Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Oridonin: A Review
Identifieur interne : 000E41 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000E40; suivant : 000E42Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Oridonin: A Review
Auteurs : Yuanyuan Zhang ; Shaohua Wang ; Mengmeng Dai ; Jijuan Nai ; Liqiao Zhu ; Huagang ShengSource :
- Molecules [ 1420-3049 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Oridonin (ORI), an ent-kaurene tetracyclic diterpenoid compound, is isolated from Chinese herb
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020332
PubMed: 31947574
PubMed Central: 7024198
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Oridonin: A Review</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yuanyuan" sort="Zhang, Yuanyuan" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yuanyuan" last="Zhang">Yuanyuan Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Shaohua" sort="Wang, Shaohua" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Shaohua" last="Wang">Shaohua Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, Mengmeng" sort="Dai, Mengmeng" uniqKey="Dai M" first="Mengmeng" last="Dai">Mengmeng Dai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nai, Jijuan" sort="Nai, Jijuan" uniqKey="Nai J" first="Jijuan" last="Nai">Jijuan Nai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Liqiao" sort="Zhu, Liqiao" uniqKey="Zhu L" first="Liqiao" last="Zhu">Liqiao Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheng, Huagang" sort="Sheng, Huagang" uniqKey="Sheng H" first="Huagang" last="Sheng">Huagang Sheng</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31947574</idno><idno type="pmc">7024198</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7024198</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7024198</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/molecules25020332</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A74</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A74</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A74</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A74</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000042</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000042</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000E41</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Oridonin: A Review</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yuanyuan" sort="Zhang, Yuanyuan" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yuanyuan" last="Zhang">Yuanyuan Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Shaohua" sort="Wang, Shaohua" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Shaohua" last="Wang">Shaohua Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, Mengmeng" sort="Dai, Mengmeng" uniqKey="Dai M" first="Mengmeng" last="Dai">Mengmeng Dai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nai, Jijuan" sort="Nai, Jijuan" uniqKey="Nai J" first="Jijuan" last="Nai">Jijuan Nai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Liqiao" sort="Zhu, Liqiao" uniqKey="Zhu L" first="Liqiao" last="Zhu">Liqiao Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheng, Huagang" sort="Sheng, Huagang" uniqKey="Sheng H" first="Huagang" last="Sheng">Huagang Sheng</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Molecules</title><idno type="eISSN">1420-3049</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Oridonin (ORI), an ent-kaurene tetracyclic diterpenoid compound, is isolated from Chinese herb <italic>Rabdosia rubescens</italic> with various biological and pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the clinical application of ORI is limited due to its low solubility and poor bioavailability. In order to overcome these shortcomings, many strategies have been explored such as structural modification, new dosage form, etc. This review provides a detailed discussion on the research progress to increase the solubility and bioavailability of ORI.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Osawa, K" uniqKey="Osawa K">K. Osawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yasuda, H" uniqKey="Yasuda H">H. Yasuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maruyama, T" uniqKey="Maruyama T">T. Maruyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morita, H" uniqKey="Morita H">H. Morita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takeya, K" uniqKey="Takeya K">K. Takeya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Itokawa, H" uniqKey="Itokawa H">H. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Molecules</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Molecules</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">molecules</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Molecules</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1420-3049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31947574</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7024198</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/molecules25020332</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">molecules-25-00332</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Oridonin: A Review</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7933-4465</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Yuanyuan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Shaohua</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dai</surname><given-names>Mengmeng</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nai</surname><given-names>Jijuan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Liqiao</given-names></name><xref rid="c1-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sheng</surname><given-names>Huagang</given-names></name><xref rid="c1-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-molecules-25-00332">College of pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;<email>zhangyuan13zyy@163.com</email> (Y.Z.);<email>wang642020531@163.com</email> (S.W.);<email>m17862968199@163.com</email> (M.D.);<email>Ne19863675828@163.com</email> (J.N.)</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-molecules-25-00332"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>zhuliqiao@sdutcm.edu.cn</email> (L.Z.); <email>shenghuagang@sdutcm.edu.cn</email> (H.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-531-8962-8590 (L.Z.); +86-531-8962-8081 (H.S.)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>332</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Oridonin (ORI), an ent-kaurene tetracyclic diterpenoid compound, is isolated from Chinese herb <italic>Rabdosia rubescens</italic> with various biological and pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the clinical application of ORI is limited due to its low solubility and poor bioavailability. In order to overcome these shortcomings, many strategies have been explored such as structural modification, new dosage form, etc. This review provides a detailed discussion on the research progress to increase the solubility and bioavailability of ORI.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Oridonin</kwd><kwd>structural modification</kwd><kwd>formulations</kwd><kwd>solubility</kwd><kwd>bioavailability</kwd><kwd>biological activity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Molecular structure and typical modification sites of Oridonin (ORI).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Routes for introduction of thiazole rings at the C(<bold>1</bold>) and C(<bold>2</bold>) sites on ORI.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Synthesis of ORI-6-<italic>O</italic>-β-<sc>d</sc>-glucopyranoside.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>PEGylation and esterification of ORI.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Amino acid modification and aziridination of ORI.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Schematic diagram of the preparation of ORI-Gal-PT-NPs.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f007" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Structural comparison of lipid nanoparticles (<bold>a</bold>) and liposomes (<bold>b</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f008" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Illustration of copolymer micelle formation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="molecules-25-00332-f009" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Schematic diagram of preparation of (<bold>a</bold>) ORI-GPC1-NPs. (<bold>b</bold>) GE11-ORI-Se NPs.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="molecules-25-00332-g009"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="molecules-25-00332-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-25-00332-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pharmacological activities of ORI.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activities</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mechanism of Actions</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-cancer</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Repressing cell cycle, down-regulating telomerase activity, inhibiting cell membrane sodium pump activity, inducing tumor cell apoptosis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B3-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-bacterial</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B5-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neuroregulation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upregulating the production of the neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B6-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-oxidation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scavenging active oxygen free radicals</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Depressurization</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inducing pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell apoptosis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B8-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-inflammation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Down-regulating the inflammatory factors IL-figure1β, IL-6, and IL−33; Blocking the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="B11-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immune-modulating</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Promoting CD4+ /CD25+ Treg differentiation; modulating Th1/Th2 balance</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesia</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reducing colonic EC cell hyperplasia and 5-HT availability</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B13-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="molecules-25-00332-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-25-00332-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Cytotoxicity and pharmacodynamics study of ORI nanosuspension.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Research Objects</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological Activity or Mechanism</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand white rabbits, Kunming strain mice</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particle size affects pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K562 cell, S-180 tumor-burdened mice</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significantly more toxic to K562 cells than free ORI (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PC-3 cell</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inducing early apoptosis and enhancing growth suppression</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SMMC-7721 cell, H22 tumor-bear mice</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arresting cells in the G2/M phase, tumor volume response ORI-N has a higher anti-tumor effect</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCF-7 cell</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reducing the expression of Bcl-2 and increasing Bax </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PANC-1 cell</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suppressing the expression of B1 and p-cdc2 (T161) on G2/M cell phase</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD-rats</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improving dissolution and permeability by interaction with absorptive epithelia and anti-drug efflux.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SD = Sprague Dawley.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="molecules-25-00332-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-25-00332-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Examples of different ORI polymer nanoparticles.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Delivery Systems</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Administration</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Results</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ORI-PLA-NPs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intravenous administration in mice at a dose of 25 mg/kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High concentration of ORI in liver, lung and spleen</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ORI-PCL-PEO-PCL-NPs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intravenous administration in H22 tumor-bear mice at a dose of 8 mg/kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tumor volume and weight decreased, and the survival rate increased to 169.6%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>,<xref rid="B81-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ORI-PLA-RGD-NPs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intravenous administration in the H22 tumor-bear mice at a dose equivalent to 20 mg/kg of ORI</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhanced targeting effect; tumor volume and weight were significantly reduced (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01), with average survival length extended from 27 days to 41 days compared with ORI-PLA-NP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ORI-GC-NPs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intravenous administration in mice at a dose of 1 mg/kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prolonging MRT<sub>0–t</sub> from 3.415 h to 14.042 h, liver <italic>AUC</italic><sub>0–t</sub> increasing by 6.4-fold compared with ORI solution</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B84-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ORI-GB-NPs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intravenous administration on Wistar rats at a dose of 14 mg/kg and Kunming strain mice at 20 mg/kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The retarded in vitro release with increasing of crosslinking agent glutaraldehyde; liver active targeting; enhancing the drug plasma concentration and prolonging the circulation time</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>,<xref rid="B86-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ORI-Gal-PT-NPs</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treating HepG2 cells at concentrations of 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mg/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The apoptosis increasing by 4−5.6% compared with ORI solution</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>MRT = Mean Retention time.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="molecules-25-00332-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">molecules-25-00332-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Examples of ORI-loaded liposomes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Materials</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation Methods</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Administration</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Results</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cholesterol and soy lecithin, CPA, PEG<sub>2000</sub>-DSPE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thin-film ultrasonic dispersion method</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mice injected via the tail vein at 33.5 mg/kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhancing T<sub>1/2</sub> from 0.65 h to 24.89 h, 85.4% tumor inhibition rate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PEG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol injection method</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H22 tumor-bearing mice</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug accumulation in tumor cells, prolonged plasma residence</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH, soy bean lecithin, folic acid, <italic>N</italic>,<italic>N</italic>’-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, PEG<sub>2000</sub>-DSPE</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thin-film ultrasonic dispersion method</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intravenous administration in tumor-bearing nude BALB/<sub>C</sub> mice at a dose of 1.5 × 10<sup>−2</sup> g/kg/day</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body weight gain, 85.6% tumor inhibition</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EPC, CH, NOH,</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol injection method</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intravenous administration in mice at a dose of 30 mg/kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhancing MRT<sub>0–t</sub> from 1.69 h to 9.40 h, Enhancing <italic>AUC</italic><sub>0–t</sub> by 4.58-fold, 61.18% Te</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121-molecules-25-00332" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>T<sub>1/2</sub> = Half-Life; Te = Targeting Efficiency; CPA= Cyclophosphamide; PEG<sub>2000</sub>-DSPE= Polyethylene Glycoldistearoylphosphatidyleth-anolamine; CH = Cholesterol; EPC = Egg Phosphatidylcholine; NOH = <italic>N</italic>-octadecyl-4-((<sc>d</sc>-galactopyranosyl) oxy)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy Hexanamide.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Dai, Mengmeng" sort="Dai, Mengmeng" uniqKey="Dai M" first="Mengmeng" last="Dai">Mengmeng Dai</name><name sortKey="Nai, Jijuan" sort="Nai, Jijuan" uniqKey="Nai J" first="Jijuan" last="Nai">Jijuan Nai</name><name sortKey="Sheng, Huagang" sort="Sheng, Huagang" uniqKey="Sheng H" first="Huagang" last="Sheng">Huagang Sheng</name><name sortKey="Wang, Shaohua" sort="Wang, Shaohua" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Shaohua" last="Wang">Shaohua Wang</name><name sortKey="Zhang, Yuanyuan" sort="Zhang, Yuanyuan" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yuanyuan" last="Zhang">Yuanyuan Zhang</name><name sortKey="Zhu, Liqiao" sort="Zhu, Liqiao" uniqKey="Zhu L" first="Liqiao" last="Zhu">Liqiao Zhu</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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