Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: An evidence-based approach
Identifieur interne : 000334 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000333; suivant : 000335Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: An evidence-based approach
Auteurs : Phulen Sarma ; Manisha Prajapat ; Pramod Avti ; Hardeep Kaur ; Subodh Kumar ; Bikash MedhiSource :
- Indian Journal of Pharmacology [ 0253-7613 ] ; 2020.
Url:
DOI: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_119_20
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7074432
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7074432Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: An evidence-based approach</title><author><name sortKey="Sarma, Phulen" sort="Sarma, Phulen" uniqKey="Sarma P" first="Phulen" last="Sarma">Phulen Sarma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prajapat, Manisha" sort="Prajapat, Manisha" uniqKey="Prajapat M" first="Manisha" last="Prajapat">Manisha Prajapat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Avti, Pramod" sort="Avti, Pramod" uniqKey="Avti P" first="Pramod" last="Avti">Pramod Avti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaur, Hardeep" sort="Kaur, Hardeep" uniqKey="Kaur H" first="Hardeep" last="Kaur">Hardeep Kaur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Subodh" sort="Kumar, Subodh" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Subodh" last="Kumar">Subodh Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medhi, Bikash" sort="Medhi, Bikash" uniqKey="Medhi B" first="Bikash" last="Medhi">Bikash Medhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7074432</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7074432</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7074432</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/ijp.IJP_119_20</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000334</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000334</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: An evidence-based approach</title><author><name sortKey="Sarma, Phulen" sort="Sarma, Phulen" uniqKey="Sarma P" first="Phulen" last="Sarma">Phulen Sarma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prajapat, Manisha" sort="Prajapat, Manisha" uniqKey="Prajapat M" first="Manisha" last="Prajapat">Manisha Prajapat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Avti, Pramod" sort="Avti, Pramod" uniqKey="Avti P" first="Pramod" last="Avti">Pramod Avti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaur, Hardeep" sort="Kaur, Hardeep" uniqKey="Kaur H" first="Hardeep" last="Kaur">Hardeep Kaur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Subodh" sort="Kumar, Subodh" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Subodh" last="Kumar">Subodh Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medhi, Bikash" sort="Medhi, Bikash" uniqKey="Medhi B" first="Bikash" last="Medhi">Bikash Medhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Indian Journal of Pharmacology</title><idno type="ISSN">0253-7613</idno><idno type="eISSN">1998-3751</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Graham, Rl" uniqKey="Graham R">RL Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, Ef" uniqKey="Donaldson E">EF Donaldson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, Rs" uniqKey="Baric R">RS Baric</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Battegay, M" uniqKey="Battegay M">M Battegay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuehl, R" uniqKey="Kuehl R">R Kuehl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tschudin Sutter, S" uniqKey="Tschudin Sutter S">S Tschudin-Sutter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsch, Hh" uniqKey="Hirsch H">HH Hirsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Widmer, Af" uniqKey="Widmer A">AF Widmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neher, Ra" uniqKey="Neher R">RA Neher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A Zumla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Jf" uniqKey="Chan J">JF Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azhar, Ei" uniqKey="Azhar E">EI Azhar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hui, Ds" uniqKey="Hui D">DS Hui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, Ky" uniqKey="Yuen K">KY Yuen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, G" uniqKey="Li G">G Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clercq, Ed" uniqKey="Clercq E">ED Clercq</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tai, Dy" uniqKey="Tai D">DY Tai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bleibtreu, A" uniqKey="Bleibtreu A">A Bleibtreu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaureguiberry, S" uniqKey="Jaureguiberry S">S Jaureguiberry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houhou, N" uniqKey="Houhou N">N Houhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boutolleau, D" uniqKey="Boutolleau D">D Boutolleau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guillot, H" uniqKey="Guillot H">H Guillot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vallois, D" uniqKey="Vallois D">D Vallois</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Abdely, Hm" uniqKey="Al Abdely H">HM Al-Abdely</name></author><author><name sortKey="Midgley, Cm" uniqKey="Midgley C">CM Midgley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alkhamis, Am" uniqKey="Alkhamis A">AM Alkhamis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abedi, Gr" uniqKey="Abedi G">GR Abedi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, X" uniqKey="Lu X">X Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Binder, Am" uniqKey="Binder A">AM Binder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, L" uniqKey="Ren L">L Ren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dayer, Mr" uniqKey="Dayer M">MR Dayer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taleb Gassabi, S" uniqKey="Taleb Gassabi S">S Taleb-Gassabi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dayer, Ms" uniqKey="Dayer M">MS Dayer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nukoolkarn, V" uniqKey="Nukoolkarn V">V Nukoolkarn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Vs" uniqKey="Lee V">VS Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malaisree, M" uniqKey="Malaisree M">M Malaisree</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aruksakulwong, O" uniqKey="Aruksakulwong O">O Aruksakulwong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hannongbua, S" uniqKey="Hannongbua S">S Hannongbua</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chu, Cm" uniqKey="Chu C">CM Chu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Vc" uniqKey="Cheng V">VC Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, If" uniqKey="Hung I">IF Hung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Mm" uniqKey="Wong M">MM Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Kh" uniqKey="Chan K">KH Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Ks" uniqKey="Chan K">KS Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oldfield, V" uniqKey="Oldfield V">V Oldfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plosker, Gl" uniqKey="Plosker G">GL Plosker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jin, Yh" uniqKey="Jin Y">YH Jin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, L" uniqKey="Cai L">L Cai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Zs" uniqKey="Cheng Z">ZS Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, H" uniqKey="Cheng H">H Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, T" uniqKey="Deng T">T Deng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, Yp" uniqKey="Fan Y">YP Fan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Russell, Cd" uniqKey="Russell C">CD Russell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Millar, Je" uniqKey="Millar J">JE Millar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baillie, Jk" uniqKey="Baillie J">JK Baillie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Z" uniqKey="Zhao Z">Z Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, F" uniqKey="Zhang F">F Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, M" uniqKey="Xu M">M Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, K" uniqKey="Huang K">K Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, W" uniqKey="Zhong W">W Zhong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, W" uniqKey="Cai W">W Cai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mr" uniqKey="Loutfy M">MR Loutfy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blatt, Lm" uniqKey="Blatt L">LM Blatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siminovitch, Ka" uniqKey="Siminovitch K">KA Siminovitch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ward, S" uniqKey="Ward S">S Ward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolff, B" uniqKey="Wolff B">B Wolff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lho, H" uniqKey="Lho H">H Lho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lau, Ac" uniqKey="Lau A">AC Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yam, Ly" uniqKey="Yam L">LY Yam</name></author><author><name sortKey="So, Lk" uniqKey="So L">LK So</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsang, K" uniqKey="Tsang K">K Tsang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Ns" uniqKey="Zhong N">NS Zhong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A Zumla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hui, Ds" uniqKey="Hui D">DS Hui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azhar, Ei" uniqKey="Azhar E">EI Azhar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Memish, Za" uniqKey="Memish Z">ZA Memish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maeurer, M" uniqKey="Maeurer M">M Maeurer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Te Velthuis, Aj" uniqKey="Te Velthuis A">AJ te Velthuis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Worm, Sh" uniqKey="Van Den Worm S">SH van den Worm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sims, Ac" uniqKey="Sims A">AC Sims</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, Rs" uniqKey="Baric R">RS Baric</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, Ej" uniqKey="Snijder E">EJ Snijder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Hemert, Mj" uniqKey="Van Hemert M">MJ van Hemert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Z" uniqKey="Wang Z">Z Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, X" uniqKey="Chen X">X Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Y" uniqKey="Lu Y">Y Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, F" uniqKey="Chen F">F Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, N" uniqKey="Chen N">N Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, M" uniqKey="Zhou M">M Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, X" uniqKey="Dong X">X Dong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qu, J" uniqKey="Qu J">J Qu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, F" uniqKey="Gong F">F Gong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Y" uniqKey="Han Y">Y Han</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, D" uniqKey="Wang D">D Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, B" uniqKey="Hu B">B Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, C" uniqKey="Hu C">C Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, F" uniqKey="Zhu F">F Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Zl" uniqKey="Shi Z">ZL Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Z" uniqKey="Zheng Z">Z Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, T" uniqKey="Wang T">T Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kui, L" uniqKey="Kui L">L Kui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fang, Yy" uniqKey="Fang Y">YY Fang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Y" uniqKey="Deng Y">Y Deng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, W" uniqKey="Liu W">W Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Mf" uniqKey="Wang M">MF Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Jp" uniqKey="Ma J">JP Ma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, M" uniqKey="Wang M">M Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, R" uniqKey="Cao R">R Cao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, X" uniqKey="Yang X">X Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, M" uniqKey="Xu M">M Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warren, Tk" uniqKey="Warren T">TK Warren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jordan, R" uniqKey="Jordan R">R Jordan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lo, Mk" uniqKey="Lo M">MK Lo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, As" uniqKey="Ray A">AS Ray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackman, Rl" uniqKey="Mackman R">RL Mackman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soloveva, V" uniqKey="Soloveva V">V Soloveva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vincent, Mj" uniqKey="Vincent M">MJ Vincent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergeron, E" uniqKey="Bergeron E">E Bergeron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benjannet, S" uniqKey="Benjannet S">S Benjannet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erickson, Br" uniqKey="Erickson B">BR Erickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rollin, Pe" uniqKey="Rollin P">PE Rollin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ksiazek, Tg" uniqKey="Ksiazek T">TG Ksiazek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffmann, M" uniqKey="Hoffmann M">M Hoffmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleine Weber, H" uniqKey="Kleine Weber H">H Kleine-Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kruger, N" uniqKey="Kruger N">N Krüger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, M" uniqKey="Muller M">M Müller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C Drosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pohlmann, S" uniqKey="Pohlmann S">S Pöhlmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Richardson, P" uniqKey="Richardson P">P Richardson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Griffin, I" uniqKey="Griffin I">I Griffin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tucker, C" uniqKey="Tucker C">C Tucker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, D" uniqKey="Smith D">D Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oechsle, O" uniqKey="Oechsle O">O Oechsle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phelan, A" uniqKey="Phelan A">A Phelan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="editorial"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Indian J Pharmacol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Indian J Pharmacol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJPharm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Indian Journal of Pharmacology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0253-7613</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1998-3751</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Wolters Kluwer - Medknow</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7074432</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJPharm-52-1</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/ijp.IJP_119_20</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: An evidence-based approach</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sarma</surname><given-names>Phulen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prajapat</surname><given-names>Manisha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Avti</surname><given-names>Pramod</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaur</surname><given-names>Hardeep</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Subodh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Medhi</surname><given-names>Bikash</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label><italic>Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India</italic></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Bikash Medhi, Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="drbikashus@yahoo.com">drbikashus@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jan-Feb</season><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>52</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>15</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2020 Indian Journal of Pharmacology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0"><license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p>In the 21<sup>st</sup> century, three coronaviruses (CoVs) caused three major epidemic of respiratory distress[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] syndrome, which include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 with epicenter in Guangdong, China,[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 in Saudi Arabia,[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] and the third epidemic of respiratory coronavirus the 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mainly centered in Wuhan province, China.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] The case fatalities vary from 2.5% (2019-nCoV),[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]10% (SARS), to 35% (MERS-CoV).[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Till now, there is no approved antiviral or vaccine for the management of infection by CoV. However, from earlier experience of the management of SERS-CoV and MERS-CoV, many agents are being used in the treatment of 2019-nCoV.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</p><sec id="sec1-2"><title>Antivirals</title><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Nucleoside analog</title><p>Ribavirin, a nucleoside analog, shows antiviral activity against some animal CoVs, and in the SARS-CoV epidemic, many patients were treated with ribavirin along with corticosteroids and became a standard regimen for the treatment of SARS-CoV. However, lack of control group hindered the estimation of true effect size. Again, <italic>in vitro</italic> testing did not show efficacy of ribavirin against SARS-CoV. Ribavirin is known for its side effects (hemolytic anemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia). Many subsequent studies questioned the efficacy of ribavirin. Many patients on ribavirin and corticosteroid combination even showed an increase in viral load following the treatment. Thus, its use declined over a period.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] Other important nucleoside analogs are favipiravir and galidesivir, but these are not evaluated till now in 2019-nCoV.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Neuraminidase inhibitors</title><p>Neuraminidase inhibitors are indicated in the management of influenza.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] In a study on possible MERS-CoV cases in Paris from 2013 to 2016, a total of 35 patients received oseltamivir (37.6%). In patients positive for influenza virus (<italic>n</italic> = 25), 52% (<italic>n</italic> = 13) received oseltamivir and it was concluded that empirical oseltamivir can be started in suspected MERS-CoV cases.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] Many other studies also evaluated oseltamivir in MERS-CoV.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] Oseltamivir was also used in the management of 2019-nCoV; however, definite evidence of efficacy is inconclusive because of lack of suitable control group in the studies.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Protease inhibitor</title><p>There are two types of protease present in SARS-CoV, the CL-like protease and the papain-like protease, which is important for cleaving the polyproteins and releasing the nonstructural proteins (NSP1–16), which carry out important functions in the CoV life cycle. Among protease inhibitors, lopinavir was the most inhibitor and saquinavir was the least powerful inhibitor of CoV protease.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] In molecular dynamic studies, flap closing was observed when these inhibitors bound to the SARS-CoV 3CL (pro).[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] Hong Kong University researchers demonstrated anti-SARS-CoV action of lopinavir at concentration of 4 μg/ml <italic>in vitro</italic> against the HKU-39849 isolate.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] Ritonavir boosting along with lopinavir is used in the management of HIV.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] A clinical study at the same Hong Kong University suggests that even after adjustment for LDH level (possible confounder), a significant association was seen between lopinavir/ritonavir use and better outcome.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] As per the current guidelines, lopinavir + ritonavir is the recommended protease inhibitor for the treatment of 2019-nCoV (weak recommendation).[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec1-3"><title>Immunomodulators</title><sec id="sec2-4"><title>Corticosteroids</title><p>Corticosteroids were widely used for the treatment of SERS-CoV and MERS-CoV and are also used in the management of the current epidemic of 2019-nCoV. However, the interim guidelines by the WHO prohibit the use of routine corticosteroids unless indicated for other clinical ground.[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] Use of corticosteroid is reported to be associated with delayed clearance of viral RNA (both in case of SERS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and other steroid-related complications such as psychosis.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-5"><title>Interferon</title><p>Interferons (IFNs) are broad-spectrum antivirals, primarily used in the treatment of hepatitis B. In SARS-CoV patients, compared to ribavirin or interferon (IFN) alone, the benefit was seen on IFN-α + high-dose corticosteroid group.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] Other observational studies also support these findings and the combined use of IFN-α and corticosteroid (corticosteroid arm <italic>n</italic> = 13; corticosteroid + IFN-α arm <italic>n</italic> = 9) showed less disease-associated oxygen saturation impairment.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] For the treatment of 2019-nCoV (7), IFN-α (5 million U bid inh) is recommended along with lopinavir + ritonavir combination.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-6"><title>Immunoglobulins</title><p>In case of critically ill SARS, who show signs of deterioration, further escalation of immunomodulation is indicated and intravenous (i.v.) immunoglobulin may be considered.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] Patients who show poor response to initial empirical therapy may get benefit from i.v. immunoglobulin.[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec1-4"><title>Host-Directed Therapies</title><p>Host-directed therapies basically target improvement of the status of the host, improvement of host immune response, or handling of host-related factors associated with viral replication.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Apart from immunomodulators, metformin, atorvastatin, fibrates, as well as nutritional supplements may help in treating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by boosting immunity. However, evidence of efficacy in SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV is poorly reported.[<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</p><p>Zinc is reported to have antiviral effect,[<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>] and it inhibits CoV RNA polymerase activity and thus hampers replication in cell culture experiments.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] As cytokine storm is a pathognomonic feature of COVID-19, inhibition of these pro-inflammatory cytokines may theoretically prove useful (e.g., inhibition of IL-6 by tocilizumab).[<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-5"><title>Other Therapies</title><p>Other treatment options, which are either used rarely or in experimental state, are SiRNA, tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, pentoxifylline, etc., However, the level of evidence is quite poor and hence not recommended for routine care.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-6"><title>Management of 2019-Novel Coronavirus (Coronavirus Disease-19)</title><p>Clinical care of suspected patients with 2019-nCoV should focus on recognition of the disease condition at the earliest, isolation and adoption of proper infection control measures, and delivery of optimized supportive care toward the suspected/confirmed cases.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] For preventive measure, the WHO guideline “Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected” mainly focuses on avoiding close contact with persons suffering from acute respiratory infections, frequent hand wash, and avoidance of unwanted contact with wild animals. In case of patients with respiratory distress, the patient is to be evaluated for the presence of shock. Empirical antimicrobial coverage is to be given (to cover up the likely causative organisms, which may be responsible for severe acute respiratory infection). Special concern is to be given for other comorbid conditions. In case of hypoxemic respiratory failure, it needs to be managed aggressively with high-flow nasal oxygen or noninvasive ventilation or by endotracheal intubation and positive pressure ventilation as required. Special concern is to be taken for the identification and management of septic shock.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-7"><title>Treatment of 2019-Novel Coronavirus: Evidence from China</title><p>The details of treatment reported in case of 2019-nCoV are presented in <xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. The antiviral agents which are used in the management of 2019-nCoV episodes are lopinavir, ritonavir, arbidol,[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] oseltamivir,[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] i.v. ganciclovir.[<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] Among immunomodulators, the commonly used agents are systematic corticosteroids,[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>] and i.v. immunoglobulin was used in more serious cases who were refractory to initial therapy.[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] Among herbal medicines, Chinese herbal medicinal products Tanreqing i.v. gtt,[<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] shufeng jiedu capsule (a traditional Chinese medicine) was used.[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] The WHO has specified that at this present time there is no high level evidence is available, which favous use of a single specific antiviral agent for the treatment of patients with suspected or confirmed 2019nCoV infection.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] Although many of the death cases were in higher age group[<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] and many were smokers and had bilateral disease,[<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] lack of appropriate control group is the main hindrance in interpreting these prognostic factors.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Details of reported therapeutic strategies to counter 2019-nCoV infection</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study details</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample size</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Therapeutic agents</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 patients</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All patients received oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. All patients were treated with antibiotic, lopinavir, ritonavir, arbidol, and SFJDC (a traditional Chinese medicine). However, only one seriously ill patient received i.v. immunoglobulin. All patients were treated with antivirals for 6-15 days</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 patients improved, last patient still on ventilator (but improved)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">41 patients</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibiotic therapy was administered in 100% cases (<italic>n</italic>=41). 93% (<italic>n</italic>=38) patients received oseltamivir. 22% (<italic>n</italic>=9) patients received systematic corticosteroids</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discharged=68% (<italic>n</italic>=28)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antiviral therapy: Overall 38 (93%), ICU setting 12 (92%), non-ICU care 26 (93%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death=6 patients</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibiotic therapy: Overall 41 (100%), ICU setting 13 (100%), non-ICU setting 28 (100%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death: Overall 6/41, ICU 5/13, non-ICU 1/28</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of corticosteroid: Overall 9 (22%), ICU settings 6 (46%), non-ICU settings 3 (11%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical data from 137 2019-nCoV- infected patients</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients were treated symptomatically and given respiratory support. Immunoglobulin was given to few patients depending upon clinical severity and response. No benefit was observed from systematic corticosteroid. Notably, early respiratory support facilitated disease recovery and improved prognosis. The risk of death was primarily associated with age, underlying chronic diseases, and median interval from the appearance of initial symptoms to dyspnea</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with higher age at presentation and concomitant disease were more likely to show features of respiratory failure and had poorer outcome</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">[<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">138 patients</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90% of patients received oseltamivir. The most commonly used antibiotics were ceftriaxone (25%), moxifloxacin (64%), and azithromycin (18%). Around 45% of patients received additional glucocorticoid therapy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Still admitted=61.6% (<italic>n</italic>=85)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.4% of patients required additional vasopressor and 1.44% of patients required renal replacement therapy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discharged=34% (<italic>n</italic>=47)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severity of disease was an important determinant of antiviral and corticosteroid therapy. However, no effective outcomes were observed</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death=4.3% (<italic>n</italic>=6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 patients</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All patients were treated in isolation<break></break>Antiviral therapy given to 76% patients (<italic>n</italic>=75). The antivirals used were oral oseltamivir, i.v. ganciclovir and lopinavir/ritonavir tablets. The duration of antiviral therapy ranged from 3 to 14 days<break></break>70 patients received antibiotic treatment. In case of secondary bacterial infection, culture and sensitivity were used as a guide for antibiotic therapy. The duration of antibiotic therapy ranged from 3 to 17 days<break></break>19 (19%) patients were also treated with additional corticosteroids for a duration of 3-15 days<break></break>Noninvasive ventilator=13, invasive ventilator=4, ECMO=3, and requirement of RRT=9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discharged=31% (<italic>n</italic>=31)<break></break>Died=11 (11%)<break></break>Details of death patients:<break></break>7/11 deaths age >60 years<break></break>Long history of smoking=3<break></break>MuLBSTA score could predict outcome<break></break>Lymphopenia=8<break></break>Bilateral pneumonia=7<break></break>Hypertension=3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 patients</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both the patients were treated with i.v. corticosteroid, human gamma globulin, antibiotics (moxifloxacin), antiviral (oseltamivir and abidol hydrochloride) and Chinese herbal medicine Tanreqing i.v. gtt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Both patients recovered</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SFJDC=Shufeng Jiedu Capsule, ICU=Intensive care unit, i.v.=Intravenous, ECMO=Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, RRT=Renal replacement therapy</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="sec1-8"><title>Recent Advances in the Treatment of 2019-Novel Coronavirus</title><sec id="sec2-7"><title>Remdesivir and chloroquine[<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</title><p>Using clinical isolates of 2019-nCoV, Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2020 evaluated the efficacy of seven agents (ribavirin, penciclovir, nitazoxanide, nafamostat, chloroquine, remdesivir [GS5734], and favipiravir [T-705]) in <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vero E6 cells, which was followed by infection of the cells with 2019-nCoV clinical isolates, and the test drug was evaluated at different doses. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based quantification was done to get the viral yield, which was later confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy (nucleocapsid protein visualization). Both chloroquine and remdesivir inhibited virus infection at micromolar level (0.77–1.13 μM) and with high selectivity.[<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</p><p>Being an adenosine analog, remdesivir gets incorporated into viral RNA and causes premature chain termination.[<xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] The importance of chloroquine as an antiviral agent is coming up. Chloroquine even showed efficacy as a potent antiviral against SARS-CoV infection and spread.[<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] Pretreatment with chloroquine renders vero E6 cells refractory to SARS CoV infection. Moreover, in the postinfection period, treatment with chloroquine prevents the spread of SARS-CoV infection.[<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] Chloroquine increases endosomal pH and thus makes the environment unfavorable for the virus/cell fusion. Chloroquine also affects the glycosylation process of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2, receptor for binding of viral spike protein, which is essential for interaction with the host).[<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] Being nonexpensive and easily available agent, chloroquine may prove as a promising candidate.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-8"><title>Baricitinib</title><p>The SARSCoV and the 2019nCoV both enters host cells through ACE2 receptormediated entry, especially through AT2 cells present in lungs.[<xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>] Downstream signaling of this receptor mediates the endocytosis process, and AP2-associated protein kinase 1 (AAK1) plays a major role in this process. Thus, AAK1 represents an important target. Richardson <italic>et al</italic>., 2020 evaluated 378 ligands, of which 47 were already approved for use in other conditions. Among these ligands, six inhibited AAK1 with high affinity. Considering the side effect profile, they found janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib to be the most important agent. In addition to AAK1, baricitinib also binds to another endocytosis regulator protein (cyclin G-associated kinase). Thus, the authors suggest that baricitinib can be evaluated in the <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions as well as in the clinical trial settings for 2019-nCoV.[<xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-9"><title>Limitations of current research</title><p>Lack of high-quality evidence (especially randomized controlled trails [RCTs]) is the most important limitation of the current CoV research. As most of the CoV strains are genetically different and the outbreaks occur extremely randomly, conducting an RCT is extremely difficult, and we have to rely on observational studies (most of which do not have proper control group), which hamper the estimation of proper treatment effect.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Graham</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><name><surname>Donaldson</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></name><name><surname>Baric</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A decade after SARS: Strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses</article-title><source>Nat Rev Microbiol</source><year>2013</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>836</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24217413</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><source>SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)</source><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2020 Feb 13</date-in-citation><publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/">https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab><source>About MERS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</source><year>2019</year><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2020 Feb 13</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/about/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/about/index.html</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2020 Feb 13</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200212-sitrep-23-ncov.pdf">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200212-sitrep-23-ncov.pdf</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Battegay</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuehl</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Tschudin-Sutter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Hirsch</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></name><name><surname>Widmer</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></name><name><surname>Neher</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Estimating the case fatality rate – A word of caution</article-title><source>Swiss Med Wkly</source><year>2020</year><volume>150</volume><fpage>w20203</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32031234</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zumla</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Azhar</surname><given-names>EI</given-names></name><name><surname>Hui</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Yuen</surname><given-names>KY</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Coronaviruses-drug discovery and therapeutic options</article-title><source>Nat Rev Drug Discov</source><year>2016</year><volume>15</volume><fpage>327</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26868298</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Clercq</surname><given-names>ED</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)</article-title><source>Nat Rev Drug Discov</source><year>2020</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>149</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32127666</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tai</surname><given-names>DY</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Pharmacologic treatment of SARS: Current knowledge and recommendations</article-title><source>Ann Acad Med Singapore</source><year>2007</year><volume>36</volume><fpage>438</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17597972</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><article-title>Neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment of influenza A and B infections</article-title><source>MMWR Recomm Rep</source><year>1999</year><volume>48</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bleibtreu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Jaureguiberry</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Houhou</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Boutolleau</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Guillot</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Vallois</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical management of respiratory syndrome in patients hospitalized for suspected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the Paris area from 2013 to 2016</article-title><source>BMC Infect Dis</source><year>2018</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>331</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30012113</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Abdely</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name><name><surname>Midgley</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Alkhamis</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Abedi</surname><given-names>GR</given-names></name><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Binder</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection dynamics and antibody responses among clinically diverse patients, Saudi Arabia</article-title><source>Emerg Infect Dis</source><year>2019</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>753</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30882305</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Ren</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>395</volume><fpage>497</fpage><lpage>506</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31986264</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dayer</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Taleb-Gassabi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Dayer</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lopinavir; a potent drug against coronavirus infection: Insight from molecular docking study</article-title><source>Arch Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2017</year><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2020 Feb 12</date-in-citation><volume>12</volume><fpage>e13823</fpage><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://archcidcom/en/articles/13823html">http://archcidcom/en/articles/13823html</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nukoolkarn</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>VS</given-names></name><name><surname>Malaisree</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Aruksakulwong</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Hannongbua</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Molecular dynamic simulations analysis of ritonavir and lopinavir as SARS-CoV 3CL (pro) inhibitors</article-title><source>J Theor Biol</source><year>2008</year><volume>254</volume><fpage>861</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18706430</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chu</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>VC</given-names></name><name><surname>Hung</surname><given-names>IF</given-names></name><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>KH</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>KS</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial virological and clinical findings</article-title><source>Thorax</source><year>2004</year><volume>59</volume><fpage>252</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14985565</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oldfield</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Plosker</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lopinavir/ritonavir: A review of its use in the management of HIV infection</article-title><source>Drugs</source><year>2006</year><volume>66</volume><fpage>1275</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16827606</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jin</surname><given-names>YH</given-names></name><name><surname>Cai</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>ZS</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>YP</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)</article-title><source>Mil Med Res</source><year>2020</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>4</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32029004</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection when Novel Coronavirus (nCoV) Infection is Suspected</source><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2020 Feb 12</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinicalmanagement-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected">https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinicalmanagement-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Russell</surname><given-names>CD</given-names></name><name><surname>Millar</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Baillie</surname><given-names>JK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>395</volume><fpage>473</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32043983</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Cai</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China</article-title><source>J Med Microbiol</source><year>2003</year><volume>52</volume><fpage>715</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12867568</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Blatt</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>Siminovitch</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Wolff</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Lho</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Interferon alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids in severe acute respiratory syndrome: A preliminary study</article-title><source>JAMA</source><year>2003</year><volume>290</volume><fpage>3222</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14693875</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Yam</surname><given-names>LY</given-names></name><name><surname>So</surname><given-names>LK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Management of critically Ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)</article-title><source>Int J Med Sci</source><year>2004</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15912185</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tsang</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>NS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>SARS: Pharmacotherapy?</article-title><source>Respirology</source><year>2003</year><volume>8</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S25</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><comment>doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00525.x</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15018130</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zumla</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hui</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Azhar</surname><given-names>EI</given-names></name><name><surname>Memish</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><name><surname>Maeurer</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Reducing mortality from 2019-nCoV: Host-directed therapies should be an option</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>395</volume><fpage>e35</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32035018</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>te Velthuis</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>van den Worm</surname><given-names>SH</given-names></name><name><surname>Sims</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Baric</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Snijder</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name><name><surname>van Hemert</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity <italic>in vitro</italic> and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture</article-title><source>PLoS Pathog</source><year>2010</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>e1001176</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21079686</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2020 Feb 12</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200128-sitrep-8-ncov-cleared.pdf">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200128-sitrep-8-ncov-cleared.pdf</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2020 Feb 12</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/clinical-management-of-novel-cov.pdf</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 9]</article-title><source>Biosci Trends</source><year>2020</year><comment>105582/bst202001030</comment><comment>doi:105582/bst202001030</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Dong</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Qu</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Gong</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>395</volume><fpage>507</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32007143</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China</article-title><source>JAMA</source><year>2020</year><date-in-citation>Last cited on 2020 Mar 04</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://jamanetworkcom/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044">https://jamanetworkcom/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>ZL</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical features and treatment of 2019-nCov pneumonia patients in Wuhan: Report of a couple cases</article-title><source>Virol Sin</source><year>2020</year><comment>doi: 101007/s12250-020-00203-8</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kui</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Fang</surname><given-names>YY</given-names></name><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 7]</article-title><source>Chin Med J (Engl)</source><year>2020</year><comment>101097/CM90000000000000744</comment><comment>doi:101097/CM90000000000000744</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) <italic>in vitro</italic></article-title><source>Cell Res</source><year>2020</year><volume>30</volume><fpage>269</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><comment>doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32020029</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref34"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Warren</surname><given-names>TK</given-names></name><name><surname>Jordan</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Lo</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name><name><surname>Ray</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><name><surname>Mackman</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><name><surname>Soloveva</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys</article-title><source>Nature</source><year>2016</year><volume>531</volume><fpage>381</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26934220</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref35"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vincent</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bergeron</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Benjannet</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Erickson</surname><given-names>BR</given-names></name><name><surname>Rollin</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></name><name><surname>Ksiazek</surname><given-names>TG</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread</article-title><source>Virol J</source><year>2005</year><volume>2</volume><fpage>69</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16115318</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref36"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoffmann</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kleine-Weber</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Krüger</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Drosten</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Pöhlmann</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells [Internet]</article-title><source>Molecular Biology</source><year>2020</year><date-in-citation>Last cited on 2020 Mar 04</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://biorxivorg/lookup/doi/101101/20200131929042">http://biorxivorg/lookup/doi/101101/20200131929042</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref37"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Richardson</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Griffin</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Tucker</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Oechsle</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Phelan</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>395</volume><fpage>e30</fpage><lpage>1</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32032529</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/ChloroquineV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000334 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000334 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= ChloroquineV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:7074432
|texte= Therapeutic options for the treatment of 2019-novel coronavirus: An evidence-based approach
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:NONE" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a ChloroquineV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |