Associations between lifetime traumatic events and subsequent chronic physical conditions: a cross-national, cross-sectional study.
Identifieur interne : 001323 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 001322; suivant : 001324Associations between lifetime traumatic events and subsequent chronic physical conditions: a cross-national, cross-sectional study.
Auteurs : Kate M. Scott ; Karestan C. Koenen ; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola ; Jordi Alonso ; Matthias C. Angermeyer ; Corina Benjet ; Ronny Bruffaerts ; Jose Miguel Caldas-De-Almeida ; Giovanni De Girolamo ; Silvia Florescu ; Noboru Iwata ; Daphna Levinson ; Carmen C W. Lim ; Sam Murphy ; Johan Ormel ; Jose Posada-Villa ; Ronald C. KesslerSource :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2013.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- epidemiology : Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic.
- physiology : Adaptation, Psychological.
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Mental Health, Young Adult.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Associations between lifetime traumatic event (LTE) exposures and subsequent physical ill-health are well established but it has remained unclear whether these are explained by PTSD or other mental disorders. This study examined this question and investigated whether associations varied by type and number of LTEs, across physical condition outcomes, or across countries.
METHODS
Cross-sectional, face-to-face household surveys of adults (18+) were conducted in 14 countries (n = 38, 051). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime LTEs and DSM-IV mental disorders. Chronic physical conditions were ascertained by self-report of physician's diagnosis and year of diagnosis or onset. Survival analyses estimated associations between the number and type of LTEs with the subsequent onset of 11 physical conditions, with and without adjustment for mental disorders.
FINDINGS
A dose-response association was found between increasing number of LTEs and odds of any physical condition onset (OR 1.5 [95% CI: 1.4-1.5] for 1 LTE; 2.1 [2.0-2.3] for 5+ LTEs), independent of all mental disorders. Associations did not vary greatly by type of LTE (except for combat and other war experience), nor across countries. A history of 1 LTE was associated with 7/11 of the physical conditions (ORs 1.3 [1.2-1.5] to 1.7 [1.4-2.0]) and a history of 5+ LTEs was associated with 9/11 physical conditions (ORs 1.8 [1.3-2.4] to 3.6 [2.0-6.5]), the exceptions being cancer and stroke.
CONCLUSIONS
Traumatic events are associated with adverse downstream effects on physical health, independent of PTSD and other mental disorders. Although the associations are modest they have public health implications due to the high prevalence of traumatic events and the range of common physical conditions affected. The effects of traumatic stress are a concern for all medical professionals and researchers, not just mental health specialists.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080573
PubMed: 24348911
PubMed Central: PMC3864645
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:24348911Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Associations between lifetime traumatic events and subsequent chronic physical conditions: a cross-national, cross-sectional study.</title><author><name sortKey="Scott, Kate M" sort="Scott, Kate M" uniqKey="Scott K" first="Kate M" last="Scott">Kate M. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koenen, Karestan C" sort="Koenen, Karestan C" uniqKey="Koenen K" first="Karestan C" last="Koenen">Karestan C. Koenen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" sort="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" uniqKey="Aguilar Gaxiola S" first="Sergio" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Reducing Health Disparities (CRHD), Community Engagement Program of the Clinical Translational Science Center (CTSC), University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d Investigacio Medica (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), and CIBER en Epidemiologıa y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Angermeyer, Matthias C" sort="Angermeyer, Matthias C" uniqKey="Angermeyer M" first="Matthias C" last="Angermeyer">Matthias C. Angermeyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Public Mental Health, Gösing/Wagram, Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjet, Corina" sort="Benjet, Corina" uniqKey="Benjet C" first="Corina" last="Benjet">Corina Benjet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruffaerts, Ronny" sort="Bruffaerts, Ronny" uniqKey="Bruffaerts R" first="Ronny" last="Bruffaerts">Ronny Bruffaerts</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caldas De Almeida, Jose Miguel" sort="Caldas De Almeida, Jose Miguel" uniqKey="Caldas De Almeida J" first="Jose Miguel" last="Caldas-De-Almeida">Jose Miguel Caldas-De-Almeida</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Florescu, Silvia" sort="Florescu, Silvia" uniqKey="Florescu S" first="Silvia" last="Florescu">Silvia Florescu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development, Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iwata, Noboru" sort="Iwata, Noboru" uniqKey="Iwata N" first="Noboru" last="Iwata">Noboru Iwata</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychological Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Carmen C W" sort="Lim, Carmen C W" uniqKey="Lim C" first="Carmen C W" last="Lim">Carmen C W. Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Sam" sort="Murphy, Sam" uniqKey="Murphy S" first="Sam" last="Murphy">Sam Murphy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Psychology Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ormel, Johan" sort="Ormel, Johan" uniqKey="Ormel J" first="Johan" last="Ormel">Johan Ormel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, Jose" sort="Posada Villa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="Jose" last="Posada-Villa">Jose Posada-Villa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, DC, Colombia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C" last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:24348911</idno><idno type="pmid">24348911</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0080573</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC3864645</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001323</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001323</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Associations between lifetime traumatic events and subsequent chronic physical conditions: a cross-national, cross-sectional study.</title><author><name sortKey="Scott, Kate M" sort="Scott, Kate M" uniqKey="Scott K" first="Kate M" last="Scott">Kate M. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koenen, Karestan C" sort="Koenen, Karestan C" uniqKey="Koenen K" first="Karestan C" last="Koenen">Karestan C. Koenen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" sort="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" uniqKey="Aguilar Gaxiola S" first="Sergio" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Reducing Health Disparities (CRHD), Community Engagement Program of the Clinical Translational Science Center (CTSC), University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d Investigacio Medica (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), and CIBER en Epidemiologıa y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Angermeyer, Matthias C" sort="Angermeyer, Matthias C" uniqKey="Angermeyer M" first="Matthias C" last="Angermeyer">Matthias C. Angermeyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Public Mental Health, Gösing/Wagram, Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benjet, Corina" sort="Benjet, Corina" uniqKey="Benjet C" first="Corina" last="Benjet">Corina Benjet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruffaerts, Ronny" sort="Bruffaerts, Ronny" uniqKey="Bruffaerts R" first="Ronny" last="Bruffaerts">Ronny Bruffaerts</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caldas De Almeida, Jose Miguel" sort="Caldas De Almeida, Jose Miguel" uniqKey="Caldas De Almeida J" first="Jose Miguel" last="Caldas-De-Almeida">Jose Miguel Caldas-De-Almeida</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Florescu, Silvia" sort="Florescu, Silvia" uniqKey="Florescu S" first="Silvia" last="Florescu">Silvia Florescu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development, Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iwata, Noboru" sort="Iwata, Noboru" uniqKey="Iwata N" first="Noboru" last="Iwata">Noboru Iwata</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychological Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Carmen C W" sort="Lim, Carmen C W" uniqKey="Lim C" first="Carmen C W" last="Lim">Carmen C W. Lim</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Sam" sort="Murphy, Sam" uniqKey="Murphy S" first="Sam" last="Murphy">Sam Murphy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Psychology Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ormel, Johan" sort="Ormel, Johan" uniqKey="Ormel J" first="Johan" last="Ormel">Johan Ormel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, Jose" sort="Posada Villa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="Jose" last="Posada-Villa">Jose Posada-Villa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, DC, Colombia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C" last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2013" type="published">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adaptation, Psychological (physiology)</term><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Logistic Models (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Mental Health (MeSH)</term><term>Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic (epidemiology)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Adaptation, Psychological</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Cross-Sectional Studies</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Logistic Models</term><term>Male</term><term>Mental Health</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Associations between lifetime traumatic event (LTE) exposures and subsequent physical ill-health are well established but it has remained unclear whether these are explained by PTSD or other mental disorders. This study examined this question and investigated whether associations varied by type and number of LTEs, across physical condition outcomes, or across countries.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>Cross-sectional, face-to-face household surveys of adults (18+) were conducted in 14 countries (n = 38, 051). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime LTEs and DSM-IV mental disorders. Chronic physical conditions were ascertained by self-report of physician's diagnosis and year of diagnosis or onset. Survival analyses estimated associations between the number and type of LTEs with the subsequent onset of 11 physical conditions, with and without adjustment for mental disorders.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>FINDINGS</b></p><p>A dose-response association was found between increasing number of LTEs and odds of any physical condition onset (OR 1.5 [95% CI: 1.4-1.5] for 1 LTE; 2.1 [2.0-2.3] for 5+ LTEs), independent of all mental disorders. Associations did not vary greatly by type of LTE (except for combat and other war experience), nor across countries. A history of 1 LTE was associated with 7/11 of the physical conditions (ORs 1.3 [1.2-1.5] to 1.7 [1.4-2.0]) and a history of 5+ LTEs was associated with 9/11 physical conditions (ORs 1.8 [1.3-2.4] to 3.6 [2.0-6.5]), the exceptions being cancer and stroke.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Traumatic events are associated with adverse downstream effects on physical health, independent of PTSD and other mental disorders. Although the associations are modest they have public health implications due to the high prevalence of traumatic events and the range of common physical conditions affected. The effects of traumatic stress are a concern for all medical professionals and researchers, not just mental health specialists.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24348911</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>29</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>18</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>11</Issue><PubDate><Year>2013</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Associations between lifetime traumatic events and subsequent chronic physical conditions: a cross-national, cross-sectional study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e80573</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0080573</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Associations between lifetime traumatic event (LTE) exposures and subsequent physical ill-health are well established but it has remained unclear whether these are explained by PTSD or other mental disorders. This study examined this question and investigated whether associations varied by type and number of LTEs, across physical condition outcomes, or across countries.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Cross-sectional, face-to-face household surveys of adults (18+) were conducted in 14 countries (n = 38, 051). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime LTEs and DSM-IV mental disorders. Chronic physical conditions were ascertained by self-report of physician's diagnosis and year of diagnosis or onset. Survival analyses estimated associations between the number and type of LTEs with the subsequent onset of 11 physical conditions, with and without adjustment for mental disorders.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="FINDINGS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">A dose-response association was found between increasing number of LTEs and odds of any physical condition onset (OR 1.5 [95% CI: 1.4-1.5] for 1 LTE; 2.1 [2.0-2.3] for 5+ LTEs), independent of all mental disorders. Associations did not vary greatly by type of LTE (except for combat and other war experience), nor across countries. A history of 1 LTE was associated with 7/11 of the physical conditions (ORs 1.3 [1.2-1.5] to 1.7 [1.4-2.0]) and a history of 5+ LTEs was associated with 9/11 physical conditions (ORs 1.8 [1.3-2.4] to 3.6 [2.0-6.5]), the exceptions being cancer and stroke.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Traumatic events are associated with adverse downstream effects on physical health, independent of PTSD and other mental disorders. Although the associations are modest they have public health implications due to the high prevalence of traumatic events and the range of common physical conditions affected. The effects of traumatic stress are a concern for all medical professionals and researchers, not just mental health specialists.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Scott</LastName><ForeName>Kate M</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koenen</LastName><ForeName>Karestan C</ForeName><Initials>KC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aguilar-Gaxiola</LastName><ForeName>Sergio</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Reducing Health Disparities (CRHD), Community Engagement Program of the Clinical Translational Science Center (CTSC), University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alonso</LastName><ForeName>Jordi</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d Investigacio Medica (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), and CIBER en Epidemiologıa y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Angermeyer</LastName><ForeName>Matthias C</ForeName><Initials>MC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Public Mental Health, Gösing/Wagram, Austria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Benjet</LastName><ForeName>Corina</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bruffaerts</LastName><ForeName>Ronny</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Caldas-de-Almeida</LastName><ForeName>Jose Miguel</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>de Girolamo</LastName><ForeName>Giovanni</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Florescu</LastName><ForeName>Silvia</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development, Bucharest, Romania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Iwata</LastName><ForeName>Noboru</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychological Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Levinson</LastName><ForeName>Daphna</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lim</LastName><ForeName>Carmen C W</ForeName><Initials>CC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Murphy</LastName><ForeName>Sam</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Psychology Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ormel</LastName><ForeName>Johan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Posada-Villa</LastName><ForeName>Jose</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, DC, Colombia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kessler</LastName><ForeName>Ronald C</ForeName><Initials>RC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>R01 DA016558</GrantID><Acronym>DA</Acronym><Agency>NIDA NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R03 TW006481</GrantID><Acronym>TW</Acronym><Agency>FIC NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 MH069864</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01-MH069864</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R03-TW006481</GrantID><Acronym>TW</Acronym><Agency>FIC NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01 MH060220</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R13-MH066849</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 MH070884</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R13 MH066849</GrantID><Acronym>MH</Acronym><Agency>NIMH NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2013</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>19</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS 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