Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes
Identifieur interne : 000D52 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000D51; suivant : 000D53Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes
Auteurs : Paul Peixoto [France] ; Céline Grandvallet ; Jean-Paul Feugeas ; Michaël Guittaut [France] ; Eric Hervouet [France]Source :
- Cells [ 2073-4409 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Although autophagy is a well-known and extensively described cell pathway, numerous studies have been recently interested in studying the importance of its regulation at different molecular levels, including the translational and post-translational levels. Therefore, this review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in cancer and summarizes the. following: (i) how
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/cells8121656
PubMed: 31861179
PubMed Central: 6952790
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<series><title level="j">Cells</title>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Although autophagy is a well-known and extensively described cell pathway, numerous studies have been recently interested in studying the importance of its regulation at different molecular levels, including the translational and post-translational levels. Therefore, this review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in cancer and summarizes the. following: (i) how <italic>ATG</italic>
genes are regulated by epigenetics, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications; (ii) how epidrugs are able to modulate autophagy in cancer and to alter cancer-related phenotypes (proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, etc.) and; (iii) how epigenetic enzymes can also regulate autophagy at the protein level. One noteable observation was that researchers most often reported conclusions about the regulation of the autophagy flux, following the use of epidrugs, based only on the analysis of LC3B-II form in treated cells. However, it is now widely accepted that an increase in LC3B-II form could be the consequence of an induction of the autophagy flux, as well as a block in the autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, in our review, all the published results describing a link between epidrugs and autophagy were systematically reanalyzed to determine whether autophagy flux was indeed increased, or inhibited, following the use of these potentially new interesting treatments targeting the autophagy process. Altogether, these recent data strongly support the idea that the determination of autophagy status could be crucial for future anticancer therapies. Indeed, the use of a combination of epidrugs and autophagy inhibitors could be beneficial for some cancer patients, whereas, in other cases, an increase of autophagy, which is frequently observed following the use of epidrugs, could lead to increased autophagy cell death.</p>
</div>
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<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Cells</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Cells</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cells</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Cells</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2073-4409</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31861179</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6952790</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/cells8121656</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">cells-08-01656</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peixoto</surname>
<given-names>Paul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cells-08-01656">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-cells-08-01656">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grandvallet</surname>
<given-names>Céline</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cells-08-01656">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feugeas</surname>
<given-names>Jean-Paul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cells-08-01656">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guittaut</surname>
<given-names>Michaël</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cells-08-01656">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-cells-08-01656">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4841-7812</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Hervouet</surname>
<given-names>Eric</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cells-08-01656">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-cells-08-01656">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-cells-08-01656">3</xref>
<xref rid="c1-cells-08-01656" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-cells-08-01656"><label>1</label>
Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France;<email>paul.peixoto@univ-fcomte.fr</email>
(P.P.);<email>cgrandvallet25@gmail.com</email>
(C.G.);<email>jean-paul.feugeas@univ-fcomte.fr</email>
(J.-P.F.);<email>michael.guittaut@univ-fcomte.fr</email>
(M.G.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-cells-08-01656"><label>2</label>
EPIGENEXP platform, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France</aff>
<aff id="af3-cells-08-01656"><label>3</label>
DImaCell platform, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-cells-08-01656"><label>*</label>
Correspondence: <email>eric.hervouet@univ-fcomte.fr</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<elocation-id>1656</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Although autophagy is a well-known and extensively described cell pathway, numerous studies have been recently interested in studying the importance of its regulation at different molecular levels, including the translational and post-translational levels. Therefore, this review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in cancer and summarizes the. following: (i) how <italic>ATG</italic>
genes are regulated by epigenetics, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications; (ii) how epidrugs are able to modulate autophagy in cancer and to alter cancer-related phenotypes (proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, etc.) and; (iii) how epigenetic enzymes can also regulate autophagy at the protein level. One noteable observation was that researchers most often reported conclusions about the regulation of the autophagy flux, following the use of epidrugs, based only on the analysis of LC3B-II form in treated cells. However, it is now widely accepted that an increase in LC3B-II form could be the consequence of an induction of the autophagy flux, as well as a block in the autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, in our review, all the published results describing a link between epidrugs and autophagy were systematically reanalyzed to determine whether autophagy flux was indeed increased, or inhibited, following the use of these potentially new interesting treatments targeting the autophagy process. Altogether, these recent data strongly support the idea that the determination of autophagy status could be crucial for future anticancer therapies. Indeed, the use of a combination of epidrugs and autophagy inhibitors could be beneficial for some cancer patients, whereas, in other cases, an increase of autophagy, which is frequently observed following the use of epidrugs, could lead to increased autophagy cell death.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>autophagy</kwd>
<kwd>epigenetics</kwd>
<kwd>cancer</kwd>
<kwd>DNA methylation</kwd>
<kwd>histone deacetylase (HDAC)</kwd>
<kwd>histone methylation</kwd>
<kwd>histone methylation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="cells-08-01656-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Interconnection of major autophagy steps. Autophagy induction and initiation of autophagy steps lead both to the cleavage and lipidation of autophagy gene 8 (ATG8) and autophagosome nucleation. ATG8 and protein involved in autophagosome elongation favor the closure of autophagosome and, then, its fusion with lysosome to form an autolysosome and to induce the degradation of its content. AMPK acts as an activator of autophagy, whereas mTOR acts as an inhibitor of autophagy. 3-MA and wortmannin are chemical inhibitors of early steps autophagy, whereas BafA1 blocks the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Arrows represent a positive action on the target, whereas bar-headed arrows represent an inhibition process.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="cells-08-01656-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="cells-08-01656-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Model of the balance between autophagy and apoptosis governing cell death. (<bold>A</bold>
) In cancer cells, the combination of an autophagy-mediated pro-survival signal and weak apoptosis led to cancer cell survival. (<bold>B</bold>
) An HDACi can promote a slight increase in apoptosis signaling but also a strong increase in autophagy signaling leading to a balance in favor of autophagy-linked cell death (solid line) or survival (dotted line) depending of both cancer cell model and autophagy induction level. (<bold>C</bold>
) The combination of an HDACi and an autophagy inhibitor (autophagy i) in cells resistant to apoptosis, or in the absence of an external signal of apoptosis, led to a balance in favor of survival via the inhibition of autophagy-linked cell death. (<bold>D</bold>
) The combination of an HDACi and an autophagy inhibitor (autophagy i) led to a balance in favor of apoptosis.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="cells-08-01656-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="cells-08-01656-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Epigenetic regulation of autophagy in cancer cells. Epigenetic actors and their action on autophagy and cell death are summarized in this figure. A direct transcriptional regulation could be mediated by epigenetic modifiers to promote or inhibit ATG-related genes. An indirect regulation can also be mediated by histones deacetylases and their action on the autophagy process and ROS production. (<bold>A</bold>
) Effects of autophagy inducers/inhibitors or ROS on autophagy-linked cell death or survival; (<bold>B</bold>
) Effects of HDACi and acetylation/deacetylation signaling on autophagy-linked cell death or survival; (<bold>C</bold>
) Effects of histone and DNA methylation regulation and histone ubiquitinylation on autophagy-linked cell death or survival. Inhibitors and miRNA specific of epigenetic modifiers are indicated when their roles have been described in the regulation of autophagy. Arrows represent a positive action on the target whereas bar-headed arrows represent an inhibition. Dotted lines are indicated when the action on the target seems indirect. (clear green: inhibitors; yellow: HDACs; blue: HMTs, pink: HATs; grey: HDMs, purple: other epigenetic proteins).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="cells-08-01656-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="cells-08-01656-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">cells-08-01656-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Specific promoter methylation of ATG genes in cancers (ND, not determined).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epigenetic Regulation</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gene</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gene Expression</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancer</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="14" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>DNA hypermethylation</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ATG2B</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Invasive ductal carcinoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ATG5</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Childhood acute lymphatic leukemia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ATG4D</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Invasive ductal carcinoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ATG9A</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Invasive ductal carcinoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ATG9B</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Invasive ductal carcinoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ATG16L1</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medulloblastoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B14-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>BECN1</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Invasive ductal carcinoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B8-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>BNIP3</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal cancer cell lines</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>GL1</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B11-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>MAP1LC3</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Decreased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lung cancer cell lines</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Childhood acute lymphatic leukemia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastric carcinoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>ULK2</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastric carcinoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glioblastoma</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>DNA hypomethylation</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ATG4A</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian cancer cell lines</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B17-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="cells-08-01656-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">cells-08-01656-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Described effects of epidrugs on autophagy in cancer cells. Classification from left to right: Epigenetic target, epidrug; cancer cells used in the studies; cancer origin; and effect on autophagy.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epigenetic Drug</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cells</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancer Origin</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Autophagy</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>BETi</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pancreas carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase ATG gene expression</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>DNMT</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">5-aza-dC</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hey</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of AVOs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K-562</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chronic myeloid leukemia</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="9" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>EZH2</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DZNep</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RKO, HCT116</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B33-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSK126</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MG803</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastric carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II and decrease of phospo AKT/mTOR/ULK1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">GSK343</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2OS</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, decrease of P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCT115, DLD-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B flux and autophagic vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MDA-MB-231</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triple negative breast cancer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B and SQSTM1/P62 fluxes</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">1o </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K562 </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myelogenous leukemia</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B38-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SK-N-BE </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neuroblastoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B38-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">UNC1999</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HT-29, HC-T15</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colon cancer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase LC3B-II flux</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lovo HCT115, DLD-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase LC3B-II flux and autophagic vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>G9a</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">BIX01294</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2OS</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II and vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HeLa</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cervix carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II and vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCF-7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast (LumA)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of BECLIN-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TCA8113</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tongue squamous cell carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BE(2)-C, SHEP1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neuroblastoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of vesicles and LC3B-II </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCT116</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of vesicles and LC3B-II, activation of ATG gene expression</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaempferol</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AGS</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastric carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, decrease of P62/SQSTM1, autophagic cell death</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="24" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>HDAC</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Apicidin</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YD-8,YD-10B, AT84</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral squamous carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II, ATG5 and AVOs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
,<xref rid="B46-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YD-15</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mucoepidermoid carcinoma </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II and AVOs, decreased P62 </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Butyrate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HeLa</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cervix carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of vesicles and autophagic cell death</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITF2357 (givinostat)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U87, U251</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glioblastoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, ATG5, ATG7, BECLIN-1, autophagic cell death</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B49-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MGCD0103</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">decrease of LCB-II, ATG5, ATG12, P62/SQSTM1, BECLIN-1 and of autophagic flux</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B50-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MHY218</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCF-7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast (LumA)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and BECLIN-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B51-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Panobinostat (LBH589)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L428, L540 </td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hodgkin lymphoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B52-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huh7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatocarcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and decrease of P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MDA-MB-231, SUM159PT</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triple negative breast cancer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, BECLIN-1 and decrease P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OSU-HDAC42</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCCs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatocarcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="12" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">SAHA (Vorinostat)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HeLa</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cervix carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RCS, OUMS-27</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chondrosarcoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCCs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatocarcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T98G, U251MG, C6</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glioblastoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, vesicles and AVOs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
,<xref rid="B58-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCF-7, MCF-7 Tamox-R</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast (LumA)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, BECLIN-1, vesicles, AVOs, autophagic cell death and decrease of P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B59-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
,<xref rid="B60-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MDA-MB-231</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triple negative breast cancer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, BECLIN-1 and AVOs and decrease of P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HUT78</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T-cell lymphoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MYLA</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A2058, A375</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">melanoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCT116, HCT15</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, ATG5</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">µ-myc</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B-cell lymphoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4T1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast cancer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B63-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sulforaphane</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MDA-MB-231, BT549, MDA-MB-468</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triple negative breast cancer</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, BECLIN-1 and vesicles and decrease of P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ZW2-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HL-60</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leukemia</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B65-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>HDAC (class I/II)</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FK228</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KP-MRT-NS</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malignant rhabdoid tumors</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B-II and vesicles, autophagic cell death</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Valproate</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A2058, A375</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Melanoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Namalwa, Raji, Daudi, Ramos</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, BECLIN-1, vesicles and decrease of P62/SQSTM1, P-MTOR</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMK</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acute megakaryocytic leukemia</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decrease of <italic>ATG7</italic>
mRNA and increase of GFP-LC3B vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jurkat, H9</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T-lymphoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, vesicles and decrease of P-MTOR</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SU-DHL-4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B-lymphoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, vesicles and decrease of P-MTOR</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HepG2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatocarcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and AVOs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HeLa</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cervix carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LC3B vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>JMJD2</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML324</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2OS</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>KDM5B</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PBIT</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2OS</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>KDM6B/JMJD3</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSKJ4</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2OS</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, decrease of P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="8" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>LSD1</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSK-LSD1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U2OS</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, decrease of P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S2101</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKOV3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, GFP-LC3B vesicles and decrease P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JL1037</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">THP-1, Kasumi-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acute myeloid leukemia</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCL1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LnCAP</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prostate carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II flux, vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">SP2509</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SHSY5Y</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neuroblastoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ARK2, TOV112D</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, ATG7 and P62/SQSTM1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">TCP</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SHSY5Y</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neuroblastoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and GFP-LC3B vesicles</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HO8910</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="8" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>SIRT1</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sirtinol</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCF-7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast (LumA)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and AVOs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B77-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J11-C1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKOV3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and BECLIN-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15dPGJ2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKOV3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J19</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKOV3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, ATG3 and BECLIN-1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">MHY2256</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ishikawa</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endometric carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, ATG5/7, BECLIN-1, AVOs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SKVO3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Breast (LumA)</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and AVOs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MCF-7</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ovarian carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II and AVOs</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCO-90/NCO141</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HL60, MT2, SIT1, Jurkat</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leukemia/T-lymphoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>SIRT6</bold>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">UBCS039</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1299</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-small cell lung carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, GFP-LC3B vesicles and autophagic flux</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HeLa</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cervix carcinoma</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase of LCB-II, GFP-LC3B vesicles and autophagic flux</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82-cells-08-01656" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="cells-08-01656-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">cells-08-01656-t003_Table 3</object-id>
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Clinical trials testing autophagy inhibitor and HDACi.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trial Reference</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancer</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drugs</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Status</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT01023737</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine + vorinostat in advanced solid tumors</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malignant solid tumor</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine<break></break>
Vorinostat<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active, not recruiting</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT01266057</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sirolimus or vorinostat and hydroxychloroquine in advanced cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Advanced cancers</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine<break></break>
Sirolimus<break></break>
Vorinostat<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active, not recruiting</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT03243461</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">International cooperative phase III trial of the HIT-HGG study group (HIT-HGG-2013)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glioblastoma WHO Grade IV<break></break>
Diffuse Midline Glioma Histone 3 K27M WHO Grade IV<break></break>
Anaplastic Astrocytoma WHO Grade III</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temozolomide + Valproic Acid<break></break>
Temozolomide + Chloroquine</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruiting</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NCT02316340</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vorinostat Plus Hydroxychloroquine versus regorafenib in colorectal cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorectal cancer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vorinostat<break></break>
Hydroxychloroquine<break></break>
Regorafenib</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active, not recruiting</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>France</li>
</country>
<region><li>Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</li>
<li>Franche-Comté</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Besançon</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Feugeas, Jean Paul" sort="Feugeas, Jean Paul" uniqKey="Feugeas J" first="Jean-Paul" last="Feugeas">Jean-Paul Feugeas</name>
<name sortKey="Grandvallet, Celine" sort="Grandvallet, Celine" uniqKey="Grandvallet C" first="Céline" last="Grandvallet">Céline Grandvallet</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="France"><region name="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté"><name sortKey="Peixoto, Paul" sort="Peixoto, Paul" uniqKey="Peixoto P" first="Paul" last="Peixoto">Paul Peixoto</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Guittaut, Michael" sort="Guittaut, Michael" uniqKey="Guittaut M" first="Michaël" last="Guittaut">Michaël Guittaut</name>
<name sortKey="Hervouet, Eric" sort="Hervouet, Eric" uniqKey="Hervouet E" first="Eric" last="Hervouet">Eric Hervouet</name>
<name sortKey="Hervouet, Eric" sort="Hervouet, Eric" uniqKey="Hervouet E" first="Eric" last="Hervouet">Eric Hervouet</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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