Curcumin suppresses intestinal microvascular endothelial cells invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets
Identifieur interne : 000859 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000858; suivant : 000860Curcumin suppresses intestinal microvascular endothelial cells invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets
Auteurs : Su Xu [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhao-Xiu Xu [République populaire de Chine] ; Shuai Yan [République populaire de Chine] ; Jin Le [République populaire de Chine] ; Hao Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Lan Ming [République populaire de Chine] ; Shu-Guang Xu [République populaire de Chine] ; Tao Lin [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine [ 1792-0981 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects and mechanism by which curcumin suppresses intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (INMECs) invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets. INMECs were obtained from healthy rats, and divided into five groups: Control, platelets, platelets +2.5 µM curcumin, platelets +5.0 µM curcumin and platelets +10.0 µM curcumin. Curcumin toxicity was determined and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations of the five groups were measured using ELISA. The branch point numbers were measured using a capillary tube formation experiment, invasion cell numbers were evaluated with the Transwell assay, relative protein expression levels were measured with western blot assay and immunofluorescence staining of the nucleus. The 2.5, 5 and 10 µM curcumin concentrations were found to be suitable for INMECs. Curcumin significantly downregulated VEGF concentration, suppressed vascular lumen formation and inhibited invasion cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner. The α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, E-cadherin, phosphorylated (p-) phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), p-protein kinase B (AKT), p-mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) and hypoxia inducible factor subunit alpha (HIF-1α) protein expression levels of the curcumin-treated groups were significantly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner compared with the platelet group. HIF-1α protein expression levels in the nucleus of the curcumin-treated groups were significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner compared with the platelet group. In conclusion, curcumin suppressed INMEC invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets via inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
Url:
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7662
PubMed: 31316605
PubMed Central: 6601414
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China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Zhao Xiu" sort="Xu, Zhao Xiu" uniqKey="Xu Z" first="Zhao-Xiu" last="Xu">Zhao-Xiu Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Colorectal Surgery, Kongjiang Hospital of Yangpu, Shanghai 200433, P.R. 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China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Hao" sort="Chen, Hao" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Hao" last="Chen">Hao Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 210009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ming, Lan" sort="Ming, Lan" uniqKey="Ming L" first="Lan" last="Ming">Lan Ming</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Shu Guang" sort="Xu, Shu Guang" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Shu-Guang" last="Xu">Shu-Guang Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Tao" sort="Lin, Tao" uniqKey="Lin T" first="Tao" last="Lin">Tao Lin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31316605</idno><idno type="pmc">6601414</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6601414</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6601414</idno><idno type="doi">10.3892/etm.2019.7662</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000515</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000515</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000515</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000515</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000859</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000859</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Curcumin suppresses intestinal microvascular endothelial cells invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets</title><author><name sortKey="Xu, Su" sort="Xu, Su" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Su" last="Xu">Su Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Zhao Xiu" sort="Xu, Zhao Xiu" uniqKey="Xu Z" first="Zhao-Xiu" last="Xu">Zhao-Xiu Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Colorectal Surgery, Kongjiang Hospital of Yangpu, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Colorectal Surgery, Kongjiang Hospital of Yangpu, Shanghai 200433</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Shanghai 200433</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, Shuai" sort="Yan, Shuai" uniqKey="Yan S" first="Shuai" last="Yan">Shuai Yan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 215009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Le, Jin" sort="Le, Jin" uniqKey="Le J" first="Jin" last="Le">Jin Le</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Hao" sort="Chen, Hao" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Hao" last="Chen">Hao Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 210009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ming, Lan" sort="Ming, Lan" uniqKey="Ming L" first="Lan" last="Ming">Lan Ming</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Shu Guang" sort="Xu, Shu Guang" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Shu-Guang" last="Xu">Shu-Guang Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Tao" sort="Lin, Tao" uniqKey="Lin T" first="Tao" last="Lin">Tao Lin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662">Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jiangsu 224001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">1792-0981</idno><idno type="eISSN">1792-1015</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The present study investigated the effects and mechanism by which curcumin suppresses intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (INMECs) invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets. INMECs were obtained from healthy rats, and divided into five groups: Control, platelets, platelets +2.5 µM curcumin, platelets +5.0 µM curcumin and platelets +10.0 µM curcumin. Curcumin toxicity was determined and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations of the five groups were measured using ELISA. The branch point numbers were measured using a capillary tube formation experiment, invasion cell numbers were evaluated with the Transwell assay, relative protein expression levels were measured with western blot assay and immunofluorescence staining of the nucleus. The 2.5, 5 and 10 µM curcumin concentrations were found to be suitable for INMECs. Curcumin significantly downregulated VEGF concentration, suppressed vascular lumen formation and inhibited invasion cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner. The α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, E-cadherin, phosphorylated (p-) phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), p-protein kinase B (AKT), p-mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) and hypoxia inducible factor subunit alpha (HIF-1α) protein expression levels of the curcumin-treated groups were significantly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner compared with the platelet group. HIF-1α protein expression levels in the nucleus of the curcumin-treated groups were significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner compared with the platelet group. In conclusion, curcumin suppressed INMEC invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets via inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baumgart, Dc" uniqKey="Baumgart D">DC Baumgart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandborn, Wj" uniqKey="Sandborn W">WJ Sandborn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, Zj" uniqKey="Liu Z">ZJ Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yadav, Pk" uniqKey="Yadav P">PK Yadav</name></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Jl" uniqKey="Su J">JL Su</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Js" uniqKey="Wang J">JS Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fei, K" uniqKey="Fei K">K Fei</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramsewak, Rs" uniqKey="Ramsewak R">RS Ramsewak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dewitt, Dl" uniqKey="Dewitt D">DL 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Exp Ther Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Exp Ther Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ETM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1792-0981</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1792-1015</issn><publisher><publisher-name>D.A. Spandidos</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31316605</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6601414</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/etm.2019.7662</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ETM-0-0-7662</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Curcumin suppresses intestinal microvascular endothelial cells invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Su</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7662">1</xref><xref rid="c1-etm-0-0-7662" ref-type="corresp"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Zhao-Xiu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-etm-0-0-7662">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yan</surname><given-names>Shuai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-etm-0-0-7662">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Le</surname><given-names>Jin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7662">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Hao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-etm-0-0-7662">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ming</surname><given-names>Lan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7662">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Shu-Guang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7662">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Tao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-7662">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-etm-0-0-7662"><label>1</label>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China</aff><aff id="af2-etm-0-0-7662"><label>2</label>Department of Colorectal Surgery, Kongjiang Hospital of Yangpu, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China</aff><aff id="af3-etm-0-0-7662"><label>3</label>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China</aff><aff id="af4-etm-0-0-7662"><label>4</label>Department of Anorectal Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-etm-0-0-7662"><italic>Correspondence to</italic>: Dr Su Xu, Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yancheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 53 People's Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China, E-mail: <email>xusu20180228@163.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>6</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>11</day><month>6</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>1099</fpage><lpage>1106</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>7</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>5</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Xu et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License</ext-link>, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The present study investigated the effects and mechanism by which curcumin suppresses intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (INMECs) invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets. INMECs were obtained from healthy rats, and divided into five groups: Control, platelets, platelets +2.5 µM curcumin, platelets +5.0 µM curcumin and platelets +10.0 µM curcumin. Curcumin toxicity was determined and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations of the five groups were measured using ELISA. The branch point numbers were measured using a capillary tube formation experiment, invasion cell numbers were evaluated with the Transwell assay, relative protein expression levels were measured with western blot assay and immunofluorescence staining of the nucleus. The 2.5, 5 and 10 µM curcumin concentrations were found to be suitable for INMECs. Curcumin significantly downregulated VEGF concentration, suppressed vascular lumen formation and inhibited invasion cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner. The α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, E-cadherin, phosphorylated (p-) phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), p-protein kinase B (AKT), p-mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) and hypoxia inducible factor subunit alpha (HIF-1α) protein expression levels of the curcumin-treated groups were significantly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner compared with the platelet group. HIF-1α protein expression levels in the nucleus of the curcumin-treated groups were significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner compared with the platelet group. In conclusion, curcumin suppressed INMEC invasion and angiogenesis induced by activated platelets via inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>curcumin</kwd><kwd>intestinal microvascular endothelial cells</kwd><kwd>phosphoinositide 3-kinase</kwd><kwd>protein kinase B</kwd><kwd>mammalian target of rapamycin</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-etm-0-0-7662" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Intestinal microvascular endothelial cells viability in groups treated with different curcumin concentrations. *P<0.001 vs. untreated group.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-02-1099-g00"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-etm-0-0-7662" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>VEGF concentration in control, platelets and curcumin-treated groups. VEGF levels were measured in cell supernatants by ELISA. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. platelets group. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ADP, adenosine diphosphate.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-02-1099-g01"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-etm-0-0-7662" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Branch points number in control, platelets and curcumin-treated groups. Representative photographs and quantification of branch point numbers per experimental group are shown. Scale bar, 100 µm. <sup>#</sup>P<0.05 vs control; *P<0.05 vs. platelets group; <sup>$</sup>P<0.05 vs. 2.5 µM curcumin-treated group; and <sup>&</sup>P<0.05 vs. 5 µM curcumin-treated group.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-02-1099-g02"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-etm-0-0-7662" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Intestinal microvascular endothelial cells invasion in control, platelets and curcumin-treated groups. Invasion ability was assessed by Transwell assay. *P<0.01 and **P<0.001 vs. platelets group.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-02-1099-g03"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-etm-0-0-7662" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>α-SMA, Collagen I, E-cadherin and VEGFR protein expression in control, platelets and curcumin-treated groups. Protein expression levels were examined by western blot analysis. Representative blots and quantification relative to GAPDH are shown. <sup>#</sup>P<0.05 vs. control; *P<0.05 vs. platelets group; <sup>$</sup>P<0.05 vs. 2.5 µM curcumin-treated group; and <sup>&</sup>P<0.05 vs. 5 µM curcumin-treated group. α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-02-1099-g04"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-etm-0-0-7662" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins and HIF-1α expression in control, platelets and curcumin-treated groups. Protein expression levels were determined by western blot analysis. Representative blots and quantification are shown. <sup>#</sup>P<0.05 vs control; *P<0.05 vs. platelets group; <sup>$</sup>P<0.05 vs. 2.5 µM curcumin-treated group; and <sup>&</sup>P<0.05 vs. 5 µM curcumin-treated group. PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; p-, phosphorylated; AKT, protein kinase B; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit α.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-02-1099-g05"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-etm-0-0-7662" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>HIF-1α and LamB1 nuclear protein expression of control, platelets and curcumin-treated groups. Protein expression levels were determined by western blot analysis. LamB1 was used as an internal control for the nuclear extracts. Representative blots and quantification are shown. <sup>#</sup>P<0.05 vs. control; *P<0.05 vs. platelets group; <sup>$</sup>P<0.05 vs. 2.5 µM curcumin-treated group; and <sup>&</sup>P<0.05 vs. 5 µM curcumin-treated group. HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit α; LamB1, laminin subunit beta 1.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-02-1099-g06"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-etm-0-0-7662" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p>Immunofluorescence staining for HIF-1α nuclear localization in control, platelets and curcumin-treated groups. Representative images showing staining for HIF-1α (green) and the nucleus (blue). Scale bar, 100 µm. HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit α.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-18-02-1099-g07"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Xu, Su" sort="Xu, Su" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Su" last="Xu">Su Xu</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chen, Hao" sort="Chen, Hao" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Hao" last="Chen">Hao Chen</name><name sortKey="Le, Jin" sort="Le, Jin" uniqKey="Le J" first="Jin" last="Le">Jin Le</name><name sortKey="Lin, Tao" sort="Lin, Tao" uniqKey="Lin T" first="Tao" last="Lin">Tao Lin</name><name sortKey="Ming, Lan" sort="Ming, Lan" uniqKey="Ming L" first="Lan" last="Ming">Lan Ming</name><name sortKey="Xu, Shu Guang" sort="Xu, Shu Guang" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Shu-Guang" last="Xu">Shu-Guang Xu</name><name sortKey="Xu, Zhao Xiu" sort="Xu, Zhao Xiu" uniqKey="Xu Z" first="Zhao-Xiu" last="Xu">Zhao-Xiu Xu</name><name sortKey="Yan, Shuai" sort="Yan, Shuai" uniqKey="Yan S" first="Shuai" last="Yan">Shuai Yan</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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