Chemistry Routes for Copolymer Synthesis Containing PEG for Targeting, Imaging, and Drug Delivery Purposes
Identifieur interne : 000834 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000833; suivant : 000835Chemistry Routes for Copolymer Synthesis Containing PEG for Targeting, Imaging, and Drug Delivery Purposes
Auteurs : Kamil Rahme ; Nazih DagherSource :
- Pharmaceutics [ 1999-4923 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most frequently used polymers for coating nanocarriers to enhance their biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, stability, and biodegradability. PEG is now considered to be among the best biocompatible polymers. It offers sterical hindrance against other nanoparticles and blood components such as opsonin, preventing their macrophage phagocytosis and resulting in a prolonged circulation time in blood stream, consequently a ‘stealth character’ in vivo. Therefore, PEG has a very promising future for the development of current therapeutics and biomedical applications. Moreover, the vast number of molecules that PEG can conjugate with might enhance its ability to have an optimistic perspective for the future. This review will present an update on the chemistry used in the modern conjugation methods for a variety of PEG conjugates, such methods include, but are not limited to, the synthesis of targeting PEG conjugates (i.e., Peptides, Folate, Biotin, Mannose etc.), imaging PEG conjugates (i.e., Coumarin, Near Infrared dyes etc.) and delivery PEG conjugates (i.e., doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and other hydrophobic low molecular weight drugs). Furthermore, the type of nanoparticles carrying those conjugates, along with their biomedical uses, will be briefly discussed.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070327
PubMed: 31336703
PubMed Central: 6680653
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chemistry Routes for Copolymer Synthesis Containing PEG for Targeting, Imaging, and Drug Delivery Purposes</title><author><name sortKey="Rahme, Kamil" sort="Rahme, Kamil" uniqKey="Rahme K" first="Kamil" last="Rahme">Kamil Rahme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dagher, Nazih" sort="Dagher, Nazih" uniqKey="Dagher N" first="Nazih" last="Dagher">Nazih Dagher</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31336703</idno><idno type="pmc">6680653</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6680653</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6680653</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/pharmaceutics11070327</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A95</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A95</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A95</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A95</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000897</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000897</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000834</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chemistry Routes for Copolymer Synthesis Containing PEG for Targeting, Imaging, and Drug Delivery Purposes</title><author><name sortKey="Rahme, Kamil" sort="Rahme, Kamil" uniqKey="Rahme K" first="Kamil" last="Rahme">Kamil Rahme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dagher, Nazih" sort="Dagher, Nazih" uniqKey="Dagher N" first="Nazih" last="Dagher">Nazih Dagher</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Pharmaceutics</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4923</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most frequently used polymers for coating nanocarriers to enhance their biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, stability, and biodegradability. PEG is now considered to be among the best biocompatible polymers. It offers sterical hindrance against other nanoparticles and blood components such as opsonin, preventing their macrophage phagocytosis and resulting in a prolonged circulation time in blood stream, consequently a ‘stealth character’ in vivo. Therefore, PEG has a very promising future for the development of current therapeutics and biomedical applications. Moreover, the vast number of molecules that PEG can conjugate with might enhance its ability to have an optimistic perspective for the future. This review will present an update on the chemistry used in the modern conjugation methods for a variety of PEG conjugates, such methods include, but are not limited to, the synthesis of targeting PEG conjugates (i.e., Peptides, Folate, Biotin, Mannose etc.), imaging PEG conjugates (i.e., Coumarin, Near Infrared dyes etc.) and delivery PEG conjugates (i.e., doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and other hydrophobic low molecular weight drugs). Furthermore, the type of nanoparticles carrying those conjugates, along with their biomedical uses, will be briefly discussed.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Casettari, L" uniqKey="Casettari L">L. Casettari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vllasaliu, D" uniqKey="Vllasaliu D">D. Vllasaliu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mantovani, G" uniqKey="Mantovani G">G. Mantovani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howdle, S M" uniqKey="Howdle S">S.M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Pharmaceutics</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmaceutics</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmaceutics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Pharmaceutics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1999-4923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31336703</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6680653</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/pharmaceutics11070327</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pharmaceutics-11-00327</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Chemistry Routes for Copolymer Synthesis Containing PEG for Targeting, Imaging, and Drug Delivery Purposes</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-9957</contrib-id><name><surname>Rahme</surname><given-names>Kamil</given-names></name><xref rid="c1-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-1277</contrib-id><name><surname>Dagher</surname><given-names>Nazih</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, P.O. Box 72, Zouk Mikael, Lebanon</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-pharmaceutics-11-00327"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>kamil.rahme@ndu.edu.lb</email>; Tel.: +961-9208735</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>7</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>327</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>6</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>08</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most frequently used polymers for coating nanocarriers to enhance their biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, stability, and biodegradability. PEG is now considered to be among the best biocompatible polymers. It offers sterical hindrance against other nanoparticles and blood components such as opsonin, preventing their macrophage phagocytosis and resulting in a prolonged circulation time in blood stream, consequently a ‘stealth character’ in vivo. Therefore, PEG has a very promising future for the development of current therapeutics and biomedical applications. Moreover, the vast number of molecules that PEG can conjugate with might enhance its ability to have an optimistic perspective for the future. This review will present an update on the chemistry used in the modern conjugation methods for a variety of PEG conjugates, such methods include, but are not limited to, the synthesis of targeting PEG conjugates (i.e., Peptides, Folate, Biotin, Mannose etc.), imaging PEG conjugates (i.e., Coumarin, Near Infrared dyes etc.) and delivery PEG conjugates (i.e., doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and other hydrophobic low molecular weight drugs). Furthermore, the type of nanoparticles carrying those conjugates, along with their biomedical uses, will be briefly discussed.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>polyethylene glycol (PEG)</kwd><kwd>PEG-conjugates</kwd><kwd>nanocarriers</kwd><kwd>stabilization</kwd><kwd>stealth character</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Nano particulate delivery designs discussed in this review.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Chemical connectivity of PCL-PEG-Biotin nanoparticle design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Magnetite-PEG-Folate nanoparticle, explaining how Folic acid (FA)-PEG-monooleate can form interdigitated bilayers to transfer hydrophobic magnetite into aqueous media, resulting in a biocompatible nanoparticulate system.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Chemical connectivity of PLGA-PEG-Mannose nanoparticle design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Chemical connectivity of PCL-PEG-SMLP nanoparticle design and nanoparticle design of those mentioned in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2dot1-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Section 2.1</xref>, <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2dot3-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Section 2.3</xref> and <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2dot4-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Section 2.4</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Targeted AuNp-PEG-Tat nanoparticle and chemical connectivity design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f007" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Chemical connectivity of Coumarin-PEG-Au nanoparticle design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f008" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Targeted nanoparticle presented in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec3dot1-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Section 3.1</xref> and <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec3dot2-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Section 3.2</xref> and chemical connectivity of TAMRA-PEG-Au nanoparticle design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f009" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Graphene oxide (GO)-PEG-Cy7 nanoparticle design (obtained with permission from [<xref rid="B22-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g009"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f010" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 10</label><caption><p>PLL-PEG-PLL chemical structure and nanoparticle design (nanomicelles) for drug loading and delivery.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g010"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f011" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 11</label><caption><p>Chemical connectivity of Ibuprofen/PEG-Chitosan nanoparticle design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g011"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f012" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 12</label><caption><p>Nanoparticle design of those presented in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec4dot1-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Section 4.1</xref>, <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec4dot2-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Section 4.2</xref> and <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec4dot3-pharmaceutics-11-00327">Section 4.3</xref>, and chemical connectivity of Ridaforolimus/NH<sub>2</sub>-PEG-DSPE nanoparticle design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g012"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f013" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 13</label><caption><p>Doxorubicin/mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN)-Gelatin-PEG nanoparticulate design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g013"></graphic></fig><fig id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-f014" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 14</label><caption><p>Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)/MCN-PEG nanoparticulate design.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pharmaceutics-11-00327-g014"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="pharmaceutics-11-00327-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">pharmaceutics-11-00327-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The nanostructures presented in this review and their preparation methods.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanoparticle System</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathways for Their Synthesis</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biomedical Applications</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCL-PEG-Biotin [<xref rid="B16-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Activation of Biotin.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Addition of PEG bis amine.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Polymerization with ε-caprolactone.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Targeted paclitaxel chemotherapy drug to MCF-7 and HeLa cells.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magnetite-PEG-Folate [<xref rid="B17-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Coprecipitation of the two salts FeCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O and FeCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Addition of oleic acid and oleylamine for stabilization.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Addition of PEG.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Addition of activated folic acid.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Targeted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) to HeLa cells.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PLGA-PEG-Mannose [<xref rid="B18-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>PEGylation of mannose by Mono t-BOC-protected PEG bis amine.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Removal of t-BOC group.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Reaction with activated PLGA.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Delivery of amphotericin B to macrophages via enhanced macrophage targeting and mannose-mannose uptake.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCL-PEG-SMLP [<xref rid="B19-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Copolymerization of PEG and PCL.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Activation of PCL-PEG-COOH with EDC and NHS.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Reaction with SMLP.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specific delivery of four different (DTX-PMs) to a (PSMA) positive prostate LNCaP cells.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coumarin-PEG-Gold [<xref rid="B20-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Reaction of monothioacetate-PEG-OH with Coumarin isocyanate.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Reduction of monothioacetate-PEG-Coumarin to SH-PEG-Coumarin.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Attachment to Gold nanoparticles.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rapid internalization and intracellular tracking in MDA-MB-231 cells.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TAMRA-PEG-Gold [<xref rid="B21-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Attachment of SH-PEG-COOH to gold nanoparticles.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Activation of Au-PEG-COOH with EDC.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Reaction with TAMRA.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Qualitative fluorescence imaging of the internalized AuNPs.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GO-PEG-CY7 [<xref rid="B22-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Activation of graphene oxide with chloroacetic acid.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Activation of –COOH groups on GO-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH with EDC.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Conjugation of six-arm branched amine PEG on GO.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Addition of Cy7 infrared dye.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vivo fluorescence imaging in xenograft tumor mouse models.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ibuprofen/Chitosan-PEG [<xref rid="B23-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Increasing the degree of deacetylation of chitosan.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Protection of the amine of chitosan with SDS.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Reaction of NaH activated PEG with chlorinated Chitosan/SDS complex.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Removal of the SDS surfactant.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Addition of Ibuprofen drug and using TPP solution to form nanomicelles.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Encapsulation of ibuprofen, a poor water soluble drug, and in vitro release in gastrointestinal and simulated biological fluids.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aspirin/Curcumin/PLGA-mPEG [<xref rid="B24-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Preparation of PLGA-mPEG copolymer.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Adding a predetermined amount of SH-Aspirin and/or Curcumin.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Nanoparticles formation using a modified single-emulsion solvent evaporation process.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synergistic anticancer effects on ES-2 and SKOV3 human ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro, and activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Doxorubicin/MSN-Gelatin-PEG [<xref rid="B25-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Addition of CTAB surfactant.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Hydrolysis and polycondensation of TEOS and APTES.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Calcination of CTAB surfactant.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Mixing Doxorubicin with the MSNs.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Capping with hyaluronic acid.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Coating, crosslinking and activating Gelatin with EDC respectively.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Conjugation of mPEG-amine to the Gelatin.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro improved cellular uptake and astonishing killing effectiveness to CD44-positive MDA-MB-231 cells.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AuNP-PEG-<italic>TAT Peptide</italic> [<xref rid="B26-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Attaching SH-PEG-COOH on AuNps.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Activation of –COOG group with EDC and NHS.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Substitution of activated –COOH group with Tat peptide.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhanced cellular uptake by Hela cells in vitro, and effectiveness in k generation of more oxygen reactive species resulting in cell death upon X-ray irradiation.</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PLL-PEG-PLL [<xref rid="B27-pharmaceutics-11-00327" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Reaction of Triphosgene with L-Leucine.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Polymerization of L-LeuNCA using BAPEG as initiator.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug loading and in vitro drug release.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Dagher, Nazih" sort="Dagher, Nazih" uniqKey="Dagher N" first="Nazih" last="Dagher">Nazih Dagher</name><name sortKey="Rahme, Kamil" sort="Rahme, Kamil" uniqKey="Rahme K" first="Kamil" last="Rahme">Kamil Rahme</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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