:31732480" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a ChloroquineV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |