Biological Activities of Gedunin—A Limonoid from the Meliaceae Family
Identifieur interne : 000188 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000187; suivant : 000189Biological Activities of Gedunin—A Limonoid from the Meliaceae Family
Auteurs : Teresa M. Braga ; Lídia Rocha ; Tsz Yan Chung ; Rita F. Oliveira ; Cláudia Pinho ; Ana I. Oliveira ; Joaquim Morgado [Inde] ; Agostinho CruzSource :
- Molecules [ 1420-3049 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Gedunin is an important limonoid present in several genera of the Meliaceae family, mainly in seeds. Several biological activities have been attributed to gedunin, including antibacterial, insecticidal, antimalarial, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The discovery of gedunin as a heat shock protein (Hsp) inhibitor represented a very important landmark for its application as a biological therapeutic agent. The current study is a critical literature review based on the several biological activities so far described for gedunin, its therapeutic effect on some human diseases, and future directions of research for this natural compound.
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DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030493
PubMed: 31979346
PubMed Central: 7037920
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Biological Activities of Gedunin—A Limonoid from the Meliaceae Family</title><author><name sortKey="Braga, Teresa M" sort="Braga, Teresa M" uniqKey="Braga T" first="Teresa M." last="Braga">Teresa M. Braga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rocha, Lidia" sort="Rocha, Lidia" uniqKey="Rocha L" first="Lídia" last="Rocha">Lídia Rocha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, Tsz Yan" sort="Chung, Tsz Yan" uniqKey="Chung T" first="Tsz Yan" last="Chung">Tsz Yan Chung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Rita F" sort="Oliveira, Rita F" uniqKey="Oliveira R" first="Rita F." last="Oliveira">Rita F. Oliveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinho, Claudia" sort="Pinho, Claudia" uniqKey="Pinho C" first="Cláudia" last="Pinho">Cláudia Pinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Ana I" sort="Oliveira, Ana I" uniqKey="Oliveira A" first="Ana I." last="Oliveira">Ana I. Oliveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morgado, Joaquim" sort="Morgado, Joaquim" uniqKey="Morgado J" first="Joaquim" last="Morgado">Joaquim Morgado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-molecules-25-00493">Bio4Life4You, 4460-170 Porto, Portugal;<email>jcmorgado@bio4life4you.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-molecules-25-00493">World Neem Organization, Mumbai 400101, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>World Neem Organization, Mumbai 400101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mumbai 400101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, Agostinho" sort="Cruz, Agostinho" uniqKey="Cruz A" first="Agostinho" last="Cruz">Agostinho Cruz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31979346</idno><idno type="pmc">7037920</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7037920</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7037920</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/molecules25030493</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A76</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A76</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A76</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A76</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000188</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000188</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Biological Activities of Gedunin—A Limonoid from the Meliaceae Family</title><author><name sortKey="Braga, Teresa M" sort="Braga, Teresa M" uniqKey="Braga T" first="Teresa M." last="Braga">Teresa M. Braga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rocha, Lidia" sort="Rocha, Lidia" uniqKey="Rocha L" first="Lídia" last="Rocha">Lídia Rocha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, Tsz Yan" sort="Chung, Tsz Yan" uniqKey="Chung T" first="Tsz Yan" last="Chung">Tsz Yan Chung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Rita F" sort="Oliveira, Rita F" uniqKey="Oliveira R" first="Rita F." last="Oliveira">Rita F. Oliveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinho, Claudia" sort="Pinho, Claudia" uniqKey="Pinho C" first="Cláudia" last="Pinho">Cláudia Pinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Ana I" sort="Oliveira, Ana I" uniqKey="Oliveira A" first="Ana I." last="Oliveira">Ana I. Oliveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morgado, Joaquim" sort="Morgado, Joaquim" uniqKey="Morgado J" first="Joaquim" last="Morgado">Joaquim Morgado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-molecules-25-00493">Bio4Life4You, 4460-170 Porto, Portugal;<email>jcmorgado@bio4life4you.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-molecules-25-00493">World Neem Organization, Mumbai 400101, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>World Neem Organization, Mumbai 400101</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mumbai 400101</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, Agostinho" sort="Cruz, Agostinho" uniqKey="Cruz A" first="Agostinho" last="Cruz">Agostinho Cruz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493">Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Molecules</title><idno type="eISSN">1420-3049</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Gedunin is an important limonoid present in several genera of the Meliaceae family, mainly in seeds. Several biological activities have been attributed to gedunin, including antibacterial, insecticidal, antimalarial, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The discovery of gedunin as a heat shock protein (Hsp) inhibitor represented a very important landmark for its application as a biological therapeutic agent. The current study is a critical literature review based on the several biological activities so far described for gedunin, its therapeutic effect on some human diseases, and future directions of research for this natural compound.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patra, J K" uniqKey="Patra J">J.K. Patra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, G" uniqKey="Das G">G. Das</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, S" uniqKey="Lee S">S. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, S S" uniqKey="Kang S">S.S. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Molecules</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Molecules</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">molecules</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Molecules</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1420-3049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31979346</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7037920</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/molecules25030493</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">molecules-25-00493</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Biological Activities of Gedunin—A Limonoid from the Meliaceae Family</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1067-9419</contrib-id><name><surname>Braga</surname><given-names>Teresa M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-25-00493">1</xref><xref rid="c1-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6925-2386</contrib-id><name><surname>Rocha</surname><given-names>Lídia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-25-00493">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chung</surname><given-names>Tsz Yan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-25-00493">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Rita F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-25-00493">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pinho</surname><given-names>Cláudia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-25-00493">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4420-6476</contrib-id><name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Ana I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-25-00493">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morgado</surname><given-names>Joaquim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-molecules-25-00493">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-molecules-25-00493">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>Agostinho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-molecules-25-00493">1</xref><xref rid="c1-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Díez</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Castro</surname><given-names>María Ángeles</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-molecules-25-00493"><label>1</label>Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;<email>lcar@ess.ipp.pt</email> (L.R.);<email>tycg@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.Y.C.);<email>rfo@ess.ipp.pt</email> (R.F.O.);<email>clp@ess.ipp.pt</email> (C.P.);<email>aoliveira@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.I.O.)</aff><aff id="af2-molecules-25-00493"><label>2</label>Bio4Life4You, 4460-170 Porto, Portugal;<email>jcmorgado@bio4life4you.com</email></aff><aff id="af3-molecules-25-00493"><label>3</label>World Neem Organization, Mumbai 400101, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-molecules-25-00493"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>tmfb@ess.ipp.pt</email> (T.M.B.); <email>agostinhocruz@ess.ipp.pt</email> (A.C.)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>2</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>493</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Gedunin is an important limonoid present in several genera of the Meliaceae family, mainly in seeds. Several biological activities have been attributed to gedunin, including antibacterial, insecticidal, antimalarial, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The discovery of gedunin as a heat shock protein (Hsp) inhibitor represented a very important landmark for its application as a biological therapeutic agent. The current study is a critical literature review based on the several biological activities so far described for gedunin, its therapeutic effect on some human diseases, and future directions of research for this natural compound.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>gedunin</kwd><kwd>limonoid</kwd><kwd>Meliaceae family</kwd><kwd>bioactive compound</kwd><kwd>biological activity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="molecules-25-00493-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Biological activities of gedunin.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00493-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00493-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Chemical structure of gedunin: (<bold>a</bold>) Two-dimensional structural formula and (<bold>b</bold>) three-dimensional model; (<bold>c</bold>) Biosynthesis pathway of gedunin (adapted from Narender et al. [<xref rid="B12-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] and Aarthy et al. [<xref rid="B15-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]). ChemSketch software was used to create all chemical structures.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00493-g002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="molecules-25-00493-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-25-00493-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparative anticarcinogenic properties of gedunin in different types of cancer.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin">Cancer Type</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Gedunin Source</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Type of Study</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Effect</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Mechanisms</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">References</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In Vitro</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In Vivo</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Gynecological cancers and associated cancers</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Ovarian cancer</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Commercial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKOV3<break></break>OVCAR4<break></break>OVCAR8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">An up to 80% decrease in cell proliferation; bioinformatic analysis identified 32 genes involved</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ID8<break></break>ID8TaxR<break></break>A2870<break></break>C30<break></break>CP70</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation<break></break>Apoptosis induction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Induces mitotic arrest between metaphase and anaphase; changes the expression of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1); decreases inhibitory phosphorylation (Y15) of cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and increases levels of cyclin B1; induces DNA fragmentation and increases the Bcl-2 to B-cell lymphoma-2 protein associated X protein (Bax) protein ratio and mitochondrial cytochrome c release</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Breast and cervical cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial neem oil extract</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCF-7<break></break>SK-BR-3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits Hsp90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HeLa-PR<sub>B</sub><break></break>Hs578T<break></break>MCF-7<break></break>MDA-MB-231<break></break>MDA-MB-453</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mouse embryonic fibroblast culture</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apoptosis induction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mediates caspase-7 cleavage of the co-chaperon p23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground stem extract<break></break>(<italic>Cedrela odorata</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCF-7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed extract (<italic>Azadirachta indica</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SK-BR-3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal tract and associated cancers</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Oral cancer</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Commercial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male Syrian hamsters with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effects on tumor invasion and angiogenesis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits kinases Akt, inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK), and aldose reductase (ARase), and the oncogenic transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SCC131</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation<break></break>Apoptosis induction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blocks cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis, and induces cell death by blocking the ARase-driven oncogenic signaling network</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stomach cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed extract <break></break>(<italic>A. indica</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AZ521</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B33-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colon cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark extract<break></break>(<italic>Xylocarpus granatum</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CaCo-2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B5-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pancreatic cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPAC<break></break>MIAPaCa-2<break></break>PANC-1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female athymic nude mice with HPAC-induced carcinogenesis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation<break></break>Apoptosis induction<break></break>Effects on tumor invasion and angiogenesis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Induces both intrinsic and extrinsic mediated apoptotic cell death; inhibits the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and its downstream signaling by dephosphorylating PI3K at Tyr458/Tyr199, Serine/threonine kinase (AKT) at Ser473, p70S6K at Thr389, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) at Ser2448; inhibits metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by decreasing their epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as invasive, migratory, and colony formation capabilities, and also inhibits sonic hedgehog signaling pathways</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin">Prostate cancer</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Commercial</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">LNCaP</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">-</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits Hsp90 activity and Hsp90 clients,<break></break>including androgen receptor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B38-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation<break></break>Apoptosis induction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreases expression of Hsp90 and phosphorylation of mTOR, 4EBP; regulates LC3B, WIPI-1, VMP-1, pJNK, cleavage of caspases, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin">Lung cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground stems extract<break></break>(<italic>C. odorata</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCI-H460</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects<break></break>Inhibits cell proliferation<break></break>Apoptosis induction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Causes cell cycle arrest at the S phase and induces apoptosis.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A-549</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apoptosis induction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hsp90 inhibition regulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, inhibits autophagy, and induces apoptosis in cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial<break></break>nano-encapsulated</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCI-H292</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation<break></break>Apoptosis induction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhances anti-proliferative effects against cells through <italic>p53</italic>-initiated, <italic>Bax</italic>-associated, caspase-dependent activation of apoptosis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Brain cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U-251 MG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effects on tumor invasion and angiogenesis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits proliferation, migration and invasive potential of the cells through inhibition of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK-1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin">Leukemia</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flower extract<break></break>(<italic>Carapa guianensis</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P388<break></break>HL60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed extract (<italic>A. indica</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HL60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B33-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin">Skin cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground stem extract<break></break>(<italic>C. odorata</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A375-C5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed extract (<italic>A. indica</italic>)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhibits cytotoxic effects<break></break>Inhibits activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="B44-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Cancer stem cells</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTERA-2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibits cell proliferation<break></break>Apoptosis induction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhances anti-proliferative effect in cells; inhibits Hsp90 and <italic>survivin</italic>; upregulates <italic>Bax</italic> and <italic>p53</italic>; induces DNA fragmentation and increases caspase-3, caspase-7 activity</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-molecules-25-00493" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Inde</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Braga, Teresa M" sort="Braga, Teresa M" uniqKey="Braga T" first="Teresa M." last="Braga">Teresa M. Braga</name><name sortKey="Chung, Tsz Yan" sort="Chung, Tsz Yan" uniqKey="Chung T" first="Tsz Yan" last="Chung">Tsz Yan Chung</name><name sortKey="Cruz, Agostinho" sort="Cruz, Agostinho" uniqKey="Cruz A" first="Agostinho" last="Cruz">Agostinho Cruz</name><name sortKey="Oliveira, Ana I" sort="Oliveira, Ana I" uniqKey="Oliveira A" first="Ana I." last="Oliveira">Ana I. Oliveira</name><name sortKey="Oliveira, Rita F" sort="Oliveira, Rita F" uniqKey="Oliveira R" first="Rita F." last="Oliveira">Rita F. Oliveira</name><name sortKey="Pinho, Claudia" sort="Pinho, Claudia" uniqKey="Pinho C" first="Cláudia" last="Pinho">Cláudia Pinho</name><name sortKey="Rocha, Lidia" sort="Rocha, Lidia" uniqKey="Rocha L" first="Lídia" last="Rocha">Lídia Rocha</name></noCountry><country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Morgado, Joaquim" sort="Morgado, Joaquim" uniqKey="Morgado J" first="Joaquim" last="Morgado">Joaquim Morgado</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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