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[Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks?]

Identifieur interne : 000055 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000054; suivant : 000056

[Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks?]

Auteurs : W. El-Hage [France] ; C. Hingray [France] ; C. Lemogne [France] ; A. Yrondi [France] ; P. Brunault [France] ; T. Bienvenu [France] ; B. Etain [France] ; C. Paquet [France] ; B. Gohier [France] ; D. Bennabi [France] ; P. Birmes [France] ; A. Sauvaget [France] ; E. Fakra [France] ; N. Prieto [France] ; S. Bulteau [France] ; P. Vidailhet [France] ; V. Camus [France] ; M. Leboyer [France] ; M-O Krebs [France] ; B. Aouizerate [France]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:32370984

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused major sanitary crisis worldwide. Half of the world has been placed in quarantine. In France, this large-scale health crisis urgently triggered the restructuring and reorganization of health service delivery to support emergency services, medical intensive care units and continuing care units. Health professionals mobilized all their resources to provide emergency aid in a general climate of uncertainty. Concerns about the mental health, psychological adjustment, and recovery of health care workers treating and caring for patients with COVID-19 are now arising. The goal of the present article is to provide up-to-date information on potential mental health risks associated with exposure of health professionals to the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

Authors performed a narrative review identifying relevant results in the scientific and medical literature considering previous epidemics of 2003 (SARS-CoV-1) and 2009 (H1N1) with the more recent data about the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlighted most relevant data concerning the disease characteristics, the organizational factors and personal factors that may contribute to developing psychological distress and other mental health symptoms.

RESULTS

The disease characteristics of the current COVID-19 pandemic provoked a generalized climate of wariness and uncertainty, particularly among health professionals, due to a range of causes such as the rapid spread of COVID-19, the severity of symptoms it can cause in a segment of infected individuals, the lack of knowledge of the disease, and deaths among health professionals. Stress may also be caused by organizational factors, such as depletion of personal protection equipment, concerns about not being able to provide competent care if deployed to new area, concerns about rapidly changing information, lack of access to up-to-date information and communication, lack of specific drugs, the shortage of ventilators and intensive care unit beds necessary to care for the surge of critically ill patients, and significant change in their daily social and family life. Further risk factors have been identified, including feelings of being inadequately supported, concerns about health of self, fear of taking home infection to family members or others, and not having rapid access to testing through occupational health if needed, being isolated, feelings of uncertainty and social stigmatization, overwhelming workload, or insecure attachment. Additionally, we discussed positive social and organizational factors that contribute to enhance resilience in the face of the pandemic. There is a consensus in all the relevant literature that health care professionals are at an increased risk of high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder, which could have long-term psychological implications.

CONCLUSIONS

In the long run, this tragic health crisis should significantly enhance our understanding of the mental health risk factors among the health care professionals facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Reporting information such as this is essential to plan future prevention strategies. Protecting health care professionals is indeed an important component of public health measures to address large-scale health crisis. Thus, interventions to promote mental well-being in health care professionals exposed to COVID-19 need to be immediately implemented, and to strengthen prevention and response strategies by training health care professionals on mental help and crisis management.


DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.008
PubMed: 32370984
PubMed Central: PMC7174182


Affiliations:


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<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yrondi, A" sort="Yrondi, A" uniqKey="Yrondi A" first="A" last="Yrondi">A. Yrondi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Inserm, UPS, service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale de l'adulte, centre expert dépression résistante FondaMental, ToNIC Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, université de Toulouse, hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm, UPS, service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale de l'adulte, centre expert dépression résistante FondaMental, ToNIC Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, université de Toulouse, hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region>
<settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brunault, P" sort="Brunault, P" uniqKey="Brunault P" first="P" last="Brunault">P. Brunault</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictiologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; QualiPsy EE 1901, qualité de vie et santé psychologique, département de psychologie, université de Tours, Tours, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictiologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; QualiPsy EE 1901, qualité de vie et santé psychologique, département de psychologie, université de Tours, Tours</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Centre-Val de Loire</region>
<region type="old region">Région Centre</region>
<settlement type="city">Tours</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tours</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bienvenu, T" sort="Bienvenu, T" uniqKey="Bienvenu T" first="T" last="Bienvenu">T. Bienvenu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Pôle de psychiatrie générale et universitaire, centre de référence régional des pathologies anxieuses et de la dépression, université de Bordeaux, CH Charles-Perrens, Bordeaux, France; Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U1215, Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pôle de psychiatrie générale et universitaire, centre de référence régional des pathologies anxieuses et de la dépression, université de Bordeaux, CH Charles-Perrens, Bordeaux, France; Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U1215, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region>
<region type="old region">Aquitaine</region>
<settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Etain, B" sort="Etain, B" uniqKey="Etain B" first="B" last="Etain">B. Etain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Inserm, UMRS 1144, université de Paris, Paris, France; DMU Neurosciences, centre expert troubles bipolaires FondaMental, hôpital Fernand-Widal, AP-HP Nord, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm, UMRS 1144, université de Paris, Paris, France; DMU Neurosciences, centre expert troubles bipolaires FondaMental, hôpital Fernand-Widal, AP-HP Nord, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Paquet, C" sort="Paquet, C" uniqKey="Paquet C" first="C" last="Paquet">C. Paquet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Inserm, UMRS 1144, université de Paris, Paris, France; DMU Neurosciences, centre de neurologie cognitive, hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP Nord, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm, UMRS 1144, université de Paris, Paris, France; DMU Neurosciences, centre de neurologie cognitive, hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP Nord, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gohier, B" sort="Gohier, B" uniqKey="Gohier B" first="B" last="Gohier">B. Gohier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>UPRES, EA 4638, département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, université d'Angers, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UPRES, EA 4638, département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, université d'Angers, CHU d'Angers, Angers</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Pays de la Loire</region>
<region type="old region">Pays de la Loire</region>
<settlement type="city">Angers</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Angers</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bennabi, D" sort="Bennabi, D" uniqKey="Bennabi D" first="D" last="Bennabi">D. Bennabi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, centre expert dépression résistante FondaMental, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Service de psychiatrie de l'adulte, centre expert dépression résistante FondaMental, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CHU de Besançon, Besançon</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region>
<region type="old region">Franche-Comté</region>
<settlement type="city">Besançon</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Birmes, P" sort="Birmes, P" uniqKey="Birmes P" first="P" last="Birmes">P. Birmes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Inserm, UPS, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm, UPS, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, université de Toulouse, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region>
<settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sauvaget, A" sort="Sauvaget, A" uniqKey="Sauvaget A" first="A" last="Sauvaget">A. Sauvaget</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>EA 4334, Movement Interactions Performance (MIP), université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>EA 4334, Movement Interactions Performance (MIP), université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Pays de la Loire</region>
<region type="old region">Pays de la Loire</region>
<settlement type="city">Nantes</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Nantes</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fakra, E" sort="Fakra, E" uniqKey="Fakra E" first="E" last="Fakra">E. Fakra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, équipe PsyR2, centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon, université St-Étienne-Lyon 1, CHU Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, équipe PsyR2, centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon, université St-Étienne-Lyon 1, CHU Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region>
<region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region>
<settlement type="city">Saint-Étienne</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prieto, N" sort="Prieto, N" uniqKey="Prieto N" first="N" last="Prieto">N. Prieto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Service de médecine légale, centre régional de psychotraumatologie Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, groupement hospitalier Édouard-Herriot, hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Service de médecine légale, centre régional de psychotraumatologie Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, groupement hospitalier Édouard-Herriot, hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region>
<region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region>
<settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bulteau, S" sort="Bulteau, S" uniqKey="Bulteau S" first="S" last="Bulteau">S. Bulteau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Inserm, U1246, SPHERE, université de Nantes et université de Tours, Nantes, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U1246, SPHERE, université de Nantes et université de Tours, Nantes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Pays de la Loire</region>
<region type="old region">Pays de la Loire</region>
<settlement type="city">Nantes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vidailhet, P" sort="Vidailhet, P" uniqKey="Vidailhet P" first="P" last="Vidailhet">P. Vidailhet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Inserm, U1114, centre régional de psychotraumatologie Grand-Est, université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U1114, centre régional de psychotraumatologie Grand-Est, université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region">Alsace (région administrative)</region>
<settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Strasbourg</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Camus, V" sort="Camus, V" uniqKey="Camus V" first="V" last="Camus">V. Camus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictiologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Inserm, UMR 1253, iBrain, université de Tours, Tours, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictiologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Inserm, UMR 1253, iBrain, université de Tours, Tours</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Centre-Val de Loire</region>
<region type="old region">Région Centre</region>
<settlement type="city">Tours</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Tours</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leboyer, M" sort="Leboyer, M" uniqKey="Leboyer M" first="M" last="Leboyer">M. Leboyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>DMU IMPACT, département médico-universitaire de psychaitrie et d'addictologie, hôpital H. Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France; Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France; UPEC, Inserm, université Paris Est Créteil, U955, équipe 15 Neuro-Psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>DMU IMPACT, département médico-universitaire de psychaitrie et d'addictologie, hôpital H. Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France; Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France; UPEC, Inserm, université Paris Est Créteil, U955, équipe 15 Neuro-Psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Créteil</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Krebs, M O" sort="Krebs, M O" uniqKey="Krebs M" first="M-O" last="Krebs">M-O Krebs</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>UMR 1266, Inserm, IPNP, CNRS, université Paris Descartes, GDR 3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire, GHU Paris Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UMR 1266, Inserm, IPNP, CNRS, université Paris Descartes, GDR 3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire, GHU Paris Sainte-Anne, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aouizerate, B" sort="Aouizerate, B" uniqKey="Aouizerate B" first="B" last="Aouizerate">B. Aouizerate</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Pôle de psychiatrie générale et universitaire, centre de référence régional des pathologies anxieuses et de la dépression, université de Bordeaux, CH Charles-Perrens, Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pôle de psychiatrie générale et universitaire, centre de référence régional des pathologies anxieuses et de la dépression, université de Bordeaux, CH Charles-Perrens, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region>
<region type="old region">Aquitaine</region>
<settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">L'Encephale</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0013-7006</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2020" type="published">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en">
<term>Adaptation, Psychological (MeSH)</term>
<term>Anxiety (etiology)</term>
<term>Attitude of Health Personnel (MeSH)</term>
<term>Behavior, Addictive (etiology)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Burnout, Professional (etiology)</term>
<term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (MeSH)</term>
<term>Delivery of Health Care (MeSH)</term>
<term>Depression (etiology)</term>
<term>France (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Health Personnel (psychology)</term>
<term>Health Workforce (MeSH)</term>
<term>Helplessness, Learned (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Occupational Diseases (etiology)</term>
<term>Occupational Diseases (psychology)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (MeSH)</term>
<term>Protective Devices (supply & distribution)</term>
<term>Resilience, Psychological (MeSH)</term>
<term>Risk Factors (MeSH)</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (psychology)</term>
<term>Social Support (MeSH)</term>
<term>Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic (MeSH)</term>
<term>Suicide (psychology)</term>
<term>Suicide (statistics & numerical data)</term>
<term>Uncertainty (MeSH)</term>
<term>Work Schedule Tolerance (psychology)</term>
<term>Workload (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Adaptation psychologique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Anxiété (étiologie)</term>
<term>Attitude du personnel soignant (MeSH)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Charge de travail (MeSH)</term>
<term>Comportement toxicomaniaque (étiologie)</term>
<term>Dispositifs de protection (ressources et distribution)</term>
<term>Dépression (étiologie)</term>
<term>Facteurs de risque (MeSH)</term>
<term>France (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Impuissance apprise (MeSH)</term>
<term>Incertitude (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Main-d'oeuvre en santé (MeSH)</term>
<term>Maladies professionnelles (psychologie)</term>
<term>Maladies professionnelles (étiologie)</term>
<term>Pandémie de grippe de 1918-1919 (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Personnel de santé (psychologie)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (MeSH)</term>
<term>Prestations des soins de santé (MeSH)</term>
<term>Résilience psychologique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Soutien social (MeSH)</term>
<term>Suicide (psychologie)</term>
<term>Suicide (statistiques et données numériques)</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (psychologie)</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Tolérance à l'horaire de travail (psychologie)</term>
<term>Transmission de maladie infectieuse du patient au professionnel de santé (prévention et contrôle)</term>
<term>Troubles de stress post-traumatique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Épuisement professionnel (étiologie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en">
<term>France</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Anxiety</term>
<term>Behavior, Addictive</term>
<term>Burnout, Professional</term>
<term>Depression</term>
<term>Occupational Diseases</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en">
<term>Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prévention et contrôle" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Transmission de maladie infectieuse du patient au professionnel de santé</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Maladies professionnelles</term>
<term>Personnel de santé</term>
<term>Suicide</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
<term>Tolérance à l'horaire de travail</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Health Personnel</term>
<term>Occupational Diseases</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term>
<term>Suicide</term>
<term>Work Schedule Tolerance</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="ressources et distribution" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Dispositifs de protection</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en">
<term>Suicide</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistiques et données numériques" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Suicide</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="supply & distribution" xml:lang="en">
<term>Protective Devices</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>France</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="étiologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Anxiété</term>
<term>Comportement toxicomaniaque</term>
<term>Dépression</term>
<term>Maladies professionnelles</term>
<term>Épuisement professionnel</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Adaptation, Psychological</term>
<term>Attitude of Health Personnel</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>COVID-19</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Delivery of Health Care</term>
<term>Health Workforce</term>
<term>Helplessness, Learned</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
<term>Resilience, Psychological</term>
<term>Risk Factors</term>
<term>SARS-CoV-2</term>
<term>Social Support</term>
<term>Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic</term>
<term>Uncertainty</term>
<term>Workload</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Adaptation psychologique</term>
<term>Attitude du personnel soignant</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Charge de travail</term>
<term>Facteurs de risque</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Impuissance apprise</term>
<term>Incertitude</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Main-d'oeuvre en santé</term>
<term>Pandémie de grippe de 1918-1919</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
<term>Prestations des soins de santé</term>
<term>Résilience psychologique</term>
<term>Soutien social</term>
<term>Troubles de stress post-traumatique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr">
<term>France</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<b>OBJECTIVES</b>
</p>
<p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused major sanitary crisis worldwide. Half of the world has been placed in quarantine. In France, this large-scale health crisis urgently triggered the restructuring and reorganization of health service delivery to support emergency services, medical intensive care units and continuing care units. Health professionals mobilized all their resources to provide emergency aid in a general climate of uncertainty. Concerns about the mental health, psychological adjustment, and recovery of health care workers treating and caring for patients with COVID-19 are now arising. The goal of the present article is to provide up-to-date information on potential mental health risks associated with exposure of health professionals to the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<b>METHODS</b>
</p>
<p>Authors performed a narrative review identifying relevant results in the scientific and medical literature considering previous epidemics of 2003 (SARS-CoV-1) and 2009 (H1N1) with the more recent data about the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlighted most relevant data concerning the disease characteristics, the organizational factors and personal factors that may contribute to developing psychological distress and other mental health symptoms.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<b>RESULTS</b>
</p>
<p>The disease characteristics of the current COVID-19 pandemic provoked a generalized climate of wariness and uncertainty, particularly among health professionals, due to a range of causes such as the rapid spread of COVID-19, the severity of symptoms it can cause in a segment of infected individuals, the lack of knowledge of the disease, and deaths among health professionals. Stress may also be caused by organizational factors, such as depletion of personal protection equipment, concerns about not being able to provide competent care if deployed to new area, concerns about rapidly changing information, lack of access to up-to-date information and communication, lack of specific drugs, the shortage of ventilators and intensive care unit beds necessary to care for the surge of critically ill patients, and significant change in their daily social and family life. Further risk factors have been identified, including feelings of being inadequately supported, concerns about health of self, fear of taking home infection to family members or others, and not having rapid access to testing through occupational health if needed, being isolated, feelings of uncertainty and social stigmatization, overwhelming workload, or insecure attachment. Additionally, we discussed positive social and organizational factors that contribute to enhance resilience in the face of the pandemic. There is a consensus in all the relevant literature that health care professionals are at an increased risk of high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder, which could have long-term psychological implications.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<b>CONCLUSIONS</b>
</p>
<p>In the long run, this tragic health crisis should significantly enhance our understanding of the mental health risk factors among the health care professionals facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Reporting information such as this is essential to plan future prevention strategies. Protecting health care professionals is indeed an important component of public health measures to address large-scale health crisis. Thus, interventions to promote mental well-being in health care professionals exposed to COVID-19 need to be immediately implemented, and to strengthen prevention and response strategies by training health care professionals on mental help and crisis management.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<DateCompleted>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2021</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>10</Day>
</DateRevised>
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<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Print">0013-7006</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>46</Volume>
<Issue>3S</Issue>
<PubDate>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>Jun</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>L'Encephale</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Encephale</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>[Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks?]</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>S73-S80</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
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<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.008</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused major sanitary crisis worldwide. Half of the world has been placed in quarantine. In France, this large-scale health crisis urgently triggered the restructuring and reorganization of health service delivery to support emergency services, medical intensive care units and continuing care units. Health professionals mobilized all their resources to provide emergency aid in a general climate of uncertainty. Concerns about the mental health, psychological adjustment, and recovery of health care workers treating and caring for patients with COVID-19 are now arising. The goal of the present article is to provide up-to-date information on potential mental health risks associated with exposure of health professionals to the COVID-19 pandemic.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Authors performed a narrative review identifying relevant results in the scientific and medical literature considering previous epidemics of 2003 (SARS-CoV-1) and 2009 (H1N1) with the more recent data about the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlighted most relevant data concerning the disease characteristics, the organizational factors and personal factors that may contribute to developing psychological distress and other mental health symptoms.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The disease characteristics of the current COVID-19 pandemic provoked a generalized climate of wariness and uncertainty, particularly among health professionals, due to a range of causes such as the rapid spread of COVID-19, the severity of symptoms it can cause in a segment of infected individuals, the lack of knowledge of the disease, and deaths among health professionals. Stress may also be caused by organizational factors, such as depletion of personal protection equipment, concerns about not being able to provide competent care if deployed to new area, concerns about rapidly changing information, lack of access to up-to-date information and communication, lack of specific drugs, the shortage of ventilators and intensive care unit beds necessary to care for the surge of critically ill patients, and significant change in their daily social and family life. Further risk factors have been identified, including feelings of being inadequately supported, concerns about health of self, fear of taking home infection to family members or others, and not having rapid access to testing through occupational health if needed, being isolated, feelings of uncertainty and social stigmatization, overwhelming workload, or insecure attachment. Additionally, we discussed positive social and organizational factors that contribute to enhance resilience in the face of the pandemic. There is a consensus in all the relevant literature that health care professionals are at an increased risk of high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder, which could have long-term psychological implications.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">In the long run, this tragic health crisis should significantly enhance our understanding of the mental health risk factors among the health care professionals facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Reporting information such as this is essential to plan future prevention strategies. Protecting health care professionals is indeed an important component of public health measures to address large-scale health crisis. Thus, interventions to promote mental well-being in health care professionals exposed to COVID-19 need to be immediately implemented, and to strengthen prevention and response strategies by training health care professionals on mental help and crisis management.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
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<Affiliation>Pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictiologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France; Inserm, UMR 1253, iBrain, université de Tours, Tours, France. Electronic address: wissam.el-hage@univ-tours.fr.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Hingray</LastName>
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<LastName>Lemogne</LastName>
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<Month>04</Month>
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<QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName>
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