Correlates of cocaine use during methadone treatment: implications for screening and clinical management (ANRS Methaville study).
Identifieur interne : 000E52 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000E51; suivant : 000E53Correlates of cocaine use during methadone treatment: implications for screening and clinical management (ANRS Methaville study).
Auteurs : Perrine Roux ; Caroline Lions ; Antoine Vilotitch ; Laurent Michel ; Marion Mora ; Gwenaelle Maradan ; Fabienne Marcellin ; Bruno Spire ; Alain Morel ; Patrizia M. CarrieriSource :
- Harm reduction journal [ 1477-7517 ] ; 2016.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (complications), Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (psychology), Behavior Therapy (MeSH), Cocaine-Related Disorders (complications), Crack Cocaine (MeSH), Depression (complications), Depression (psychology), Female (MeSH), France (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Longitudinal Studies (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Methadone (therapeutic use), Narcotics (therapeutic use), Opiate Substitution Treatment (MeSH), Opioid-Related Disorders (complications), Opioid-Related Disorders (rehabilitation), Risk Factors (MeSH), Self Report (MeSH), Socioeconomic Factors (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Methadone, Narcotics.
- chemical : Crack Cocaine.
- complications : Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Depression, Opioid-Related Disorders.
- psychology : Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Depression.
- rehabilitation : Opioid-Related Disorders.
- Adult, Behavior Therapy, Female, France, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Risk Factors, Self Report, Socioeconomic Factors.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Cocaine use is frequent in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and can jeopardize their treatment response. Identifying clinical predictors of cocaine use during methadone treatment can potentially improve clinical management. We used longitudinal data from the ANRS Methaville trial both to describe self-reported occasional and regular cocaine use during MMT and to identify clinical predictors.
METHODS
We selected 183 patients who had data on cocaine (or crack) use at months 0 (M0), M6, and/or M12, accounting for 483 visits. The outcome was "cocaine use" in three categories: "no," "occasional," and "regular" use. To identify factors associated with the outcome over time, we performed a mixed multinomial logistic regression.
RESULTS
Time on methadone was significantly associated with a decrease in occasional but not in regular cocaine use from 14.7% at M0 to 7.1% at M12, and from 10.7% at baseline to 6.5% at M12, respectively. After multiple adjustments, opiate injection, individuals screening positive for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and those presenting depressive symptoms were more likely to regularly use cocaine.
CONCLUSIONS
Although time on MMT had a positive impact on occasional cocaine use, it had no impact on regular cocaine use. Moreover, regular cocaine users were more likely to report opiate injection and to present ADHD and depressive symptoms. Early screening of these disorders and prompt tailored pharmacological and behavioral interventions can potentially reduce cocaine use and improve response to MMT.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The trial is registered with the French Agency of Pharmaceutical Products (AFSSAPS) under the number 2008-A0277-48, the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials, number Eudract 2008-001338-28, the ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00657397 , and the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register ISRCTN31125511.
DOI: 10.1186/s12954-016-0100-7
PubMed: 27048152
PubMed Central: PMC4822310
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:27048152Le document en format XML
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last="Lions">Caroline Lions</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vilotitch, Antoine" sort="Vilotitch, Antoine" uniqKey="Vilotitch A" first="Antoine" last="Vilotitch">Antoine Vilotitch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, 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France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maradan, Gwenaelle" sort="Maradan, Gwenaelle" uniqKey="Maradan G" first="Gwenaelle" last="Maradan">Gwenaelle Maradan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcellin, Fabienne" sort="Marcellin, Fabienne" uniqKey="Marcellin F" first="Fabienne" last="Marcellin">Fabienne Marcellin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spire, Bruno" sort="Spire, Bruno" uniqKey="Spire B" first="Bruno" last="Spire">Bruno Spire</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morel, Alain" sort="Morel, Alain" uniqKey="Morel A" first="Alain" last="Morel">Alain Morel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Oppelia, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrieri, Patrizia M" sort="Carrieri, Patrizia M" uniqKey="Carrieri P" first="Patrizia M" last="Carrieri">Patrizia M. Carrieri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27048152</idno><idno type="pmid">27048152</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12954-016-0100-7</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC4822310</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000E52</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000E52</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Correlates of cocaine use during methadone treatment: implications for screening and clinical management (ANRS Methaville study).</title><author><name sortKey="Roux, Perrine" sort="Roux, Perrine" uniqKey="Roux P" first="Perrine" last="Roux">Perrine Roux</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France. perrine.roux@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France. perrine.roux@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France. perrine.roux@inserm.fr.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lions, Caroline" sort="Lions, Caroline" uniqKey="Lions C" first="Caroline" last="Lions">Caroline Lions</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vilotitch, Antoine" sort="Vilotitch, Antoine" uniqKey="Vilotitch A" first="Antoine" last="Vilotitch">Antoine Vilotitch</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michel, Laurent" sort="Michel, Laurent" uniqKey="Michel L" first="Laurent" last="Michel">Laurent Michel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, Research Unit 669, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Univ Paris-Sud and Univ Paris Descartes, UMR-S0669, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre Pierre Nicole, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mora, Marion" sort="Mora, Marion" uniqKey="Mora M" first="Marion" last="Mora">Marion Mora</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maradan, Gwenaelle" sort="Maradan, Gwenaelle" uniqKey="Maradan G" first="Gwenaelle" last="Maradan">Gwenaelle Maradan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marcellin, Fabienne" sort="Marcellin, Fabienne" uniqKey="Marcellin F" first="Fabienne" last="Marcellin">Fabienne Marcellin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spire, Bruno" sort="Spire, Bruno" uniqKey="Spire B" first="Bruno" last="Spire">Bruno Spire</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morel, Alain" sort="Morel, Alain" uniqKey="Morel A" first="Alain" last="Morel">Alain Morel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Oppelia, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrieri, Patrizia M" sort="Carrieri, Patrizia M" uniqKey="Carrieri P" first="Patrizia M" last="Carrieri">Patrizia M. Carrieri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Harm reduction journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1477-7517</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (complications)</term><term>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (psychology)</term><term>Behavior Therapy (MeSH)</term><term>Cocaine-Related Disorders (complications)</term><term>Crack Cocaine (MeSH)</term><term>Depression (complications)</term><term>Depression (psychology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>France (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Longitudinal Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Methadone (therapeutic use)</term><term>Narcotics (therapeutic use)</term><term>Opiate Substitution Treatment (MeSH)</term><term>Opioid-Related Disorders (complications)</term><term>Opioid-Related Disorders (rehabilitation)</term><term>Risk Factors (MeSH)</term><term>Self Report (MeSH)</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Methadone</term><term>Narcotics</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Crack Cocaine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity</term><term>Cocaine-Related Disorders</term><term>Depression</term><term>Opioid-Related Disorders</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity</term><term>Depression</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="rehabilitation" xml:lang="en"><term>Opioid-Related Disorders</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Behavior Therapy</term><term>Female</term><term>France</term><term>Humans</term><term>Longitudinal Studies</term><term>Male</term><term>Opiate Substitution Treatment</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>Self Report</term><term>Socioeconomic Factors</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Cocaine use is frequent in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and can jeopardize their treatment response. Identifying clinical predictors of cocaine use during methadone treatment can potentially improve clinical management. We used longitudinal data from the ANRS Methaville trial both to describe self-reported occasional and regular cocaine use during MMT and to identify clinical predictors.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We selected 183 patients who had data on cocaine (or crack) use at months 0 (M0), M6, and/or M12, accounting for 483 visits. The outcome was "cocaine use" in three categories: "no," "occasional," and "regular" use. To identify factors associated with the outcome over time, we performed a mixed multinomial logistic regression.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Time on methadone was significantly associated with a decrease in occasional but not in regular cocaine use from 14.7% at M0 to 7.1% at M12, and from 10.7% at baseline to 6.5% at M12, respectively. After multiple adjustments, opiate injection, individuals screening positive for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and those presenting depressive symptoms were more likely to regularly use cocaine.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Although time on MMT had a positive impact on occasional cocaine use, it had no impact on regular cocaine use. Moreover, regular cocaine users were more likely to report opiate injection and to present ADHD and depressive symptoms. Early screening of these disorders and prompt tailored pharmacological and behavioral interventions can potentially reduce cocaine use and improve response to MMT.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION</b></p><p>The trial is registered with the French Agency of Pharmaceutical Products (AFSSAPS) under the number 2008-A0277-48, the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials, number Eudract 2008-001338-28, the ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00657397 , and the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register ISRCTN31125511.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27048152</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>06</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1477-7517</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>13</Volume><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Apr</Month><Day>05</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Harm reduction journal</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Harm Reduct J</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Correlates of cocaine use during methadone treatment: implications for screening and clinical management (ANRS Methaville study).</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>12</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12954-016-0100-7</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Cocaine use is frequent in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and can jeopardize their treatment response. Identifying clinical predictors of cocaine use during methadone treatment can potentially improve clinical management. We used longitudinal data from the ANRS Methaville trial both to describe self-reported occasional and regular cocaine use during MMT and to identify clinical predictors.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">We selected 183 patients who had data on cocaine (or crack) use at months 0 (M0), M6, and/or M12, accounting for 483 visits. The outcome was "cocaine use" in three categories: "no," "occasional," and "regular" use. To identify factors associated with the outcome over time, we performed a mixed multinomial logistic regression.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Time on methadone was significantly associated with a decrease in occasional but not in regular cocaine use from 14.7% at M0 to 7.1% at M12, and from 10.7% at baseline to 6.5% at M12, respectively. After multiple adjustments, opiate injection, individuals screening positive for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and those presenting depressive symptoms were more likely to regularly use cocaine.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Although time on MMT had a positive impact on occasional cocaine use, it had no impact on regular cocaine use. Moreover, regular cocaine users were more likely to report opiate injection and to present ADHD and depressive symptoms. Early screening of these disorders and prompt tailored pharmacological and behavioral interventions can potentially reduce cocaine use and improve response to MMT.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="TRIAL REGISTRATION" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">The trial is registered with the French Agency of Pharmaceutical Products (AFSSAPS) under the number 2008-A0277-48, the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials, number Eudract 2008-001338-28, the ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00657397 , and the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register ISRCTN31125511.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roux</LastName><ForeName>Perrine</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France. perrine.roux@inserm.fr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France. perrine.roux@inserm.fr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France. perrine.roux@inserm.fr.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lions</LastName><ForeName>Caroline</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vilotitch</LastName><ForeName>Antoine</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Michel</LastName><ForeName>Laurent</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM, Research Unit 669, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Univ Paris-Sud and Univ Paris Descartes, UMR-S0669, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre Pierre Nicole, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mora</LastName><ForeName>Marion</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 912, IRD, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ORS PACA, Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maradan</LastName><ForeName>Gwenaelle</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INSERM, UMR_S 912, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM), 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aix 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