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5-Substituted Tetrazoles as Bioisosteres of Carboxylic Acids. Bioisosterism and Mechanistic Studies on Glutathione Reductase Inhibitors as Antimalarials

Identifieur interne : 000A31 ( Istex/Curation ); précédent : 000A30; suivant : 000A32

5-Substituted Tetrazoles as Bioisosteres of Carboxylic Acids. Bioisosterism and Mechanistic Studies on Glutathione Reductase Inhibitors as Antimalarials

Auteurs : Christophe Biot [Allemagne, France] ; Holger Bauer [Allemagne] ; R. Heiner Schirmer [Allemagne] ; Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet [Allemagne, France]

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:C9C87D4357E24AFC2F532515535998AE3A5034F9

Abstract

Plasmodium parasites are exposed to elevated fluxes of reactive oxygen species during intraerythrocytic life. The most important antioxidative systems are based on the glutathione reductases of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the host erythrocyte. The development of menadione chemistry has led to the selection of the carboxylic acid 6-[2‘-(3‘-methyl)-1‘,4‘-naphthoquinolyl] hexanoic acid M5 asan inhibitor of the parasitic enzyme. As reported here, revisiting the mechanism of M5 action revealed an uncompetitive inhibition type with respect to both NADPH and glutathione disulfide. Masking the polarity of the acidic function of M5 by ester or amide bonds improved antiplasmodial activity. Bioisosteric replacement of the carboxylic function by tetrazole to increase bioavailability and to maintain comparable acidity led to improved antimalarial properties as well, but only with the cyanoethyl-protected tetrazoles. Using computed ab initio quantum methods, detailed analyses of the electronic profiles and the molecular properties evidenced the similarity of M5 and the bioisoteric tetrazole T4. The potential binding site of these molecules is discussed in light of the recently solved crystallographic structure of P. falciparum enzyme.

Url:
DOI: 10.1021/jm0497545

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ISTEX:C9C87D4357E24AFC2F532515535998AE3A5034F9

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<div type="abstract">Plasmodium parasites are exposed to elevated fluxes of reactive oxygen species during intraerythrocytic life. The most important antioxidative systems are based on the glutathione reductases of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the host erythrocyte. The development of menadione chemistry has led to the selection of the carboxylic acid 6-[2‘-(3‘-methyl)-1‘,4‘-naphthoquinolyl] hexanoic acid M5 asan inhibitor of the parasitic enzyme. As reported here, revisiting the mechanism of M5 action revealed an uncompetitive inhibition type with respect to both NADPH and glutathione disulfide. Masking the polarity of the acidic function of M5 by ester or amide bonds improved antiplasmodial activity. Bioisosteric replacement of the carboxylic function by tetrazole to increase bioavailability and to maintain comparable acidity led to improved antimalarial properties as well, but only with the cyanoethyl-protected tetrazoles. Using computed ab initio quantum methods, detailed analyses of the electronic profiles and the molecular properties evidenced the similarity of M5 and the bioisoteric tetrazole T4. The potential binding site of these molecules is discussed in light of the recently solved crystallographic structure of P. falciparum enzyme.</div>
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