Association of lipoprotein subfractions and glycoprotein acetylation with coronary plaque burden in SLE
Identifieur interne : 000922 ( Ncbi/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000921; suivant : 000923Association of lipoprotein subfractions and glycoprotein acetylation with coronary plaque burden in SLE
Auteurs : Monica M. Purmalek [États-Unis] ; Philip M. Carlucci [États-Unis] ; Amit K. Dey [États-Unis] ; Maureen Sampson [États-Unis] ; Yenealem Temesgen-Oyelakin [États-Unis] ; Simantini Sakhardande [États-Unis] ; Joseph B. Lerman [États-Unis] ; Alice Fike [États-Unis] ; Michael Davis [États-Unis] ; Jonathan H. Chung [États-Unis] ; Taufiq Salahuddin [États-Unis] ; Zerai Manna [États-Unis] ; Sarthak Gupta [États-Unis] ; Marcus Y. Chen [États-Unis] ; Sarfaraz Hasni [États-Unis] ; Nehal N. Mehta [États-Unis] ; Alan Remaley [États-Unis] ; Mariana J. Kaplan [États-Unis]Source :
- Lupus Science & Medicine [ 2053-8790 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Subjects with SLE display an enhanced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is not explained by Framingham risk. This study sought to investigate the utility of nuclear MR (NMR) spectroscopy measurements of serum lipoprotein particle counts and size and glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA) burden to predict coronary atherosclerosis in SLE.
Coronary plaque burden was assessed in SLE subjects and healthy controls using coronary CT angiography. Lipoproteins and GlycA were quantified by NMR spectroscopy.
SLE subjects displayed statistically significant decreases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle counts and increased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle counts compared with controls. Non-calcified coronary plaque burden (NCB) negatively associated with HDL subsets whereas it positively associated with VLDL particle counts in multivariate adjusted models. GlycA was significantly increased in SLE sera compared with controls. In contrast to high-sensitivity C reactive protein, elevations in GlycA in SLE significantly associated with NCB and insulin resistance (IR), though the association with NCB was no longer significant after adjusting for prednisone use.
Patients with SLE display a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile that may significantly contribute to the development of premature CVD. The results demonstrate that NMR measures of GlycA and lipoprotein profiles, beyond what is captured in routine clinical labs, could be a useful tool in assessing CVD risk in patients with SLE.
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2019-000332
PubMed: 31413851
PubMed Central: 6667837
Affiliations:
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PMC:6667837Le document en format XML
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Chung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salahuddin, Taufiq" sort="Salahuddin, Taufiq" uniqKey="Salahuddin T" first="Taufiq" last="Salahuddin">Taufiq Salahuddin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manna, Zerai" sort="Manna, Zerai" uniqKey="Manna Z" first="Zerai" last="Manna">Zerai Manna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Sarthak" sort="Gupta, Sarthak" uniqKey="Gupta S" first="Sarthak" last="Gupta">Sarthak Gupta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Marcus Y" sort="Chen, Marcus Y" uniqKey="Chen M" first="Marcus Y" last="Chen">Marcus Y. 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Mehta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Remaley, Alan" sort="Remaley, Alan" uniqKey="Remaley A" first="Alan" last="Remaley">Alan Remaley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaplan, Mariana J" sort="Kaplan, Mariana J" uniqKey="Kaplan M" first="Mariana J" last="Kaplan">Mariana J. 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Purmalek</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carlucci, Philip M" sort="Carlucci, Philip M" uniqKey="Carlucci P" first="Philip M" last="Carlucci">Philip M. Carlucci</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dey, Amit K" sort="Dey, Amit K" uniqKey="Dey A" first="Amit K" last="Dey">Amit K. Dey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, Maureen" sort="Sampson, Maureen" uniqKey="Sampson M" first="Maureen" last="Sampson">Maureen Sampson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>National Institutes of Health Clinical Center</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Temesgen Oyelakin, Yenealem" sort="Temesgen Oyelakin, Yenealem" uniqKey="Temesgen Oyelakin Y" first="Yenealem" last="Temesgen-Oyelakin">Yenealem Temesgen-Oyelakin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakhardande, Simantini" sort="Sakhardande, Simantini" uniqKey="Sakhardande S" first="Simantini" last="Sakhardande">Simantini Sakhardande</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lerman, Joseph B" sort="Lerman, Joseph B" uniqKey="Lerman J" first="Joseph B" last="Lerman">Joseph B. Lerman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fike, Alice" sort="Fike, Alice" uniqKey="Fike A" first="Alice" last="Fike">Alice Fike</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Michael" sort="Davis, Michael" uniqKey="Davis M" first="Michael" last="Davis">Michael Davis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, Jonathan H" sort="Chung, Jonathan H" uniqKey="Chung J" first="Jonathan H" last="Chung">Jonathan H. Chung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salahuddin, Taufiq" sort="Salahuddin, Taufiq" uniqKey="Salahuddin T" first="Taufiq" last="Salahuddin">Taufiq Salahuddin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manna, Zerai" sort="Manna, Zerai" uniqKey="Manna Z" first="Zerai" last="Manna">Zerai Manna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Sarthak" sort="Gupta, Sarthak" uniqKey="Gupta S" first="Sarthak" last="Gupta">Sarthak Gupta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Marcus Y" sort="Chen, Marcus Y" uniqKey="Chen M" first="Marcus Y" last="Chen">Marcus Y. Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hasni, Sarfaraz" sort="Hasni, Sarfaraz" uniqKey="Hasni S" first="Sarfaraz" last="Hasni">Sarfaraz Hasni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Nehal N" sort="Mehta, Nehal N" uniqKey="Mehta N" first="Nehal N" last="Mehta">Nehal N. Mehta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Remaley, Alan" sort="Remaley, Alan" uniqKey="Remaley A" first="Alan" last="Remaley">Alan Remaley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaplan, Mariana J" sort="Kaplan, Mariana J" uniqKey="Kaplan M" first="Mariana J" last="Kaplan">Mariana J. Kaplan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)</institution>,<institution>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Bethesda</addr-line>,<addr-line content-type="state">Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Lupus Science & Medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">2053-8790</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Subjects with SLE display an enhanced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is not explained by Framingham risk. This study sought to investigate the utility of nuclear MR (NMR) spectroscopy measurements of serum lipoprotein particle counts and size and glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA) burden to predict coronary atherosclerosis in SLE.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Coronary plaque burden was assessed in SLE subjects and healthy controls using coronary CT angiography. Lipoproteins and GlycA were quantified by NMR spectroscopy.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>SLE subjects displayed statistically significant decreases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle counts and increased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle counts compared with controls. Non-calcified coronary plaque burden (NCB) negatively associated with HDL subsets whereas it positively associated with VLDL particle counts in multivariate adjusted models. GlycA was significantly increased in SLE sera compared with controls. In contrast to high-sensitivity C reactive protein, elevations in GlycA in SLE significantly associated with NCB and insulin resistance (IR), though the association with NCB was no longer significant after adjusting for prednisone use.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Patients with SLE display a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile that may significantly contribute to the development of premature CVD. The results demonstrate that NMR measures of GlycA and lipoprotein profiles, beyond what is captured in routine clinical labs, could be a useful tool in assessing CVD risk in patients with SLE.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manzi, S" uniqKey="Manzi S">S Manzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Selzer, F" uniqKey="Selzer F">F Selzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sutton Tyrrell, K" uniqKey="Sutton Tyrrell K">K Sutton-Tyrrell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Esdaile, Jm" uniqKey="Esdaile J">JM Esdaile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abrahamowicz, M" uniqKey="Abrahamowicz M">M Abrahamowicz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grodzicky, T" uniqKey="Grodzicky T">T Grodzicky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Remaley, At" uniqKey="Remaley A">AT 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uniqKey="Ancu A E">E Ancuţa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiss, Ab" uniqKey="Reiss A">AB Reiss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chung, Cp" uniqKey="Chung C">CP Chung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ormseth, Mj" uniqKey="Ormseth M">MJ Ormseth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Connelly, Ma" uniqKey="Connelly M">MA Connelly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Enocsson, H" uniqKey="Enocsson H">H Enocsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sjowall, C" uniqKey="Sjowall C">C Sjöwall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skogh, T" uniqKey="Skogh T">T Skogh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Purmalek, Monica M" sort="Purmalek, Monica M" uniqKey="Purmalek M" first="Monica M" last="Purmalek">Monica M. Purmalek</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Carlucci, Philip M" sort="Carlucci, Philip M" uniqKey="Carlucci P" first="Philip M" last="Carlucci">Philip M. Carlucci</name><name sortKey="Chen, Marcus Y" sort="Chen, Marcus Y" uniqKey="Chen M" first="Marcus Y" last="Chen">Marcus Y. Chen</name><name sortKey="Chung, Jonathan H" sort="Chung, Jonathan H" uniqKey="Chung J" first="Jonathan H" last="Chung">Jonathan H. Chung</name><name sortKey="Davis, Michael" sort="Davis, Michael" uniqKey="Davis M" first="Michael" last="Davis">Michael Davis</name><name sortKey="Dey, Amit K" sort="Dey, Amit K" uniqKey="Dey A" first="Amit K" last="Dey">Amit K. Dey</name><name sortKey="Fike, Alice" sort="Fike, Alice" uniqKey="Fike A" first="Alice" last="Fike">Alice Fike</name><name sortKey="Gupta, Sarthak" sort="Gupta, Sarthak" uniqKey="Gupta S" first="Sarthak" last="Gupta">Sarthak Gupta</name><name sortKey="Hasni, Sarfaraz" sort="Hasni, Sarfaraz" uniqKey="Hasni S" first="Sarfaraz" last="Hasni">Sarfaraz Hasni</name><name sortKey="Kaplan, Mariana J" sort="Kaplan, Mariana J" uniqKey="Kaplan M" first="Mariana J" last="Kaplan">Mariana J. Kaplan</name><name sortKey="Lerman, Joseph B" sort="Lerman, Joseph B" uniqKey="Lerman J" first="Joseph B" last="Lerman">Joseph B. Lerman</name><name sortKey="Manna, Zerai" sort="Manna, Zerai" uniqKey="Manna Z" first="Zerai" last="Manna">Zerai Manna</name><name sortKey="Mehta, Nehal N" sort="Mehta, Nehal N" uniqKey="Mehta N" first="Nehal N" last="Mehta">Nehal N. Mehta</name><name sortKey="Remaley, Alan" sort="Remaley, Alan" uniqKey="Remaley A" first="Alan" last="Remaley">Alan Remaley</name><name sortKey="Sakhardande, Simantini" sort="Sakhardande, Simantini" uniqKey="Sakhardande S" first="Simantini" last="Sakhardande">Simantini Sakhardande</name><name sortKey="Salahuddin, Taufiq" sort="Salahuddin, Taufiq" uniqKey="Salahuddin T" first="Taufiq" last="Salahuddin">Taufiq Salahuddin</name><name sortKey="Sampson, Maureen" sort="Sampson, Maureen" uniqKey="Sampson M" first="Maureen" last="Sampson">Maureen Sampson</name><name sortKey="Temesgen Oyelakin, Yenealem" sort="Temesgen Oyelakin, Yenealem" uniqKey="Temesgen Oyelakin Y" first="Yenealem" last="Temesgen-Oyelakin">Yenealem Temesgen-Oyelakin</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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