Temporomandibular Disorders and Oral Features in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: An Observational Study of Symptoms and Signs
Identifieur interne : 000F04 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000F03; suivant : 000F05Temporomandibular Disorders and Oral Features in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: An Observational Study of Symptoms and Signs
Auteurs : Vito Crincoli [Italie] ; Maria Grazia Piancino [Italie] ; Florenzo Iannone [Italie] ; Mariella Errede [Italie] ; Mariasevera Di Comite [Italie]Source :
- International Journal of Medical Sciences [ 1449-1907 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.38914
PubMed: 32038098
PubMed Central: 6990878
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Temporomandibular Disorders and Oral Features in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: An Observational Study of Symptoms and Signs</title><author><name sortKey="Crincoli, Vito" sort="Crincoli, Vito" uniqKey="Crincoli V" first="Vito" last="Crincoli">Vito Crincoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>“Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piancino, Maria Grazia" sort="Piancino, Maria Grazia" uniqKey="Piancino M" first="Maria Grazia" last="Piancino">Maria Grazia Piancino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Turin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iannone, Florenzo" sort="Iannone, Florenzo" uniqKey="Iannone F" first="Florenzo" last="Iannone">Florenzo Iannone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>“Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Errede, Mariella" sort="Errede, Mariella" uniqKey="Errede M" first="Mariella" last="Errede">Mariella Errede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>“Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Comite, Mariasevera" sort="Di Comite, Mariasevera" uniqKey="Di Comite M" first="Mariasevera" last="Di Comite">Mariasevera Di Comite</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>“Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32038098</idno><idno type="pmc">6990878</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6990878</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6990878</idno><idno type="doi">10.7150/ijms.38914</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000599</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000599</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000599</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000599</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000029</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000029</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000F04</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Temporomandibular Disorders and Oral Features in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: An Observational Study of Symptoms and Signs</title><author><name sortKey="Crincoli, Vito" sort="Crincoli, Vito" uniqKey="Crincoli V" first="Vito" last="Crincoli">Vito Crincoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>“Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piancino, Maria Grazia" sort="Piancino, Maria Grazia" uniqKey="Piancino M" first="Maria Grazia" last="Piancino">Maria Grazia Piancino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Turin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iannone, Florenzo" sort="Iannone, Florenzo" uniqKey="Iannone F" first="Florenzo" last="Iannone">Florenzo Iannone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>“Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Errede, Mariella" sort="Errede, Mariella" uniqKey="Errede M" first="Mariella" last="Errede">Mariella Errede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>“Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Comite, Mariasevera" sort="Di Comite, Mariasevera" uniqKey="Di Comite M" first="Mariasevera" last="Di Comite">Mariasevera Di Comite</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>“Aldo Moro” University of Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Medical Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1449-1907</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aims</bold>: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a connective tissue disease characterized by a wide range of pleomorphic pictures, including mucocutaneous, renal, musculoskeletal and neurological symptoms. It involves oral tissues, with hyposalivation, tooth decay, gingivitis, angular cheilitis, ulcers and glossitis. Temporomandibular disorders represent a heterogeneous group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the stomatognatic system, with algic and/or dysfunctional clinical features involving temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and related masticatory muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of oral manifestations and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in SLE patients (Lp) compared with a control group.</p><p><bold>Methods</bold>: Fifty-five patients (9 men and 46 women) with diagnosed Lupus were recruited in the study group. A randomly selected group of 55 patients, matched by sex and age, served as control group. The examination for TMD symptoms and signs was based on the standardized Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) through a questionnaire and clinical examination.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>: Lupus patients complained more frequently (95.8%) of oral and TMJ symptoms (dysgeusia, stomatodynia, masticatory muscle pain during function, neck and shoulder muscles pain and presence of tinnitus) but only xerostomia (χ<sup>2</sup>=4,1548 <italic>p</italic>=0,0415), temple headache (χ<sup>2</sup>=4,4542 <italic>p</italic>=0,035) and the sensation of a stuck jaw (Mid-p-test <italic>p</italic>=0,043) were significant. About signs, cheilitis (<italic>p</italic>=0,0284) oral ulcers (χ<sup>2</sup>=4,0104 <italic>p</italic>=0,045) and fissured tongue are significantly more frequent in study group. The salivary flow was significantly decreased in the study group respect to the control one (p<0.0001). As regard to the oral kinematics, restricted movements (RM) in protrusion and left lateral movement were significantly different between study group and controls. In particular, 85,2% of Lp showed limited protrusion versus 56,4% of controls (χ<sup>2</sup>= 10,91 <italic>p</italic><0,001); 59,3% of Lp had also a limitation during left lateral movement versus 47,3% of controls (T=2,225 <italic>p</italic>=0,0282). About bruxism, only the indentations on the lateral edges of the tongue were found in Lp group (72,7%), with a significant difference respect to controls (χ<sup>2</sup>=7,37 <italic>p</italic>=0,007).</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> While masticatory muscles have an overlapping behavior in both groups, the findings collected show a more severe TMJ kinematic impairment in Lp than in controls, with protrusion and left lateral movements significantly different. In addition, a remarkable reduction of salivary flow has been detected in Lp compared to controls. In conclusion, this autoimmune disease seems to play a role in oral manifestations and TMJ disorders, causing an increase in orofacial pain and an altered chewing function.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="L Pez Labady, J" uniqKey="L Pez Labady J">J López-Labady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villarroel Dorrego, M" uniqKey="Villarroel Dorrego M">M Villarroel-Dorrego</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, N" uniqKey="Gonzalez N">N González</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez, R" uniqKey="Perez R">R Pérez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mata De Henning, M" uniqKey="Mata De Henning M">M Mata de Henning</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gronhagen, Cm" uniqKey="Gronhagen C">CM Grönhagen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nyberg, F" uniqKey="Nyberg F">F Nyberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Med Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Med Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijms</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Medical Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1449-1907</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ivyspring International Publisher</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Sydney</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32038098</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6990878</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7150/ijms.38914</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijmsv17p0153</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Paper</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Temporomandibular Disorders and Oral Features in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: An Observational Study of Symptoms and Signs</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crincoli</surname><given-names>Vito</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="FNA_envelop">✉</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Piancino</surname><given-names>Maria Grazia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iannone</surname><given-names>Florenzo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Errede</surname><given-names>Mariella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Comite</surname><given-names>Mariasevera</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Italy.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="FNA_envelop">✉ Corresponding author: Prof. Vito Crincoli, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy. Phone: 00390805478883; Fax: 00390805478743; e-mail: <email>vito.crincoli@uniba.it</email></corresp><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>1</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>160</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>). See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ivyspring.com/terms">http://ivyspring.com/terms</ext-link> for full terms and conditions.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><bold>Aims</bold>: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a connective tissue disease characterized by a wide range of pleomorphic pictures, including mucocutaneous, renal, musculoskeletal and neurological symptoms. It involves oral tissues, with hyposalivation, tooth decay, gingivitis, angular cheilitis, ulcers and glossitis. Temporomandibular disorders represent a heterogeneous group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the stomatognatic system, with algic and/or dysfunctional clinical features involving temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and related masticatory muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of oral manifestations and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in SLE patients (Lp) compared with a control group.</p><p><bold>Methods</bold>: Fifty-five patients (9 men and 46 women) with diagnosed Lupus were recruited in the study group. A randomly selected group of 55 patients, matched by sex and age, served as control group. The examination for TMD symptoms and signs was based on the standardized Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) through a questionnaire and clinical examination.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>: Lupus patients complained more frequently (95.8%) of oral and TMJ symptoms (dysgeusia, stomatodynia, masticatory muscle pain during function, neck and shoulder muscles pain and presence of tinnitus) but only xerostomia (χ<sup>2</sup>=4,1548 <italic>p</italic>=0,0415), temple headache (χ<sup>2</sup>=4,4542 <italic>p</italic>=0,035) and the sensation of a stuck jaw (Mid-p-test <italic>p</italic>=0,043) were significant. About signs, cheilitis (<italic>p</italic>=0,0284) oral ulcers (χ<sup>2</sup>=4,0104 <italic>p</italic>=0,045) and fissured tongue are significantly more frequent in study group. The salivary flow was significantly decreased in the study group respect to the control one (p<0.0001). As regard to the oral kinematics, restricted movements (RM) in protrusion and left lateral movement were significantly different between study group and controls. In particular, 85,2% of Lp showed limited protrusion versus 56,4% of controls (χ<sup>2</sup>= 10,91 <italic>p</italic><0,001); 59,3% of Lp had also a limitation during left lateral movement versus 47,3% of controls (T=2,225 <italic>p</italic>=0,0282). About bruxism, only the indentations on the lateral edges of the tongue were found in Lp group (72,7%), with a significant difference respect to controls (χ<sup>2</sup>=7,37 <italic>p</italic>=0,007).</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> While masticatory muscles have an overlapping behavior in both groups, the findings collected show a more severe TMJ kinematic impairment in Lp than in controls, with protrusion and left lateral movements significantly different. In addition, a remarkable reduction of salivary flow has been detected in Lp compared to controls. In conclusion, this autoimmune disease seems to play a role in oral manifestations and TMJ disorders, causing an increase in orofacial pain and an altered chewing function.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</kwd><kwd>oral features</kwd><kwd>temporomandibular disorders</kwd><kwd>RDC/TMD</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Mean values ± SD of Lp and control group. Lp patients show a reduced salivary flow.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijmsv17p0153g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sociodemographic characteristics of Lupus patients (Lp) and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sociodemographic characteristics</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lp</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value </th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age, mean±SD</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">44,44±15,04</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">46±13,49</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex, <italic>n</italic> (%)</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (16,4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (16,4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (83,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (83,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Educational degree, <italic>n</italic> (%)</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>=9,4184</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0242</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (14,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (30,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (12,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">High</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (45,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (52,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Academic</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (25,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Occupation, <italic>n</italic> (%)</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>=21,6894</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0014</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Housewife</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (32,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (23,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retired</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Office Worker</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (21,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (20%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self Employed</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (5,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (7,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not Employed</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (21,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Public Employee</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (29,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status, <italic>n</italic> (%)</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>=7,2039</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0657</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (52,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (70,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Widower</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (38,2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (25,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Divorced</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (7,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comorbidity in Lp and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concomitant diseases</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lp, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value </th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiopathy</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (16,4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 4,9045</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,027</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes mellitus</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,248</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Esophageal disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (14,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (5,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 2,5253</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,112</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastritis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,248</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypertension</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (21,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (10,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 2,3913</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,122</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypovitaminosis D</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (10,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,016</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lung disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (25,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 13,8318</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0,001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Osteoporosis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (18,2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 6,4646</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,011</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Presence of removable prosthesis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (7,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (10,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,4400</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,507</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Raynaud syndrome</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (18,2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 8,9100</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,003</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thyroid disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (21,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mid-p-test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,036</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Renal disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (47,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 31,4789</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0,001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (43,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 28,1928</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0,001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neurological disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (12,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,006</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Lp and controls' drugs.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drugs</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lp, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls<italic> n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value </th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Azathioprine</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (14,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,003</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belimumab</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,248</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclophosphamide</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (5,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,122</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclosporine</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (10,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0135</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Corticosteroids</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (74,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0,001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (56,4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0,001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leflunomide</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,500</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methotrexate</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (7,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,059</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mycophenolate Mofetil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (27,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0,001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rituximab</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,248</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Subjective complaints of oral discomfort in Lp and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral symptoms</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lp, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p V</italic>alue </th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xerostomia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (30,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (14,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,1548</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0415</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dysgeusia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,3731</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,241</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stomatodynia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (7,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (5,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,1526</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,696</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>TMD symptoms in Lp and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">TMDs</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lp, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arthralgia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (30,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (18,2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 2,4052</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,121</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temple headache</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (52,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (32,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 4,4542</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,035</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensation of stuck jaw</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (23,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (10,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mid-p-test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,043</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Masticatory muscle pain during function</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (25,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (14,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 2,0455</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,153</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neck and shoulder muscles pain</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (69,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (63,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,3665</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,545</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">tinnitus</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (29,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (18,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 1,8132</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,178</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Myofascial pain in Lp and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muscle</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lp, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls,<italic> n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value </th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anterior temporalis muscles</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (38,2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (30,9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,6433</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,423</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medial temporalis muscles</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (29,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (21,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,7666</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,381</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posterior temporalis muscles</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (20,0%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (18,2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,0589</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,808</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Superficial masseter muscles</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (52,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (45,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,5820</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,446</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Deep masseter muscles</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (52,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (47,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,3273</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,567</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">medial pterygoid muscles</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (52,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (54,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,0366</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,848</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">lateral pterygoid muscle</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (54,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (67,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 1,8709</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,171</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">digastric muscle - anterior belly</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (18,2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (20,0%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 1,0589</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,808</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">digastric muscle - posterior belly</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (23,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (14,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 1,4714</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,225</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mylohyoid muscles</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (25,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (20,0%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 0,4659</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,495</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Oral signs for Lp and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral signs</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lp, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls, <italic>n</italic> (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value </th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Candidiasis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,500</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cheilitis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (9,1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0284</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Erythema</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (5,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,122</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Petechiae</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (5,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,122</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fissured tongue</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (12,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,006</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral ulcers</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (20%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (5,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 4,0104</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,045</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Erythematous and hyperkeratotic areas</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3,6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fisher exact test</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,248</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Others</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (7,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (21,8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 4,6383</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,031</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T8" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Restricted Movements (RM).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Measurements (mm); <break></break>mean±SD</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lp</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">T Student</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value <break></break></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Opening</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">45,20 ±8,61</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">44,24 ± 7,65</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,6228</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,5347</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laterotrusion right</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,85 ± 3,49</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,86 ± 2,5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,681</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0957</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laterotrusion left</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,13 ± 4,02</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,636 ±2,98</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,225</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,0282</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protrusion</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,09 ± 2,36</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,091 ± 2,75</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,069</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">< 0,0001</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T9" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Parafunctional signs.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead valign="top"><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parafunctional signs</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lp</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value </th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wear facets</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (58,2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (45,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>= 1,7842</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,550</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral frictional hyperkeratosis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (47,3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (34,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>=1,8427</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,175</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indentations on lateral edges of tongue</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (72,7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (45,5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup>=7,3709</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,007</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Italie</li></country></list><tree><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Crincoli, Vito" sort="Crincoli, Vito" uniqKey="Crincoli V" first="Vito" last="Crincoli">Vito Crincoli</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Di Comite, Mariasevera" sort="Di Comite, Mariasevera" uniqKey="Di Comite M" first="Mariasevera" last="Di Comite">Mariasevera Di Comite</name><name sortKey="Errede, Mariella" sort="Errede, Mariella" uniqKey="Errede M" first="Mariella" last="Errede">Mariella Errede</name><name sortKey="Iannone, Florenzo" sort="Iannone, Florenzo" uniqKey="Iannone F" first="Florenzo" last="Iannone">Florenzo Iannone</name><name sortKey="Piancino, Maria Grazia" sort="Piancino, Maria Grazia" uniqKey="Piancino M" first="Maria Grazia" last="Piancino">Maria Grazia Piancino</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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