Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Antitrypanosomal, and Antimalarial Potentials of the Crude Extracts of Callistemon citrinus
Identifieur interne : 000A60 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000A59; suivant : 000A61Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Antitrypanosomal, and Antimalarial Potentials of the Crude Extracts of Callistemon citrinus
Auteurs : Rotimi Larayetan [Afrique du Sud, Nigeria] ; Zacchaeus S. Ololade [Nigeria] ; Oluranti O. Ogunmola [Nigeria] ; Ayodele Ladokun [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Plants are reservoir for potentially useful bioactive compounds, and owing to the rising occurrences of drug resistance to malaria parasites, there is a need to discover and develop new phytochemicals in plant that can be used as antimalarial agents. In this study, we gave a detailed description of the phytochemicals present in both ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of
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DOI: 10.1155/2019/5410923
PubMed: 31558912
PubMed Central: 6735214
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Antitrypanosomal, and Antimalarial Potentials of the Crude Extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Larayetan, Rotimi" sort="Larayetan, Rotimi" uniqKey="Larayetan R" first="Rotimi" last="Larayetan">Rotimi Larayetan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alice 5700</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Chemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Anyigba</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ololade, Zacchaeus S" sort="Ololade, Zacchaeus S" uniqKey="Ololade Z" first="Zacchaeus S." last="Ololade">Zacchaeus S. Ololade</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ondo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogunmola, Oluranti O" sort="Ogunmola, Oluranti O" uniqKey="Ogunmola O" first="Oluranti O." last="Ogunmola">Oluranti O. Ogunmola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo State, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo State</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oyo State</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladokun, Ayodele" sort="Ladokun, Ayodele" uniqKey="Ladokun A" first="Ayodele" last="Ladokun">Ayodele Ladokun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alice 5700</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31558912</idno><idno type="pmc">6735214</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6735214</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6735214</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2019/5410923</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000512</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000512</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000512</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000512</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000491</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000491</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000A60</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Antitrypanosomal, and Antimalarial Potentials of the Crude Extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Larayetan, Rotimi" sort="Larayetan, Rotimi" uniqKey="Larayetan R" first="Rotimi" last="Larayetan">Rotimi Larayetan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alice 5700</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Chemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Anyigba</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ololade, Zacchaeus S" sort="Ololade, Zacchaeus S" uniqKey="Ololade Z" first="Zacchaeus S." last="Ololade">Zacchaeus S. Ololade</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ondo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogunmola, Oluranti O" sort="Ogunmola, Oluranti O" uniqKey="Ogunmola O" first="Oluranti O." last="Ogunmola">Oluranti O. Ogunmola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo State, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo State</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oyo State</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladokun, Ayodele" sort="Ladokun, Ayodele" uniqKey="Ladokun A" first="Ayodele" last="Ladokun">Ayodele Ladokun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alice 5700</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Plants are reservoir for potentially useful bioactive compounds, and owing to the rising occurrences of drug resistance to malaria parasites, there is a need to discover and develop new phytochemicals in plant that can be used as antimalarial agents. In this study, we gave a detailed description of the phytochemicals present in both ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic> (<italic>C. citrinus</italic>) using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis; both extracts were also evaluated for their <italic>in vitro</italic> antimalarial, antitrypanosomal, and cytotoxicity activities against <italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei</italic> (<italic>T. b brucei</italic>) parasites, <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> (<italic>P. falciparum</italic>) malaria parasites 3D7 strain, and human cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa cells); in addition, the antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacies were determined using standard methods. Both extracts were characterized by a high amount of fatty acids (52.88 and 62.48%). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited a greater activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.025 to 0.10 mg/mL while the methanol extract ranged from 0.025 to 0.15 mg/mL. Both extracts were bactericidal to <italic>Escherichia coli ATCC 35150</italic> (<italic>E. coli</italic>) and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACC</italic> (<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screenings conducted for both extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids, fat and oils, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in varying amounts. Both crude extracts exhibited antitrypanosomal potentials with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 6.6/9.7 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL and antiplasmodial activities with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 8.4/13.0 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL. Conclusion from this study indicates that apart from the folkloric uses of this plant in traditional settings, the extracts possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, and antimalarial activities and some pharmaceutically essential bioactive components with remarkable antioxidant capacities that may be used in the synthesis of novel drugs for the management of different varieties of ailments.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramawat, K G" uniqKey="Ramawat K">K. G. Ramawat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merillon, J M" uniqKey="Merillon J">J. M. Mérillon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Winslow, L C" uniqKey="Winslow L">L. C. Winslow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kroll, D J" uniqKey="Kroll D">D. J. Kroll</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, R H" uniqKey="Liu R">R. H. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31558912</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6735214</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2019/5410923</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Antitrypanosomal, and Antimalarial Potentials of the Crude Extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-1292</contrib-id><name><surname>Larayetan</surname><given-names>Rotimi</given-names></name><email>timlarayetan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ololade</surname><given-names>Zacchaeus S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ogunmola</surname><given-names>Oluranti O.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ladokun</surname><given-names>Ayodele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Chemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo State, Nigeria</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa</aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="other"><p>Guest Editor: Chukwuma O. Agubata</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>28</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2019</volume><elocation-id>5410923</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>5</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019 Rotimi Larayetan et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Plants are reservoir for potentially useful bioactive compounds, and owing to the rising occurrences of drug resistance to malaria parasites, there is a need to discover and develop new phytochemicals in plant that can be used as antimalarial agents. In this study, we gave a detailed description of the phytochemicals present in both ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic> (<italic>C. citrinus</italic>) using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis; both extracts were also evaluated for their <italic>in vitro</italic> antimalarial, antitrypanosomal, and cytotoxicity activities against <italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei</italic> (<italic>T. b brucei</italic>) parasites, <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic> (<italic>P. falciparum</italic>) malaria parasites 3D7 strain, and human cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa cells); in addition, the antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacies were determined using standard methods. Both extracts were characterized by a high amount of fatty acids (52.88 and 62.48%). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited a greater activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.025 to 0.10 mg/mL while the methanol extract ranged from 0.025 to 0.15 mg/mL. Both extracts were bactericidal to <italic>Escherichia coli ATCC 35150</italic> (<italic>E. coli</italic>) and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACC</italic> (<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screenings conducted for both extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids, fat and oils, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in varying amounts. Both crude extracts exhibited antitrypanosomal potentials with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 6.6/9.7 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL and antiplasmodial activities with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 8.4/13.0 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL. Conclusion from this study indicates that apart from the folkloric uses of this plant in traditional settings, the extracts possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, and antimalarial activities and some pharmaceutically essential bioactive components with remarkable antioxidant capacities that may be used in the synthesis of novel drugs for the management of different varieties of ailments.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>Tertiary Education Trust Fund</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Antiradical effects of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic> and standard drug (vitamin C) on DPPH radicals.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2019-5410923.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Antiradical effects of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic> and standard drug (vitamin C) on ABTS radicals.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2019-5410923.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Dose-response curve for trypanosome assay of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2019-5410923.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Dose-response curve for pLDH assay of methanol, ethyl acetate extracts, and chloroquine standard drug.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2019-5410923.004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Bioactive components of the methanolic extract of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name of compounds</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RI</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peak area (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MF</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MW</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound nature</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Carene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">919</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monoterpene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eucalyptol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1059</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Nonenal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1112</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unsaturated aldehyde</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limonene diepoxide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1128</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pinocarveol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1131</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Terpineol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1143</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isopulegone, 4-methyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1252</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">166</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trans-2-decenol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1266</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unsaturated alcohol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aromadendrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1386</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>24</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">204</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sesquiterpene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8E, 10Z)-1,8-Pentadecatriene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1518</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>26</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydrocarbon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Eudesmol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1593</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>26</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated sesquiterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methyl-14-methyl pentadecanoate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1814</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palmitic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>32</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatty acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9-Octadecenal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">266</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unsaturated aldehyde</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stearic acid, methyl ester</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2077</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>38</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">298</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trans-vaccenic acid, methyl ester</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2085</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>36</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">296</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methyl linolelaidate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2093</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">294</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stearic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2167</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>36</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">284</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatty acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oleic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2175</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">282</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatty acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squalene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2914</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>50</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">410</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triterpene</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>MF = molecular formula, MW = molecular weight, RI = retention indices.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Bioactive components of ethyl acetate extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name of compounds</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RI</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peak area (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MF</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MW</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound nature</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Carene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">919</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monoterpene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,7-Octadien-2-ol, 2,6-dimethyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1041</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eucalyptol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1059</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Nonenal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1112</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unsaturated aldehyde</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trans-pinocarveol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1131</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Terpineol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1143</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myrtanal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1126</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isopulegone, 4-methyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1252</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">166</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxygenated monoterpenoid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aromadendrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1386</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>24</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">204</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sesquiterpene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patchulane</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1393</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>26</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sesquiterpene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Viridiflorol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1530</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>26</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sesquiterpene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methyl-2-hydroxytetradecanoate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1842</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>30</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">258</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyl ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methyl hexadecanoate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1878</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palmitic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>32</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatty acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9-Octadecenal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">266</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unsaturated aldehyde</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stearic acid, methyl ester</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2077</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>38</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">298</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trans vaccenic acid, methyl ester</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2085</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>36</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">296</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methyl linolelaidate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2093</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">294</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ester</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stearic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2167</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>36</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">284</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatty acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oleic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2175</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">282</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatty acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sterolic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>32</sub>O<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatty acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squalene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2914</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>50</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">410</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triterpene</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>RI = retention index, MW = molecular weight, MF = molecular formula.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Qualitative phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytochemical constituents</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanol extract</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saponins</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foam test</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glycosides</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Keller–Killiani test</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkaloid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mayer's and Wagner's tests</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Steroids and triterpenoids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salkowski's test</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phenols and tannins</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ferric chloride test</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flavonoids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shinoda test</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fats and oils</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stain test</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>(+) = present, (−) = absent.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Quantitative phytochemical constituents of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of <italic>Callistemon citrinus</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extracts</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall tannin content (mg·TAE/100 g)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall phenolic content (mg·GAE/100 g)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall flavonoid content (mg·RE/100 g)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall flavonol content (mg·RE/100 g)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall antioxidant capacity (mg·AA/100 g)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12000 ± 65.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10964.11 ± 40.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">368.12 ± 14.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">438.38 ± 11.73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1568.73 ± 61.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8000 ± 28.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22511.23 ± 105.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">688.37 ± 39.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">512.90 ± 11.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3031.53 ± 133.07</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are mean ± SD, <italic>n</italic> = 3.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (mg/mL) for ethyl acetate, methanol extracts, and standard drug.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteria</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate leaf extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanol leaf extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ciprofloxacin positive control</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMSO negative control</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aeromonas hydrophila ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Escherichia coli ATCC 35150</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vibro alginolyticus DSM 2171</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Salmonella typhi ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcal enteritis ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listeria monocytogenes ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.100 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ACC = AEMREG culture collection; ATCC = American type collection center; VG = visible growth. Values are mean ± SD, <italic>n</italic> = 2.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (mg/mL) for ethyl acetate, methanol extracts and standard drug.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteria</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate leaf extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanol leaf extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ciprofloxacin positive control</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMSO negative control</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aeromonas hydrophila ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.025 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.15 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.05 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Escherichia coli ATCC 35150</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.05 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vibro alginolyticus DSM 2171</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.025 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.05 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Salmonella typhi ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.025 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.025 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.05 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.05 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcal enteritis ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.025 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.05 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.100 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.025 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.05 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listeria monocytogenes ACC</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.025 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacteriostatic at 0.100 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bactericidal at 0.05 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL VG</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>VG = visible growth; NVG = no visible growth.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Nigeria</li></country></list><tree><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Larayetan, Rotimi" sort="Larayetan, Rotimi" uniqKey="Larayetan R" first="Rotimi" last="Larayetan">Rotimi Larayetan</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ladokun, Ayodele" sort="Ladokun, Ayodele" uniqKey="Ladokun A" first="Ayodele" last="Ladokun">Ayodele Ladokun</name></country><country name="Nigeria"><noRegion><name sortKey="Larayetan, Rotimi" sort="Larayetan, Rotimi" uniqKey="Larayetan R" first="Rotimi" last="Larayetan">Rotimi Larayetan</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ogunmola, Oluranti O" sort="Ogunmola, Oluranti O" uniqKey="Ogunmola O" first="Oluranti O." last="Ogunmola">Oluranti O. Ogunmola</name><name sortKey="Ololade, Zacchaeus S" sort="Ololade, Zacchaeus S" uniqKey="Ololade Z" first="Zacchaeus S." last="Ololade">Zacchaeus S. Ololade</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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