Prosopis Plant Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Attributes: Targeting Clinical Studies from Preclinical Evidence
Identifieur interne : 000A78 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000A77; suivant : 000A79Prosopis Plant Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Attributes: Targeting Clinical Studies from Preclinical Evidence
Auteurs : Javad Sharifi-Rad [Iran] ; Farzad Kobarfard [Iran] ; Athar Ata ; Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi [Iran] ; Nafiseh Khosravi-Dehaghi [Iran] ; Arun Kumar Jugran ; Merve Tomas ; Esra Capanoglu ; Karl R. Matthews ; Jelena Popovi Djordjevi ; Aleksandar Kosti ; Senem Kamiloglu ; Farukh Sharopov ; Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary ; Natália Martins [Portugal]Source :
- Biomolecules [ 2218-273X ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Members of the
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/biom9120777
PubMed: 31775378
PubMed Central: 6995505
Affiliations:
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PMC:6995505Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Prosopis</italic>
Plant Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Attributes: Targeting Clinical Studies from Preclinical Evidence</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sharifi Rad, Javad" sort="Sharifi Rad, Javad" uniqKey="Sharifi Rad J" first="Javad" last="Sharifi-Rad">Javad Sharifi-Rad</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-09-00777">Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran 1991953381</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kobarfard, Farzad" sort="Kobarfard, Farzad" uniqKey="Kobarfard F" first="Farzad" last="Kobarfard">Farzad Kobarfard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-09-00777">Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ata, Athar" sort="Ata, Athar" uniqKey="Ata A" first="Athar" last="Ata">Athar Ata</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada;<email>a.ata@uwinnipeg.ca</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdulmajid" sort="Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdulmajid" uniqKey="Ayatollahi S" first="Seyed Abdulmajid" last="Ayatollahi">Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi</name>
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<wicri:noRegion>Tehran 1991953381</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khosravi Dehaghi, Nafiseh" sort="Khosravi Dehaghi, Nafiseh" uniqKey="Khosravi Dehaghi N" first="Nafiseh" last="Khosravi-Dehaghi">Nafiseh Khosravi-Dehaghi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-biomolecules-09-00777">EvidenceBased Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 19839-63113, Iran;<email>nafiseh.khosravi85@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 19839-63113, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 19839-63113</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karaj 19839-63113</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jugran, Arun Kumar" sort="Jugran, Arun Kumar" uniqKey="Jugran A" first="Arun Kumar" last="Jugran">Arun Kumar Jugran</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-biomolecules-09-00777">G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Garhwal Regional Centre, Upper Baktiyana, Srinagar-246 174, Uttarakhand, India;<email>arunjugran@gbpihed.nic.in</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tomas, Merve" sort="Tomas, Merve" uniqKey="Tomas M" first="Merve" last="Tomas">Merve Tomas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey;<email>mervetomas@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capanoglu, Esra" sort="Capanoglu, Esra" uniqKey="Capanoglu E" first="Esra" last="Capanoglu">Esra Capanoglu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey;<email>capanogl@itu.edu.tr</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matthews, Karl R" sort="Matthews, Karl R" uniqKey="Matthews K" first="Karl R." last="Matthews">Karl R. Matthews</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA;<email>bijan@sebs.rutgers.edu</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Popovi Djordjevi, Jelena" sort="Popovi Djordjevi, Jelena" uniqKey="Popovi Djordjevi J" first="Jelena" last="Popovi Djordjevi">Jelena Popovi Djordjevi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Agriculture, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;<email>jelenadj@agrif.bg.ac.rs</email>
(J.P.-D.);<email>kosticmeister@gmail.com</email>
(A.K.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kosti, Aleksandar" sort="Kosti, Aleksandar" uniqKey="Kosti A" first="Aleksandar" last="Kosti">Aleksandar Kosti</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Agriculture, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;<email>jelenadj@agrif.bg.ac.rs</email>
(J.P.-D.);<email>kosticmeister@gmail.com</email>
(A.K.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamiloglu, Senem" sort="Kamiloglu, Senem" uniqKey="Kamiloglu S" first="Senem" last="Kamiloglu">Senem Kamiloglu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12-biomolecules-09-00777">Mevsim Gida Sanayi ve Soguk Depo Ticaret A.S. (MVSM Foods), Turankoy, Kestel, 16450 Bursa, Turkey;<email>senemkamiloglu87@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharopov, Farukh" sort="Sharopov, Farukh" uniqKey="Sharopov F" first="Farukh" last="Sharopov">Farukh Sharopov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan;<email>shfarukh@mail.ru</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal" sort="Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal" uniqKey="Choudhary M" first="Muhammad Iqbal" last="Choudhary">Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-biomolecules-09-00777">H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;<email>iqbal.choudhary@iccs.edu</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martins, Natalia" sort="Martins, Natalia" uniqKey="Martins N" first="Natália" last="Martins">Natália Martins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af15-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>4200-319 Porto</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af16-biomolecules-09-00777">Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>4200-135 Porto</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Prosopis</italic>
Plant Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Attributes: Targeting Clinical Studies from Preclinical Evidence</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sharifi Rad, Javad" sort="Sharifi Rad, Javad" uniqKey="Sharifi Rad J" first="Javad" last="Sharifi-Rad">Javad Sharifi-Rad</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-09-00777">Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran 1991953381</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kobarfard, Farzad" sort="Kobarfard, Farzad" uniqKey="Kobarfard F" first="Farzad" last="Kobarfard">Farzad Kobarfard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-09-00777">Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran 1991953381</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran 11369</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ata, Athar" sort="Ata, Athar" uniqKey="Ata A" first="Athar" last="Ata">Athar Ata</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada;<email>a.ata@uwinnipeg.ca</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdulmajid" sort="Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdulmajid" uniqKey="Ayatollahi S" first="Seyed Abdulmajid" last="Ayatollahi">Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-biomolecules-09-00777">Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran 1991953381</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tehran 11369</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khosravi Dehaghi, Nafiseh" sort="Khosravi Dehaghi, Nafiseh" uniqKey="Khosravi Dehaghi N" first="Nafiseh" last="Khosravi-Dehaghi">Nafiseh Khosravi-Dehaghi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-biomolecules-09-00777">EvidenceBased Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 19839-63113, Iran;<email>nafiseh.khosravi85@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 19839-63113, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 19839-63113</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Karaj 19839-63113</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jugran, Arun Kumar" sort="Jugran, Arun Kumar" uniqKey="Jugran A" first="Arun Kumar" last="Jugran">Arun Kumar Jugran</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-biomolecules-09-00777">G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Garhwal Regional Centre, Upper Baktiyana, Srinagar-246 174, Uttarakhand, India;<email>arunjugran@gbpihed.nic.in</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tomas, Merve" sort="Tomas, Merve" uniqKey="Tomas M" first="Merve" last="Tomas">Merve Tomas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey;<email>mervetomas@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capanoglu, Esra" sort="Capanoglu, Esra" uniqKey="Capanoglu E" first="Esra" last="Capanoglu">Esra Capanoglu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey;<email>capanogl@itu.edu.tr</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matthews, Karl R" sort="Matthews, Karl R" uniqKey="Matthews K" first="Karl R." last="Matthews">Karl R. Matthews</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA;<email>bijan@sebs.rutgers.edu</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Popovi Djordjevi, Jelena" sort="Popovi Djordjevi, Jelena" uniqKey="Popovi Djordjevi J" first="Jelena" last="Popovi Djordjevi">Jelena Popovi Djordjevi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Agriculture, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;<email>jelenadj@agrif.bg.ac.rs</email>
(J.P.-D.);<email>kosticmeister@gmail.com</email>
(A.K.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kosti, Aleksandar" sort="Kosti, Aleksandar" uniqKey="Kosti A" first="Aleksandar" last="Kosti">Aleksandar Kosti</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Agriculture, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;<email>jelenadj@agrif.bg.ac.rs</email>
(J.P.-D.);<email>kosticmeister@gmail.com</email>
(A.K.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamiloglu, Senem" sort="Kamiloglu, Senem" uniqKey="Kamiloglu S" first="Senem" last="Kamiloglu">Senem Kamiloglu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12-biomolecules-09-00777">Mevsim Gida Sanayi ve Soguk Depo Ticaret A.S. (MVSM Foods), Turankoy, Kestel, 16450 Bursa, Turkey;<email>senemkamiloglu87@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharopov, Farukh" sort="Sharopov, Farukh" uniqKey="Sharopov F" first="Farukh" last="Sharopov">Farukh Sharopov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-biomolecules-09-00777">Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan;<email>shfarukh@mail.ru</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal" sort="Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal" uniqKey="Choudhary M" first="Muhammad Iqbal" last="Choudhary">Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-biomolecules-09-00777">H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;<email>iqbal.choudhary@iccs.edu</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martins, Natalia" sort="Martins, Natalia" uniqKey="Martins N" first="Natália" last="Martins">Natália Martins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af15-biomolecules-09-00777">Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>4200-319 Porto</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af16-biomolecules-09-00777">Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>4200-135 Porto</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Biomolecules</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2218-273X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2019">2019</date>
</imprint>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Members of the <italic>Prosopis</italic>
genus are native to America, Africa and Asia, and have long been used in traditional medicine. The <italic>Prosopis</italic>
species most commonly used for medicinal purposes are <italic>P. africana</italic>
, <italic>P. alba</italic>
, <italic>P. cineraria</italic>
, <italic>P. farcta</italic>
, <italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
, <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
, <italic>P. nigra</italic>
, <italic>P. ruscifolia</italic>
and <italic>P. spicigera</italic>
, which are highly effective in asthma, birth/postpartum pains, callouses, conjunctivitis, diabetes, diarrhea, expectorant, fever, flu, lactation, liver infection, malaria, otitis, pains, pediculosis, rheumatism, scabies, skin inflammations, spasm, stomach ache, bladder and pancreas stone removal. Flour, syrup, and beverages from <italic>Prosopis</italic>
pods have also been potentially used for foods and food supplement formulation in many regions of the world. In addition, various in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed interesting antiplasmodial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and wound healing effects. The phytochemical composition of <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants, namely their content of C-glycosyl flavones (such as schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vicenin II, vitexin and isovitexin) has been increasingly correlated with the observed biological effects. Thus, given the literature reports, <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants have positive impact on the human diet and general health. In this sense, the present review provides an in-depth overview of the literature data regarding <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants’ chemical composition, pharmacological and food applications, covering from pre-clinical data to upcoming clinical studies.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharifi Rad, J" uniqKey="Sharifi Rad J">J. Sharifi-Rad</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salehi, B" uniqKey="Salehi B">B. Salehi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Varoni, E M" uniqKey="Varoni E">E.M. Varoni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharopov, F" uniqKey="Sharopov F">F. Sharopov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yousaf, Z" uniqKey="Yousaf Z">Z. Yousaf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ayatollahi, S A" uniqKey="Ayatollahi S">S.A. Ayatollahi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kobarfard, F" uniqKey="Kobarfard F">F. Kobarfard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharifi Rad, M" uniqKey="Sharifi Rad M">M. Sharifi-Rad</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Afdjei, M H" uniqKey="Afdjei M">M.H. Afdjei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharifi Rad, M" uniqKey="Sharifi Rad M">M. Sharifi-Rad</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharifi Rad, M" uniqKey="Sharifi Rad M">M. Sharifi-Rad</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roberts, T H" uniqKey="Roberts T">T.H. Roberts</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matthews, K R" uniqKey="Matthews K">K.R. Matthews</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bezerra, C F" uniqKey="Bezerra C">C.F. Bezerra</name>
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<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomolecules</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomolecules</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biomolecules</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Biomolecules</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="epub">2218-273X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31775378</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6995505</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/biom9120777</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">biomolecules-09-00777</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject>
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<title-group><article-title><italic>Prosopis</italic>
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<given-names>Natália</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15-biomolecules-09-00777">15</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af16-biomolecules-09-00777">16</xref>
<xref rid="c1-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>1</label>
Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran</aff>
<aff id="af2-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>2</label>
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran</aff>
<aff id="af3-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>3</label>
Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada;<email>a.ata@uwinnipeg.ca</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af4-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>4</label>
Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran</aff>
<aff id="af5-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>5</label>
EvidenceBased Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 19839-63113, Iran;<email>nafiseh.khosravi85@gmail.com</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af6-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>6</label>
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 19839-63113, Iran</aff>
<aff id="af7-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>7</label>
G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Garhwal Regional Centre, Upper Baktiyana, Srinagar-246 174, Uttarakhand, India;<email>arunjugran@gbpihed.nic.in</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af8-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>8</label>
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey;<email>mervetomas@gmail.com</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af9-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>9</label>
Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey;<email>capanogl@itu.edu.tr</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af10-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>10</label>
Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA;<email>bijan@sebs.rutgers.edu</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af11-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>11</label>
Faculty of Agriculture, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;<email>jelenadj@agrif.bg.ac.rs</email>
(J.P.-D.);<email>kosticmeister@gmail.com</email>
(A.K.)</aff>
<aff id="af12-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>12</label>
Mevsim Gida Sanayi ve Soguk Depo Ticaret A.S. (MVSM Foods), Turankoy, Kestel, 16450 Bursa, Turkey;<email>senemkamiloglu87@gmail.com</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af13-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>13</label>
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan;<email>shfarukh@mail.ru</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af14-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>14</label>
H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;<email>iqbal.choudhary@iccs.edu</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af15-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>15</label>
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal</aff>
<aff id="af16-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>16</label>
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-biomolecules-09-00777"><label>*</label>
Correspondence: <email>javad.sharifirad@gmail.com</email>
(J.S.-R.); <email>farzadkf@yahoo.com</email>
(F.K.); <email>majid_ayatollahi@yahoo.com</email>
(S.A.A.); <email>ncmartins@med.up.pt</email>
(N.M.)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<elocation-id>777</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>03</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Members of the <italic>Prosopis</italic>
genus are native to America, Africa and Asia, and have long been used in traditional medicine. The <italic>Prosopis</italic>
species most commonly used for medicinal purposes are <italic>P. africana</italic>
, <italic>P. alba</italic>
, <italic>P. cineraria</italic>
, <italic>P. farcta</italic>
, <italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
, <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
, <italic>P. nigra</italic>
, <italic>P. ruscifolia</italic>
and <italic>P. spicigera</italic>
, which are highly effective in asthma, birth/postpartum pains, callouses, conjunctivitis, diabetes, diarrhea, expectorant, fever, flu, lactation, liver infection, malaria, otitis, pains, pediculosis, rheumatism, scabies, skin inflammations, spasm, stomach ache, bladder and pancreas stone removal. Flour, syrup, and beverages from <italic>Prosopis</italic>
pods have also been potentially used for foods and food supplement formulation in many regions of the world. In addition, various in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed interesting antiplasmodial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and wound healing effects. The phytochemical composition of <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants, namely their content of C-glycosyl flavones (such as schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vicenin II, vitexin and isovitexin) has been increasingly correlated with the observed biological effects. Thus, given the literature reports, <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants have positive impact on the human diet and general health. In this sense, the present review provides an in-depth overview of the literature data regarding <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants’ chemical composition, pharmacological and food applications, covering from pre-clinical data to upcoming clinical studies.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd><italic>Prosopis</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd>vitexin</kwd>
<kwd>C-glycosyl flavones</kwd>
<kwd>food preservative</kwd>
<kwd>antiplasmodial</kwd>
<kwd>wound healing potential</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="biomolecules-09-00777-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Structures of the main flavonoids in <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="biomolecules-09-00777-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="biomolecules-09-00777-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Structures of some C- glycosyl flavones from <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="biomolecules-09-00777-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="biomolecules-09-00777-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Chemical structures of some phenolic acids from <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="biomolecules-09-00777-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="biomolecules-09-00777-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">biomolecules-09-00777-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Identification/quantification of phytochemicals in <italic>Prosopis</italic>
species.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prosopis</italic>
Plant and Part</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identified/Quantified Phytochemicals</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. alba</italic>
flours</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isovitexin (1.12–0.48 μg/mg) </td>
<td rowspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vicenin II (1.07–0.34 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitexin (0.91–0.47 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schaftoside (0.42–0.00 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ferulic acid (4.01–0.28 μg/mg) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coumaric acid (3.94–0.33 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. alba</italic>
pods</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-dihexoside rhamnoside</td>
<td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-dihexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-methylether dihexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitexin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-rhamnoside hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isovitexin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K-hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. alba</italic>
flour</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isoschaftoside hexoside (2.43 mg/g)</td>
<td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B13-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schaftoside hexoside (3.33 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vicenin II/Isomer (0.67 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vicenin II/Isomer (2.34 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isoschaftoside (23.67 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schaftoside (14.86 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitexin (0.46 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isovitexin (2.09 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="10" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. alba</italic>
exudate gum</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ferulic acid 4-glucuronide (E)</td>
<td rowspan="10" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B11-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apigetrin, chrysin (E)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chlorogenic acid (E and NE) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-O-feruloylquinic acid (E)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p-Coumaroylquinic acid (E)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Valoneic acid dilactone (E)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digallic acid (E)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ferulic acid (NE)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Esculetin derivative (NE)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7-O-Methylapigenin (NE)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="21" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. nigra</italic>
pods</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyanidin rhamnosyl hexoside</td>
<td rowspan="21" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyanidin-3-hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peonidin-3-hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malvidin dihexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyanidin malonoyl hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petunidin-3-hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malvidin rhamnosyl hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malvidin-3-hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vicenin II</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-dihexoside rhamnoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isoschaftoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-dihexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schaftoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-hexoside rhamnose</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K-hexoside rhamnoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isovitexin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q-hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K-hexoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apigenin hexoside rhamnoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Q methyl ether hexoside rhamnoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K-methyl ether hexoside rhamnoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="7" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. nigra</italic>
flour</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vicenin II (0.34 μg/mg)</td>
<td rowspan="7" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B14-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schaftoside (0.24 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isoschaftoside (0.27 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isovitexin (0.81 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protocatechuic acid (0.33 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coumaric acid (8.16 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ferulic acid (4.47 μg/mg)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="11" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protocatechuic acid (31.65 mg/g) Chlorogenic acid (22.31 mg/g)</td>
<td rowspan="11" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
,<xref rid="B16-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
,<xref rid="B17-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caffeic acid (6.02 mg/g) </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ferulic acid (9.24 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prosogerin A, B, C and D</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β-sitosterol</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hentriacontane</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rutin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gallic acid </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patulitrin </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luteolin </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spicigerin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="9" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. laevigata</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gallic acid (8–25 mg/100 g)</td>
<td rowspan="9" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B18-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coumaric acid (335–635 mg/100 g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Catechin (162.5 mg/100g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gallocatechin (340–648 mg/100 g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epicatechin gallate (10–71 mg/100 g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rutin (222.4–256.1 mg/100 g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morin (236.5 mg/100 g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naringenin (20 mg/100 g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luteolin (13 mg/100 g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="14" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4′-<italic>O</italic>
-Methylgallocatechin</td>
<td rowspan="14" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B19-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
,<xref rid="B20-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(+)-catechins </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(-)-mesquitol</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apigenin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luteolin</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apigenin-6,8-di-C-glycoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chrysoeriol 7-<italic>O</italic>
-glucoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luteolin 7-<italic>O</italic>
-glucoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaempferol 3-<italic>O</italic>
-methyl ether</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quercitin 3-<italic>O</italic>
-methyl ether</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isoharmentin 3-<italic>O</italic>
-glucoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isoharmentin 3-<italic>O</italic>
-rutinoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quercitin 3-<italic>O</italic>
-rutinoside</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quercitin 3-<italic>O</italic>
-diglycoside </td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gallic acid (8.203 mg/g)</td>
<td rowspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxybenzoic acid (1.797 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pyrocatechol (5.538 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caffeic acid (0.295 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ferulic acid (0.466 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quercetin (0.045 mg/g)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="biomolecules-09-00777-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">biomolecules-09-00777-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p><italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants traditionally used in the treatment of various diseases in diverse regions of the world.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scientific Name</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local Name</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parts Used</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Administration</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease(s) Treated/Bioactive Effects</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. africana</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sélingué subdistrict, Mali</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guele</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark trunk</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral, Bath</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaria</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B19-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea-Bissau</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tentera, Buiengué, Bussagan, Coquengue karbon, Késeg-késeg, Paucarvão, Pócarvão, Pó-de-carbom, Po-di-carvom, Tchelem, Tchalem-ai, tchela, Tchelangadje, Tchelem, Bal-tencali, Culengô, Culim-ô, Djandjam-ô, Quéssem-quéssem, Djeiha, Ogea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, bark, roots</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pains, pregnancy (childbirth, breastfeeding, diseases of the newborn), skin inflammations (wounds, burns)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nsukka Local Government Area, South-eastern Nigeria</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ugba</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaria</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North-West Nigeria</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kirya, Ko-hi</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic, anti-inflammatory</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. alba</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wichí people of Salta province, Argentina</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jwaayukw, Algarrobo blanco</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resin</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conjunctivitis, post-abortion pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Drucey</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Leaves, stem</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spasm, diabetes, liver infection, diarrhea, removal of bladder and pancreas stone, fever, flu</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B5-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rheumatism</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thar Desert (Sindh), Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gujjo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tonic for body, leucorrhea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B13-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South of Kerman, Iran</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kahour</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asthma, skin rash</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B14-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flower</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rheumatism</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hafizabad district, Punjab, Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jhand</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, bark, stem, flower, fruit</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral, topical, eye drop</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liver tonic, boils and blisters, scorpion bite, pancreatic stone, leucorrhoea, chronic dysentery, cataract</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B3-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, pods</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asthma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B4-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jandi, Kanda, Kandee, Jhand</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, Bark, Flowers, Pods and wood</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Menstrual disorders, contraceptive, prevention of abortion</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jahrom, Iran</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kourak</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Constipation, febrifuge</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
Torr</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bustamante, Nuevo León, Mexico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mezquite</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inflorescences</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stomach pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thar Desert (Sindh), Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Devi</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, Gum</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Painkiller, boils opening, eye inflammation, body tonic, muscular pain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B13-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hafizabad district, Punjab, Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mosquit pod</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant, Flower, Stem, Leaves, Bark</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral, topical, and as toothbrush</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Galactagogue, kidney stones, toothache, breast cancer, asthma, boils</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B3-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xerophytic shrub</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asthma, cough</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B4-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mohmand Agency, FATA, Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kikrye</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lactation, expectorant</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B17-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western Madhya Pradesh, India</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reuja</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asthma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B18-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. nigra</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wichí people of Salta province, Argentina</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wosochukw, Algarrobo negro</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resin</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ocular trauma, conjunctivitis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. ruscifolia</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wichí people of Salta province, Argentina</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atek, Vinal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conjunctivitis, stomachache, pimples/rash, scabies, callouses, fever, birth/postpartum pains, diarrhoea, pediculosis, otitis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. spicigera</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pakistan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark, leaves, flowers</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unspecified</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asthma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B4-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="biomolecules-09-00777-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">biomolecules-09-00777-t003_Table 3</object-id>
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>In vitro studies reporting the effect of different <italic>Prosopis</italic>
across the globe.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant Part</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formulation/Dosage</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Result</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Antioxidant</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. alba</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edible pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The sugar-free polyphenolic extracts of and obtained from edible pods and anthocyanins enriched extracts </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyphenolic extracts of <italic>P. alba</italic>
exhibited activity against a pro-inflammatory enzyme</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. chilensis</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds were pressurized at 500 MPa during 2, 4, 8 and 10 min.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antioxidant activity, mineral and starch content and bioaccessibility of samples were significantly affected by the processing and digestion conditions. All treatments enhanced the bioaccessibility of the antioxidant activity (IC<sub>50</sub>
), minerals (dialysis and solubility) and starch (resistant and digestible) as compared to the untreated sample</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B38-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanolic extract of was analyzed and compared with ascorbic acid as reference 10.52 μg/mL (y = 0.4992x + 101.25, 0.9921) and result is 193.54 μg/mL</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MPCL can be used as easily an accessible source of natural antioxidants and as a possible food supplement or in pharmaceutical industry</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oven dried material was grounded into powder (1.5 kg). Powdered materials were soaked in MeOH for 72 h followed by filtration and evaporation. Resulting crude extract was further used for solvent extraction using n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and n-butanol.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
inhibited ABTS radical in 83.1, 82.0, 87.2 and 87.0%, respectively, for the <italic>n</italic>
-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and <italic>n</italic>
-butanol extracts, respectively, when compared to ascorbic acid (89.2%) </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. flexuosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DNA binding effect was found mainly in the basic fraction. The alkaloids tryptamine as well as piperidine and phenethylamine derivatives were isolated from the basic extracts.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At 0.50 mg/mL, DNA binding activities ranged from 28% for tryptamine to 0–27% for the phenethylamine and 47–54% for the piperidine derivatives. Tryptamine and 2-β-methyl-3-β-hydroxy-6-β-piperidinedodecanol displayed moderate inhibition (27–32%) of β-glucosidase at 100 μg/mL. The exudate of <italic>P. flexuosa</italic>
displayed a strong free radical scavenger effect in the DPPH discoloration assay, with the main active constituent identified being catechin</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol extract of was investigated for antioxidant activity using in vitro DPPH assay.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Better antioxidant activity (61.55 ± 1.02 RSA %) was found as compared to the control of propyl gallate levels (88 ± 0.07 RSA %)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. laevigata</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves were extracted with aqueous acetone (70%) and the polar extract was purified in Sep-Pak<sup>®</sup>
Cartridges and used for evaluation of their fractions. </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significant variations were stated to antioxidant activity among fractions and crude extracts using scavenging hydroxyl and DPPH radical assays</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. nigra</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edible pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The sugar-free polyphenolic extracts of and obtained from edible pods and anthocyanins enriched extracts </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extract demonstrated antioxidant activity. Polyphenolic extracts exhibited activity against a pro-inflammatory enzyme</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Analgesic</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro hot-plate method and tail-immersion methods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanolic extract doses (200 and 300 mg/kg, orally) were selected to study the analgesic activity.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extracts prevented analgesic property for hot plate and tail immersion method. <italic>P. cineraria</italic>
roots extract at 200 mg/kg was comparatively more effective at higher dose (300 mg/kg body weight) using both assays</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Cardioprotective</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. laevigata</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetone extracts and purified fractions were dewaxed with petroleum ether and extracted with aqueous acetone (70%); the polar extract was purified and their fractions analyzed</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significant variations among fractions and crude extracts were found in antioxidant capacity by scavenging hydroxyl and DPPH assays. Purified fractions displayed antihypertensive activity, preventing angiotensin converting enzyme and low-density lipoprotein oxidation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Antiplasmodial</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
3D7 strain and cytotoxicity against THP-1 cell line</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, stem, flowers and roots</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction with methanol, chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous sequentially. These extracts were tested in vitro against laboratory adopted <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
3D7 strain. The crude extracts were also tested for their cytotoxicity against THP-1 cell line.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate extract of leaf, stem, flower and root and chloroform extract of root showed IC<sub>50</sub>
values from 5 to 50 μg/mL with good antimalarial activity. Chloroform extracts of leaf, stem, flower and the aqueous extracts of stem, flower and root showed IC<sub>50</sub>
values of 50–100 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of flower (IC<sub>50</sub>
= 27.33 μg/mL) showed excellent antimalarial effects. All extracts were non-toxic to THP-1 cells</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two new indolizidine alkaloid, named Δ1,6-juliprosopine and juliprosine were isolated. The structures of these compounds were elucidated using a combination of NMR and MS.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound juliprosine showed potent antiplasmodial activity against <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
D6 and W2 strains (IC<sub>50</sub>
= 170 and 150 ng/mL, respectively), while Δ1,6-juliprosopine was found to be less active (IC<sub>50</sub>
= 560 and 600 ng/mL). Both compounds were devoid of VERO cells toxicity up to 23,800 ng/mL. When tested against macrophage cultures, the tertiary bases (Δ1,6-juliprosopine, juliprosine) were found to be more potent than quaternary salts, with IC<sub>50</sub>
values between 0.8 and 1.7 μg/mL and 3.1– 6.0 μg/mL, respectively</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, bark and flower </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The filter sterilized ethanol extracts at 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 μg/mL doses</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, bark and flower extracts of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
showed IC<sub>50</sub>
values >100 μg/mL. Significant antiplasmodial activity was stated between the concentrations and time of exposure. No chemical injury was found in erythrocytes incubated with the ethanolic extract</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Antimicrobial</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MRC-5 cells</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanol extracted materials screened in vitro against erythrocytic schizonts of intracellular amastigotes of <italic>Leishmania infantum</italic>
and <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>
and free promastigotes of <italic>T. brucei</italic>
. The criterion for activity was an IC<sub>50</sub>
<10 μg/mL (<5 μg/mL for <italic>T. brucei</italic>
) and a selectivity index of >4.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antiplasmodial activity was found to the extracts of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol and ethanol extracts and alkaloid extract studied using poisoned food technique against <italic>Alternaria alternata</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extract recorded significant antifungal activity at 24%. Among different solvent extracts screened, methanol and ethanol extract displayed significantly higher antifungal effects. Methanol extract fractionation leads to the isolation of alkaloid extract with highly significant antifungal activity against the test fungus (minimum inhibitory activity of 1000 ppm). The antifungal activity of alkaloid extract at 2000 ppm or even lower dose was highly effective than the synthetic fungicides.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. africana</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root and stem</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous and ethanol extract was investigated against various microorganisms (<italic>C. albicans</italic>
, <italic>S. mutans</italic>
and <italic>S. saprophyticus</italic>
)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol and aqueous extracts of plant parts revealed inhibitory effects on the growth of microorganisms. For both aqueous and ethanol extracts, the inhibitory effect of the stem extract on <italic>C. albicans</italic>
was significantly higher than that exhibited by the root extracts. Ethanol extract exhibited a significant higher inhibitory effect on <italic>C. albicans</italic>
when compared to water extract. The inhibitory effects produced by the aqueous and ethanol extracts on <italic>Streptococcus mutans</italic>
and <italic>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</italic>
did not differ. The effects produced by the stem and root extracts on <italic>S. mutans</italic>
and <italic>S. saprophyticus</italic>
were not significantly different.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extract and ethanolic extract for potential antibacterial activity against MRSA isolates</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC/IBC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of <italic>P. farcta</italic>
was 100, 125 mg/mL and 25, 112.5. mg/mL respectively</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using an aqueous extract</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concentration-dependent activity was shown against <italic>E. coli</italic>
and <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
. Most of the studied microorganisms showed sensitivity to methanolic extract (inhibition zone ranging from 12 to 41 mm). The largest inhibition zone was detected against to <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
(41 mm) and <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic>
(33 mm) using 100 mg/mL</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanolic extract against 17 microorganisms using disc diffusion method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanolic extract exhibited moderate-to-high inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi. The maximum inhibitory activity was showed against <italic>C. neoformans</italic>
(30.6 mm), <italic>C. albicans</italic>
(20.0 mm), <italic>S. epidermidis</italic>
(21.8 mm), <italic>S. aureus</italic>
(17.4 mm), <italic>Shigella flexneri</italic>
(19.8 mm), <italic>Proteus vulgaris</italic>
(18.0 mm) and <italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</italic>
(15.8 mm)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B49-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antifungal protein (38.6 kDa) from <italic>P. cineraria</italic>
extract was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Purified protein exerted antifungal activity against post-harvest fruit fungal pathogens <italic>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</italic>
and <italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B50-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oven dried material was grounded into powder (1.5 kg), soaked in MeOH for 72 h followed by filtration and evaporation. Resulting crude extract was further used for solvent extraction using n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and n-butanol.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic>
-hexane and methylene chloride extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activities against <italic>Shigella</italic>
spp., <italic>E. coli</italic>
and <italic>Proteus vulgaris</italic>
for <italic>n</italic>
-hexane and <italic>Erwinia spp.</italic>
, <italic>E. coli</italic>
and <italic>S. epidermis</italic>
for methylene chloride. Ethyl acetate displayed higher antimicrobial activities against <italic>Shigella</italic>
spp., <italic>E. coli</italic>
, and <italic>C. albicans</italic>
. Likewise, <italic>n</italic>
-butanol extract showed higher activity against <italic>Shigella</italic>
spp., <italic>Erwinia spp.</italic>
, <italic>E. coli</italic>
, <italic>P. vulgaris</italic>
, <italic>S. epidermis</italic>
and <italic>C. albicans</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, methanol, ethanol and DMSO extract of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
was investigated for their antimicrobial activities. The extracts and the tetracycline as control were tested in vitro against 6 bacterial species and 4 fungal species by well diffusion method. <italic>E. coli</italic>
, <italic>B. subtilis</italic>
, <italic>S. marcescens</italic>
, <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>
, <italic>S. aureus</italic>
, <italic>P. fluorescens</italic>
, <italic>P. tromiformis var. occidentalis</italic>
, <italic>P. foedans</italic>
, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>
and <italic>P. variotii</italic>
were used</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMSO extract displayed the better antibacterial activity against <italic>E. coli</italic>
(21 mm), <italic>S. marcescens</italic>
(16 mm), <italic>S. aureus</italic>
(17.9 mm), <italic>P. fluorescens</italic>
(16.5 mm), <italic>P. mycesvariotii</italic>
(13.2 mm) and <italic>P. leptostromiformis</italic>
(11 mm). Methanol extract showed the better activity against <italic>B. subtilis</italic>
(23 mm) and <italic>P. foedans</italic>
(16 mm). Ethanol extract exhibited better activity against <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>
(11 mm); however, no extract displayed activity against the fungi <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antimicrobial activity of alkaloid-enriched extracts from <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basic chloroformic extract (main constituents were juliprosopine, prosoflorine and juliprosine) exhibited antibacterial activity against <italic>Micrococcus luteus</italic>
(MIC = 25 μg/mL), <italic>S. aureus</italic>
(MIC = 50 μg/mL) and <italic>S. mutans</italic>
(MIC = 50 μg/mL). The extract reduced gas production as efficiently as monensin after 36 h fermentation, revealing positive influence on gas production during ruminal digestion</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Six isolates of <italic>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</italic>
were isolated from 120 hospital workers hands in Erbil city/Iraq by using VITEK2 Compact system, then further confirmed by PCR technique and by detecting specific gene TDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (320bp) for <italic>S. paucimobilis</italic>
ATCC 31,461 and all local isolates.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <italic>P. farcta</italic>
pods extracts against <italic>S. paucimobilis</italic>
isolate (S.p4) was 1000 μg/mL for methanol and ethanol extracts and 1200 μg/mL of watery extract</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparative assessment of antibacterial activity of crude extract of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
with commercially available mouthrinses on oral and periodontal organisms</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
activity was highest in comparison with the other commercial mouthrinses against selected microbes</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanol extract of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
at varying doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mg mL) against <italic>S. aureus</italic>
, <italic>Micrococcus luteus</italic>
, <italic>Bacillus cereus</italic>
, <italic>Shigella sonee</italic>
, <italic>P. aeruginosa and E. coli</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
was the maximum resistant and <italic>Micrococcus luteus</italic>
the less resistant to the extract</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro antibacterial activity of the <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
seed pods extract was screened against <italic>S. aureus</italic>
, <italic>S. epidermidis</italic>
, <italic>E. coli</italic>
and <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
seed pods extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all four test organisms. MIC of the extract was 0.312 mg/mL and 0.078 mg/mL, respectively for <italic>S. aureus</italic>
and <italic>S. epidermidis</italic>
, and 1.25 mg/mL for both <italic>E. coli</italic>
and <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. kuntzei</italic>
and <italic>P. ruscifolia</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dry extracts, dissolved in DMSO, were tested for inhibition of microbial growth via microplate assay with an oxidation-reduction dye.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. kuntzei</italic>
and <italic>P. ruscifolia</italic>
exhibited MIC values ranging from to 0.08–0.5 mg dry matter/mL. All extracts at 2 × MIC were able to inhibit bacterial growth effectively, and were able to reduce the initial number of viable counts (<italic>A. balansae</italic>
, <italic>G. decorticans</italic>
, <italic>P. dubium</italic>
, <italic>G. spinosa</italic>
, <italic>P. kuntzei</italic>
and <italic>B. sarmientoi</italic>
) by at least one order of magnitude in 10 h</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial parts</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Organic extract was prepared via maceration in methanol, followed by the fractionation using hexane and ethyl acetate.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The best antibacterial activities were detected to the ethyl acetate fraction. The effective antibacterial constituents of the plant were two substances with molecular weight of 348 and 184 Dalton (MIC values <125 to 62.5 μg/mL)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroform and benzene extracts</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The antimicrobial property was examined by disc diffusion assay against three gram-positive (<italic>B. subtilis</italic>
, <italic>S. aureus</italic>
, <italic>M. smegmatis</italic>
) and three gram-negative (<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
, <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>
, and <italic>E. coli</italic>
). Chloroform pods extract was found effective against <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>
while benzene found effective against <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>
, <italic>E. coli</italic>
and <italic>B. subtilis</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The antimicrobial alkaloids, juliflorine, julifloricine and benzene insoluble alkaloidal fraction of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
, were studied for their therapeutic efficacy after topical application in produced superficial skin infection. Infection was produced by rubbing freshly isolated <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
from human clinical specimen onto 9 cm<sup>2</sup>
shaved skin.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juliflorine was effective on Staphylococcal skin infection. Juliforine at 0.5, 1, and 2.5% were found to heal 25, 50 and 100% lesions in two weeks and microbiological efficacy was found to be 16.66, 33.33, 58.33 and 91.66% with 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2.5% of juliflorine. Julifloricine was less effective when compared with juliflorine and the benzene insoluble alkaloidal mixture was comparatively more effective than juliflorine. Healing was slightly faster with the mixture. Both juliflorine and the mixture exhibited effectiveness at 2.5% concentration, however these were also found toxic. Gentamicin was found superior to the alkaloids in artificially produced skin infection</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crude extracts were with three different solvents and examined for preliminary antibacterial activity</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Varying degrees of growth inhibition were shown by all fractions. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for aqueous fractions as compared to solvent fractions.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human pathogens</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characterization of silver (PcAgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (PcCuNPs)was performed using <italic>P. cineraria</italic>
leaf extract synthesized using microwave irradiation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The bioengineered silver and copper nanohybrids showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative MDR human pathogens. </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Anthelmintic, Antiprotozoal and Anti-trypanosomal</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic>
isolated from naturally infected sheep</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots and leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots and leaves of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
were extracted with ethanol and evaluated for anthelmintic activity according to standard procedures.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In larval mortality assay, all microencapsulated extracts of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
(leaves and roots) induced over 50% mortality at the highest concentration used (2 mg/mL). Albendazole required a maximum concentration of 0.25 mg/mL to induce 100% larval mortality. There was a significant difference in larval mortality compared to that of egg hatchability. There was a marked difference in mean percentage of adult mortality of <italic>H. contortus</italic>
at different concentrations and ratios. All assays showed dose-dependent response. </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Goat gastrointestinal nematodes </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro anthelmintic activity of the alkaloid containing fraction</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High ovicidal activity was recorded with IC and IC values at 1.1 and 1.43 mg/mL for alkaloid rich fraction. This fraction also exhibited low larvicidal activity and high toxic effect</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pheretimaposthuma</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extract in methanol is prepared and used for screening</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time required for the paralysis and death was recorded. Methanol extract was more potent than petroleum ether and aqueous extracts</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. africana</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, stem bark and roots</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts, obtained by cold extraction</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All solvent extracts showed strong in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity at both 2 and 4 mg/mL</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B59-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Apoptosis</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BCL2 protein using molecular docking approach</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Five bioactive compounds, namely 2-pentadecanone; butyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate; methyl 10-methylheptadecanoate; methyl oleate; and phorbol-12, 13- Dihexanoate were identified using GC-MS analysis</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phorbol-12,13-dihexanoate showed best docking score of −15.644 Kcal/mol, followed by methyl oleate (−13.191 Kcal/mol)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Antinociceptive</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. strombulifera</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro J774A.1 macrophage-derived cell line </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit extract at varying concentrations in different solvent system</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroform (100 μg/mL) produced inhibition of LPS-induced NO production, which was not observed with ethanol and ethyl acetate at the same concentration. NO production inhibition by chloroform (10–100 μg/mL) was dose-dependent, (IC<sub>50</sub>
= 39.8 (34.4–46.1) μg/mL, and chloroform significantly inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression in J774A.1 cells</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Anticancer</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell lines namely; HepG-2, HeLa, PC3 and MCF-7.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oven dried material was grounded into powder (1.5 kg), soaked in MeOH for 72 h followed by filtration and evaporation. Resulting crude extract was further used for solvent extraction using n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and n-butanol.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic>
-butanol extract showed the highest activity against MCF-7 cell line (IC<sub>50</sub>
= 5.6 μg/mL) compared to 5-fluorouracil (IC<sub>50</sub>
= 5.4 μg/mL), while ethyl acetate showed the highest activity against Hela cell line (IC<sub>50</sub>
= 6.9 μg/mL) compared to 5-fluorouracil (IC<sub>50</sub>
= 4.8 μg/mL)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast cancer cells (MCF-7)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characterization of silver (PcAgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (PcCuNPs) was performed using <italic>P. cineraria</italic>
leaf extract synthesized using microwave irradiation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MTT assay results indicated that CuNPs show potential cytotoxic effect followed by AgNPs against MCF-7 cancer cell line. IC<sub>50</sub>
values were 65.27, 37.02 and 197.3 for PcAgNPs, PcCuNPs and <italic>P. cineraria</italic>
leaf extracts, respectively</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Toxicity</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neurons and glial cells</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total alkaloid extract (TAE) and one alkaloid fraction (F32) at concentrations between 0.3 and 45 μg/mL were tested for 24 h on neuron/glial cell primary cocultures.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test revealed that TAE and F32 were cytotoxic to cocultures (IC<sub>50</sub>
were 31.07 and 7.362 μg/mL, respectively). Exposure to a subtoxic concentration of TAE or F32 (0.3–3 μg/mL) induced vacuolation and disruption of the astrocyte monolayer and neurite network, ultrastructural changes, characterized by formation of double-membrane vacuoles, and mitochondrial damage, associated with changes in β-tubulin III and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. Microglial proliferation was also observed in cultures exposed to TAE or F32, with increasing levels of OX-42-positive cells</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodopteralitura larvae</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed pod</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A significant increase in the total hemocyte count was found. <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
seed pod hexane extract was effective in producing lepidopteran larval mortality may be due to the presence of 9-Octadecyne</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B63-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neuron/glial cell co-culture</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A total extract (TAE) of alkaloids and fraction (F32) composed mainly of juliprosopine</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TAE (30 μg/mL) and F32 (7.5 μg/mL) reduced ATP levels and led to changes in mitochondrial membrane potential at 12 h exposure. TAE and F32 induced caspase-9 activation, nuclear condensation and neuronal death at 16 h exposure. After 4 h, they induced autophagy characterized by decreases of P62 protein level, increase LC3II expression and increase GFP-LC3 cells number</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ABTS, 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; DMSO, dymethylsulfoxide; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; IBC, inhibitory bactericidal concentration; IC50, inhibitory concentration providing 50% of inhibition; LPS, lypopolyssacharide; MIC, minimum inhibitory contentration; RSA, radical scavenging activity.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="biomolecules-09-00777-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">biomolecules-09-00777-t004_Table 4</object-id>
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>In vivo studies reporting the effect of different <italic>Prosopis</italic>
across the globe.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant Part</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formulation/Dosage</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Result</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Antidiabetic</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STZ-induced diabetic rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroform fraction of species was orally administrated to STZ-induced diabetic rats at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.w for 21 days</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin levels and body weight, liver glycogen content and serum insulin level restoration, in a concentration-dependent manner. Decrease in serum lipid profile markers and elevation in HDL after administration, also evidencing protective effects in diabetes-associated complications </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hyperlipidemic rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extract was obtained by pulverizing whole dried fruits and extracting with 70% ethanol.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decrease in serum cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and LDL levels. At 400 and 600 mg/kg, the extract significantly reduced serum cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL and atherogenic index and these results are almost equivalent to those of drug simvastatin</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male Swiss albino mice</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dried material was powdered followed by Soxhlet extraction with 50% aqueous ethanol and concentrated. Oven dried material was suspended in 20% tween 20 in normal saline for further experimentation.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reduced blood glucose level, enhanced hepatic glycogen content and maintained body weight and lipid-profile attributes towards near normal range. Reduced antioxidant enzymes activity and concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants, thereby decreasing the oxidative damage in the tissues of diabetic animals and hence indicating the anti-diabetic and antioxidant efficacy of the extract</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hyperlipidemic rabbits</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabbits were orally supplemented with high fat diet and cholesterol powder (500 mg/Kg body weight per day in 5 mL of coconut oil orally for 15 days) to create a hypolipidemic model.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, VLDL and also ischemic indices (TC/LDL and LDL/HDL). The Prevented the atherogenic changes in aorta. Toxicity profile parameters remained under normal ranges</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male Wistar rats (type 1 diabetic model)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half of each group of animals was placed on treatment (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks and the remaining animals served as age-matched controls. </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhanced insulin levels, with a significant decrease in blood glucose levels. Increased small β-cells level in pancreas. Reduced fasting glucose levels and improved IPGTT. Increased and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by cardiomyocytes</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. ruscifolia</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alloxan-induced diabetic rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Different animal groups were administered with a single dose of water, extract (100 mg/Kg), tolbutamide (100 mg/Kg, <italic>p.o.</italic>
) or insulin (5 IU/kg, <italic>i.p.</italic>
). Normoglycemic rats were also treated with hydroalcoholic extract (100 mg/kg, <italic>p.o.</italic>
).</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No evidence of acute toxicity. Blood glucose levels were significantly (<italic>p</italic>
< 0.01) decreased with a single oral dose (100 mg/Kg) after 24 h. Blood glucose levels decreased significantly with administration of plant extract during 28 days</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Neuroprotective</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male Wistar rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pod</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extract of <italic>P. farcta</italic>
injections (25, 50, 75 mg/kg, ip, 2 time) and (compression + ethanol extract of <italic>P. farcta</italic>
injections (25, 50, 75 mg/kg, i.p., 2 time) (<italic>N</italic>
= 8).</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparative assessment of neuronal density of compression and control groups exhibited marked variations. A meaning full variation was recorded between compression and all treatment groups</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Wound healing</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rats using excision and incision wound model</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate, chloroform and butanol fractions of species hydroethanolic extract were assessed for their antioxidant activity using in vitro method </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Butanol fraction found most active fraction against free radicals among all. Butanol fractions possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities. Application of butanol fraction ointment for 16 consecutive days on the dorsal wound area of rats confirmed the faster wound repairing process, higher hydroxyproline content, reduction in epithelialization period and inflammatory markers in blood as compared to control group</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male albino wistar rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wound excised rats administered with ethanolic extract for 13 days period. </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decrease in wound area as compared to control </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B77-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Antipyretic</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brewer’s-yeast induced pyrexia in albino rat</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and fruits</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At a dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg of body weight was investigated.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reduced hyperpyrexia to a significant level as compared to standard control. Lowered the rectal temperature of rats than fruits extract at 200 mg/kg while at dose of 300 mg/kg both leaves and fruit extract significantly decrease pyrexia. </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twenty-four male rats were randomly allotted to four groups (6 animals per group) and food was deprived off for 48 h water provided but before 24 h of experiment, water also withheld. Group 1 was treated with water for injection (100 mL/kg). Group 2 treated with Paracetamol (150 mg/kg p.o dissolved in water for injection). Group 3 and 4 were treated with ethanol extract of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
(250 and 300 mg/kg p.o respectively). Temperature maintained at ± 3 °C, for 0 to 4 h of interval at the dose of 250 mg/kg</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased the rectal temperature at 3 h and at dose 500 mg/kg. Reduced the rectal temperature at 2, 3 and 4 h in comparison with vehicle control.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Spasmolytic, bronchodilator, and vasodilator activities</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem bark</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The extract at 3–10 mg/mL doses</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The extract caused relaxation of the spontaneous as well as K+ (80 mM)-stimulated contractions at tissue bath concentrations of 3–10 mg/mL in isolated rabbit jejunum preparations. Extract displayed nonspecific relaxant effect on carbachol (1 μM)- and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparations.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Depression and CNS disorder</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mice</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antidepressant effect was evaluated using Forced swim test (FST). The immobility periods of control and treated mice were recorded.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf extract (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in FST. The efficacy of tested extract was comparable to that of imipramine</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Cardiovascular disorder</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabbit</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extract of <italic>P. farcta</italic>
root on experimental atherosclerosis development in rabbits with high cholesterol diet–induced hypercholesterolemia.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum lipid parameters were significantly increased in the high cholesterol diet groups in comparison with the normal control group. Treatment with <italic>P. farcta</italic>
root decreased total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein levels compared to high cholesterol diet rabbits</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabbits</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High cholesterol diet–induced NAFLD in rabbits as experimental model. Male rabbits randomly divided into 4 groups namely, control (fed by standard pellet) and other groups were received 2% cholesterol amounts daily. Rabbits were fed with high cholesterol diet till the serum cholesterol level reached 1800 mg/dl, then, they were treated daily with distilled water, and 0.6 mg/kg Simvastatin, or 500 mg/kg/day <italic>P. farcta</italic>
root extracts orally by gavage for 30 days.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum lipid parameters and enzymes were significantly enhanced in the high cholesterol diet groups in comparison with the normal control group. Histopathological findings revealed that large lipid vacuoles were formed in hepatocytes. Treatment with <italic>P. farcta</italic>
root significantly improved rabbit lipid profile and reduced liver injury.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wistar albino rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beans</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats weighing 220 ± 30 g were distributed into six groups. Two groups were pretreated with extract (50 and 75 mg/kg) for 7 days before administration of acetaminophen (600 mg/kg). Two were given acetaminophen or extract (50 and 75 mg/kg) alone, and the control received normal saline.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extract at both doses significantly attenuated total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein levels to near normal</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B84-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rat’s thoracic aorta</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
plant extract was firstly prepared. Then 2 cm of rat’s thoracic aorta was dissected and was divided into 4 pieces of 5 mm. After contraction of these pieces by phenylephrine (1 μm), different dosages of plant extraction (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL) were examined and the effect of plant extract on rat’s aorta with and without endothelium layer was measured. Different dosages of <italic>P. farcta</italic>
extract (1 and 2 mg/mL) at the presence and absence of <italic>L- NAME</italic>
(a nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor) was examined.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. farcta</italic>
extract showed a dose-dependent relaxing effect on contracted aorta. The relaxing effect of plant extract on aorta with endothelium was more significant than that on aorta without endothelium in the different dosages. The relaxing effect of plant extract in the presence of <italic>L- NAME</italic>
was decreased significantly. The relaxing effect of plant extract was more than that by acetylcholine.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Inflammation and regeneration</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrocnemius muscle of rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The gastrocnemius muscle of rats was subjected to mass-drop injury and muscle samples collected after 1-, 3 h, 1- and 7 days post-injury. Rats were treated with <italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
(100 mg/kg/day) either for 8 weeks prior to injury (up until day 7 post-injury), only post-injury, or with topically applied diclofenac post-injury (0.57 mg/kg).</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chronic <italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
and diclofenac treatment was associated with neutrophil response suppression to contusion injury, however only chronic <italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
treatment facilitated more effective muscle recovery, while diclofenac treatment had inhibitory effects on repair, despite effective inhibition of neutrophil response. </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Skin caring and antiaging</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem, leaves, and bark</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Performance of 2% bark extract loaded emulsion formulation was determined by using non-invasive probe cutometer and elastometer with comparison to base formulation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark extract did not induce any toxicity or apoptosis, when incubated with HaCat cells. Moreover, the formulation (size 3 μm) decreased the skin melanin, erythema and sebum contents up to 2.1-,2.7-and 79%, while increased the skin hydration and elasticity up to 2-folds and 22% as compared to the base, respectively. Owing to enhanced therapeutic effects the phytocosmetic formulation proved to be a potential skin whitening, moisturizer, anti-acne, anti-wrinkle, anti-aging therapy and could actively induce skin rejuvenation and resurfacing</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Antimalarial</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Murine model</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and pods</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkaloid-enriched extracts from (BCE) of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
, as well as FACB pure constituents (as formate salts), were obtained and assayed against <italic>Plasmodium berghei</italic>
NK65 infection in mice via oral supplementation.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkaloid-enriched extracts from leaves and pods showed remarkable antimalarial activity with little parasitemia inhibition at the 2 mg/kg dose. Julifloridine was weakly active, but juliprosopine caused a parasitemia inhibition at the 2 mg/kg dose similar to that recorded for chloroquine at 50 mg/kg</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Anti-trypanosomal properties</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. africana</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, stem bark and roots</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts, obtained by cold extraction from the </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Only the methanolic extract of leaves displayed promising anti-trypanosomal effect at 200 mg/kg dose</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B59-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Antinociceptive</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. strombulifera</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formalin-induced pain test in mice</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit extract at varying concentrations in different solvent system</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroform (300 mg/kg), in contrast to ethanol and ethyl acetate extract, caused significant inhibition of the in vivo nociceptive response. Moreover, chloroform (100–1000 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test with inhibition values (at 600 mg/kg) of 42 ± 7 and 62 ± 7%, respectively. Antinociception was significantly attenuated by i.p. treatment of mice with l-arginine (600 mg/kg)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>IPGTT, Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; LDL, low density lipoprotein; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; STZ, Streptozotocin; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="biomolecules-09-00777-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">biomolecules-09-00777-t005_Table 5</object-id>
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>Adverse effects and toxicological attributes of <italic>Prosopis</italic>
plants.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant Part</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formulation/Dosage</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Result</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Cytotoxicity</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wistar rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In an acute toxicity study <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
extract was administered orally at doses ranging from 50 to 500 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>
and the animals were observed for any toxic symptoms for 72 h. In a subacute toxicity study ethanolic extracts of <italic>P. juliflora</italic>
were tested at a dose of 200 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>
orally once daily for 30 days.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No changes in hematological, biochemical, renal and liver function parameters were stated in experimental animals of in this sub-chronic study when compared to control animals</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B93-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cattle and goats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cattle and goats experimentally intoxicated presents neurotoxic damage in the central nervous system</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histologic lesions were mainly characterized by vacuolation and loss of neurons in trigeminal motor nuclei. Mitochondrial damage in neurons and gliosis was reported in trigeminal nuclei of intoxicated cattle</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B96-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. cineraria</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swiss albino mice</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Different doses of extract were used for screening.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The extracts of investigated plants are relatively safe at the dose of 100 mg/kg b.w.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. juliflora</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Astrocyte primary cultures derived from the cortex of newborn Wistar rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo method</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TAE and seven alkaloidal fractions, at concentrations ranging 0.03–30 μg/ml</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TAE and fractions F29/30, F31/33, F32 and F34/35 were cytotoxic to astrocytes, with EC<sub>50</sub>
values for the most toxic compounds, TAE, F31/33 and F32, being respectively, 2.87 2.82 and 3.01 μg/mL. Astrocytes exposed to 3 μg/mL TAE, F29/30 or F31/33 developed compact cell body with many processes overexpressing GFAP. Treatment with 30 μg/mL TAE and fractions, induced cytotoxicity characterized by a strong cell body contraction, very thin and long processes and condensed chromatin. Also, the proportion of OX-42 positive cells was increased in cultures treated with 30 μg/mL TAE or F29/30, F31/33, F32 and F34/35, with values raging from 7.27 to 28.74%. Moreover, incubation with 3 μg/mL F32, 30 μg/mL TAE, F29/30, F31/33 or F34/35 induced accumulation of nitrite in culture medium indicating induction of NO production</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B97-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. glandulosa</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mice</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3-Dihydro-1<italic>H</italic>
-indolizinium alkaloid-prosopilosidine (PPD) was studied against <italic>C. neoformans</italic>
in a murine model of cryptococcosis. Mice were infected via the tail vein with live <italic>C. neoformans</italic>
. Twenty-four hours post-infection, the mice were administered with PPD once a day (i.p.) or twice a day (bid) orally, or with amphotericin B (Amp B) intraperitoneally (IP), or with fluconazole (Flu) orally for 5 days</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPD showed potent in vivo activity against C. neoformans at 0.0625 mg/kg by eliminating ~76% of the organisms compared to ~83% with Amp B (1.5 mg/kg). In addition, PPD was equally efficacious, but less toxic, at either 0.125 or 0.0625 mg/kg compared to Amp B (1.5 mg/kg) when it was administered bid (twice a day) i.p. When tested by an oral route, PPD (10 mg/kg) showed potent activity in this murine model of cryptococcosis with ~82% of organisms eliminated from the brain tissue, whereas Flu (15 mg/kg) reduced ~90% of the infection.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B90-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Fertility</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesquite</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female and male rats</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pod</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female and male rats’ group as vehicle, mesquite pod extract, DAI and E2 were administered subcutaneously for 30 days.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">These extracts disrupted both female and male sexual behavior in a similar way to DAI, but less than E2. Mesquite pod extract increased the number of days in estrus and decreased lordosis intensity during proestrus. Mesquite pod extract-treated males showed lower testicular and glandular weights, as well as decreased sperm motility, viability and count. In females treated with mesquite pod extract, the number of pups was lower than in control females, and 10 to 20% of pups were dead. These effects were similar to those with DAI-treatment. Despite the lower sperm quality, the fertility of mesquite pod extract- and DAI-treated males seem not to be disrupted, as they could impregnate control females</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesquite</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male rat</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pod</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The following treatments were given to groups of intact male rats: vehicle; mesquite pod extract; E; DAI; GEN.</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesquite pod extracts disrupt male sexual behavior in a similar way to DAI and GEN, but less than E. The main disruptor of sexual behavior was E, however after 40 and 50 days of administration, extracts and phytoestrogens disrupted sexual behavior in a similar way to E. The extracts also increased testicular germ cell apoptosis, decreased sperm quality, testicular weight, and testosterone levels, as phytoestrogens did, although these effects were less than those caused by estradiol. Number of seminiferous tubules increased in extracts-treated groups in a similar way to phytoestrogens groups, and E caused the greatest effect. Testicular atrophy was only observed in estradiol-treated males. Testosterone declined in males of all experimental groups compared with control. Mesquite pod extracts cause effects similar to those of phytoestrogens in male rat reproduction, these effects were lower than those caused by E </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Allergy</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesquite </td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAR patients</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pollen</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients demonstrating a positive PST response to mesquite only were used for mesquite conventional subcutaneous ASIT</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86/200 patients displayed a positive PST response to mesquite allergen, of them, 38 were positive to mesquite allergen only. Remarkable attenuation in symptom and medication scores were recorded in 24/38 patients 4 months post-ASIT initiation</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100-biomolecules-09-00777" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ASIT, Allergen-specific immunotherapy; PST, prick skin testing.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Iran</li>
<li>Portugal</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Ata, Athar" sort="Ata, Athar" uniqKey="Ata A" first="Athar" last="Ata">Athar Ata</name>
<name sortKey="Capanoglu, Esra" sort="Capanoglu, Esra" uniqKey="Capanoglu E" first="Esra" last="Capanoglu">Esra Capanoglu</name>
<name sortKey="Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal" sort="Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal" uniqKey="Choudhary M" first="Muhammad Iqbal" last="Choudhary">Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary</name>
<name sortKey="Jugran, Arun Kumar" sort="Jugran, Arun Kumar" uniqKey="Jugran A" first="Arun Kumar" last="Jugran">Arun Kumar Jugran</name>
<name sortKey="Kamiloglu, Senem" sort="Kamiloglu, Senem" uniqKey="Kamiloglu S" first="Senem" last="Kamiloglu">Senem Kamiloglu</name>
<name sortKey="Kosti, Aleksandar" sort="Kosti, Aleksandar" uniqKey="Kosti A" first="Aleksandar" last="Kosti">Aleksandar Kosti</name>
<name sortKey="Matthews, Karl R" sort="Matthews, Karl R" uniqKey="Matthews K" first="Karl R." last="Matthews">Karl R. Matthews</name>
<name sortKey="Popovi Djordjevi, Jelena" sort="Popovi Djordjevi, Jelena" uniqKey="Popovi Djordjevi J" first="Jelena" last="Popovi Djordjevi">Jelena Popovi Djordjevi</name>
<name sortKey="Sharopov, Farukh" sort="Sharopov, Farukh" uniqKey="Sharopov F" first="Farukh" last="Sharopov">Farukh Sharopov</name>
<name sortKey="Tomas, Merve" sort="Tomas, Merve" uniqKey="Tomas M" first="Merve" last="Tomas">Merve Tomas</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="Iran"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sharifi Rad, Javad" sort="Sharifi Rad, Javad" uniqKey="Sharifi Rad J" first="Javad" last="Sharifi-Rad">Javad Sharifi-Rad</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdulmajid" sort="Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdulmajid" uniqKey="Ayatollahi S" first="Seyed Abdulmajid" last="Ayatollahi">Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi</name>
<name sortKey="Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdulmajid" sort="Ayatollahi, Seyed Abdulmajid" uniqKey="Ayatollahi S" first="Seyed Abdulmajid" last="Ayatollahi">Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi</name>
<name sortKey="Khosravi Dehaghi, Nafiseh" sort="Khosravi Dehaghi, Nafiseh" uniqKey="Khosravi Dehaghi N" first="Nafiseh" last="Khosravi-Dehaghi">Nafiseh Khosravi-Dehaghi</name>
<name sortKey="Kobarfard, Farzad" sort="Kobarfard, Farzad" uniqKey="Kobarfard F" first="Farzad" last="Kobarfard">Farzad Kobarfard</name>
<name sortKey="Kobarfard, Farzad" sort="Kobarfard, Farzad" uniqKey="Kobarfard F" first="Farzad" last="Kobarfard">Farzad Kobarfard</name>
</country>
<country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Martins, Natalia" sort="Martins, Natalia" uniqKey="Martins N" first="Natália" last="Martins">Natália Martins</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Martins, Natalia" sort="Martins, Natalia" uniqKey="Martins N" first="Natália" last="Martins">Natália Martins</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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